Psychology Chapter 15-17 Non-Associative and Associative Learning
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Questions and Answers

What happens to the conditioned response during the extinction phase?

  • It becomes