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Questions and Answers
What happens to the conditioned response during the extinction phase?
What happens to the conditioned response during the extinction phase?
- It becomes more varied in response.
- It occurs only with the unconditioned stimulus.
- It strengthens over time.
- It decreases and eventually ceases. (correct)
What is the term for the phenomenon where a conditioned response re-emerges after a pause following extinction?
What is the term for the phenomenon where a conditioned response re-emerges after a pause following extinction?
- Extinction burst
- Reconditioning
- Desensitization
- Spontaneous recovery (correct)
How does stimulus discrimination differ from stimulus generalization?
How does stimulus discrimination differ from stimulus generalization?
- Generalization leads to ignoring similar stimuli.
- Generalization is when a specific stimulus is associated with a response.
- Discrimination occurs when an organism ignores similar stimuli. (correct)
- Discrimination allows responses to different stimuli.
What is an example of stimulus generalization in the context of classical conditioning?
What is an example of stimulus generalization in the context of classical conditioning?
During which phase does the neutral stimulus become a conditioned stimulus?
During which phase does the neutral stimulus become a conditioned stimulus?
What initially happens to the conditioned response when the conditioned stimulus is presented without the unconditioned stimulus?
What initially happens to the conditioned response when the conditioned stimulus is presented without the unconditioned stimulus?
What is the primary result of the discrimination process in classical conditioning?
What is the primary result of the discrimination process in classical conditioning?
What defines the classical conditioning concept of extinction?
What defines the classical conditioning concept of extinction?
What is habituation?
What is habituation?
Which scenario best illustrates dishabituation?
Which scenario best illustrates dishabituation?
What characterizes sensitization?
What characterizes sensitization?
What is the opposite of sensitization?
What is the opposite of sensitization?
How does desensitization manifest over time?
How does desensitization manifest over time?
Which of the following defines non-associative learning?
Which of the following defines non-associative learning?
Which of the following is an example of habituation?
Which of the following is an example of habituation?
Which process involves learning the association between a behavior and its outcome?
Which process involves learning the association between a behavior and its outcome?
What term is used to describe the organism's innate reaction to an unconditioned stimulus?
What term is used to describe the organism's innate reaction to an unconditioned stimulus?
Which process involves the gradual formation of an association between an unconditioned stimulus and a neutral stimulus?
Which process involves the gradual formation of an association between an unconditioned stimulus and a neutral stimulus?
What happens during the extinction phase of classical conditioning?
What happens during the extinction phase of classical conditioning?
Which stimulus initially produces no meaningful response before conditioning?
Which stimulus initially produces no meaningful response before conditioning?
What is the correct order of responses in classical conditioning for the dog experiment?
What is the correct order of responses in classical conditioning for the dog experiment?
Which of the following best explains the phenomenon of spontaneous recovery in classical conditioning?
Which of the following best explains the phenomenon of spontaneous recovery in classical conditioning?
What is the term for a stimulus that naturally elicits a response without the need for conditioning?
What is the term for a stimulus that naturally elicits a response without the need for conditioning?
In Pavlov's experiments, what became the conditioned stimulus after repeated pairings with meat?
In Pavlov's experiments, what became the conditioned stimulus after repeated pairings with meat?
What is an example of positive reinforcement?
What is an example of positive reinforcement?
Which type of reinforcement occurs when an undesirable stimulus is withdrawn?
Which type of reinforcement occurs when an undesirable stimulus is withdrawn?
What effect does positive punishment have on behavior?
What effect does positive punishment have on behavior?
What does a fixed-ratio schedule of reinforcement provide?
What does a fixed-ratio schedule of reinforcement provide?
What is the primary outcome of negative punishment?
What is the primary outcome of negative punishment?
Which of the following is a characteristic of variable schedules of reinforcement?
Which of the following is a characteristic of variable schedules of reinforcement?
What increases the likelihood of a behavior through the addition of an undesired consequence?
What increases the likelihood of a behavior through the addition of an undesired consequence?
Which of the following scenarios best illustrates negative reinforcement?
Which of the following scenarios best illustrates negative reinforcement?
What is the primary purpose of shaping in operant conditioning?
What is the primary purpose of shaping in operant conditioning?
What happens during the process of extinction in operant conditioning?
What happens during the process of extinction in operant conditioning?
Which of the following best describes generalization in operant conditioning?
Which of the following best describes generalization in operant conditioning?
In the context of operant conditioning, what is an example of discrimination?
In the context of operant conditioning, what is an example of discrimination?
Which of the following best defines a primary reinforcer?
Which of the following best defines a primary reinforcer?
What characterizes a secondary reinforcer?
What characterizes a secondary reinforcer?
Which statement about reinforcement is true in the context of operant conditioning?
Which statement about reinforcement is true in the context of operant conditioning?
In operant conditioning, what would likely happen if a behavior is no longer reinforced?
In operant conditioning, what would likely happen if a behavior is no longer reinforced?
What occurs when there is a renewed response to a previously habituated stimulus?
What occurs when there is a renewed response to a previously habituated stimulus?
Which statement accurately defines sensitization?
Which statement accurately defines sensitization?
What is the relationship between desensitization and sensitization?
What is the relationship between desensitization and sensitization?
Which of the following is an example of habituation?
Which of the following is an example of habituation?
How does habituation primarily affect behavioral responses?
How does habituation primarily affect behavioral responses?
What is the term for the response that occurs naturally in reaction to an unconditioned stimulus?
What is the term for the response that occurs naturally in reaction to an unconditioned stimulus?
Which of the following statements accurately describes acquisition in classical conditioning?
Which of the following statements accurately describes acquisition in classical conditioning?
What role does the neutral stimulus play before classical conditioning occurs?
What role does the neutral stimulus play before classical conditioning occurs?
How does a neutral stimulus transform into a conditioned stimulus?
How does a neutral stimulus transform into a conditioned stimulus?
What best describes the relationship between the conditioned response and the unconditioned response?
What best describes the relationship between the conditioned response and the unconditioned response?
What occurs during the extinction phase of classical conditioning?
What occurs during the extinction phase of classical conditioning?
What is the term for the process where an organism differentiates between similar stimuli?
What is the term for the process where an organism differentiates between similar stimuli?
What happens during spontaneous recovery after a period of extinction?
What happens during spontaneous recovery after a period of extinction?
In the context of classical conditioning, what is an example of stimulus generalization?
In the context of classical conditioning, what is an example of stimulus generalization?
Which of the following best describes how the conditioned stimulus affects the conditioned response prior to extinction?
Which of the following best describes how the conditioned stimulus affects the conditioned response prior to extinction?
What is the effect of repeated presentations of the conditioned stimulus alone?
What is the effect of repeated presentations of the conditioned stimulus alone?
How is the conditioned stimulus defined after the neutral stimulus takes on the properties of the unconditioned stimulus?
How is the conditioned stimulus defined after the neutral stimulus takes on the properties of the unconditioned stimulus?
What concept is illustrated by a dog that salivates only to a specific bell tone, ignoring other similar sounds?
What concept is illustrated by a dog that salivates only to a specific bell tone, ignoring other similar sounds?
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of the extinction process in classical conditioning?
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of the extinction process in classical conditioning?
What can trigger spontaneous recovery after a period of extinction in classical conditioning?
What can trigger spontaneous recovery after a period of extinction in classical conditioning?
Study Notes
Non-associative Learning
- Habituation: Decreased behavioral response to a repeated stimulus
- Example: A student no longer notices flickering lights after repeated exposure
- Dishabituation: Renewed response to a previously habituated stimulus
- Example: A student notices flickering lights again after returning from spring break
- Sensitization: Increased behavioral response to a repeated stimulus
- Example: Increased scratching after wearing an itchy sweater
- Desensitization: Decreased response to a previously sensitized stimulus
- Example: Reduced scratching after prolonged exposure to an itchy sweater
Associative Learning
- Classical conditioning: Learning association between two stimuli
- Neutral Stimulus (NS): A stimulus that initially does not produce a meaningful response
- Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS): A stimulus that naturally elicits an innate response
- Unconditioned Response (UCR): The innate response to an UCS
- Conditioned Stimulus (CS): A neutral stimulus that becomes associated with the UCS and elicits a learned response
- Conditioned Response (CR): The learned response to the CS
Processes in Classical Conditioning
- Acquisition: Formation of association between the UCS and NS
- The NS becomes the CS and elicits the CR
- Extinction: Decrease in the CR due to the repeated presentation of the CS without the UCS
- Spontaneous Recovery: Reappearance of the CR after extinction
- Discrimination: Responding to specific CS but ignoring similar stimuli
- Example: A dog only salivates to a specific bell tone but not to other similar tones
- Generalization: Similar stimuli elicit the same CR but not limited to the specific CS
- Example: A dog salivates to a similar bell tone
Operant Conditioning
- Reinforcement: Increases behavior
- Positive Reinforcement: Applying a desirable stimulus
- Example: Complimenting a boyfriend after he cooks dinner
- Negative Reinforcement: Removing an undesirable stimulus
- Example: Buckling a seatbelt to stop an annoying beeping sound
- Positive Reinforcement: Applying a desirable stimulus
- Punishment: Decreases behavior
- Positive Punishment: Applying an undesirable stimulus
- Example: Yelling at a puppy for jumping on guests
- Negative Punishment: Removing a desirable stimulus
- Example: Taking away a child's video games for acting out
- Positive Punishment: Applying an undesirable stimulus
Schedules of Reinforcement
- Fixed-ratio: Reward after a fixed number of responses
- Example: Receiving a free sandwich after 10 purchases
- Shaping: Reinforcing successive approximations of the desired behavior
- Example: Gradually training a dog to enter a kennel
- Extinction: Behavior decreases or stops due to lack of reinforcement
- Example: Stopping baking cookies when the friend no longer praises the baker.
Generalization and Discrimination in Operant Conditioning
- Generalization: Responding to stimuli similar to the original stimulus
- Example: A child saying "flowers" when seeing colorful leaves
- Discrimination: Responding to specific stimuli but ignoring similar stimuli
- Example: A dog lying down only when hearing "down" and ignoring similar commands
Types of Reinforcers
- Primary reinforcer: Innately rewarding stimulus (e.g., food)
- Secondary reinforcer: A stimulus associated with a primary reinforcer (e.g., money)
Non-associative Learning
- Habituation is a decrease in behavioral response to a repeated stimulus.
- Dishabituation is a renewed response to a previously habituated stimulus.
- Sensitization is an increase in behavioral response to a repeated stimulus.
- Desensitization is a decrease in behavioral response to a previously sensitized stimulus.
Classical Conditioning
- Associative learning occurs when an organism learns a connection between two stimuli.
- Classical conditioning is a type of associative learning where an organism associates a neutral stimulus with a stimulus that naturally elicits a response.
- Neutral stimulus (NS) initially does not produce a meaningful response.
- Unconditioned stimulus (UCS) is naturally arousing and elicits an unconditioned response.
- Unconditioned response (UCR) is an innate reaction to the unconditioned stimulus.
- After pairing with an unconditioned stimulus, a neutral stimulus becomes a conditioned stimulus (CS).
- The conditioned response (CR) is a learned reaction to the conditioned stimulus.
Processes in Classical Conditioning
- Acquisition is when an association is formed between the unconditioned stimulus and neutral stimulus during repeated pairings.
- Extinction occurs when the conditioned response decreases and ceases after presentations of the conditioned stimulus alone.
- Spontaneous recovery is the reemergence of the conditioned response after a rest period following extinction.
- Discrimination is when an organism responds to certain conditioned stimuli but ignores similar stimuli.
- Generalization is when a stimulus similar to the original stimulus evokes the same conditioned response.
Operant Conditioning
- Operant conditioning is a type of associative learning where an organism learns an association between a behavior and its consequence.
- Reinforcement strengthens a behavior.
- Positive reinforcement involves adding a desirable stimulus after a behavior.
- Negative reinforcement involves removing an undesirable stimulus after a behavior.
- Punishment weakens a behavior.
- Positive punishment involves adding an undesirable stimulus after a behavior.
- Negative punishment involves removing a desirable stimulus after a behavior.
Reinforcement Schedules
- Continuous reinforcement rewards every response.
- Partial reinforcement rewards some responses.
- Fixed-ratio schedules provide rewards after a fixed number of responses.
- Variable-ratio schedules provide rewards after an unpredictable number of responses.
- Fixed-interval schedules provide rewards after a fixed amount of time.
- Variable-interval schedules provide rewards after an unpredictable amount of time.
Processes in Operant Conditioning
- Shaping is a technique where successive approximations of a desired behavior are rewarded until the full behavior is learned.
- Chaining is a technique where a series of behaviors are linked together in a specific sequence.
Biological Underpinnings of Associative Learning
- Biological preparedness is the tendency for people or animals to readily learn associations that promote survival.
- Instinctive drift occurs when an animal's innate behaviors overshadow a learned behavior.
- Instinct is an innate, fixed pattern of behavior.
- Reflex is a simple response to a stimulus.
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Description
Explore the fascinating concepts of non-associative and associative learning in psychology. This quiz covers habituation, dishabituation, sensitization, and classical conditioning. Test your knowledge on how these learning processes influence behavior and response to stimuli.
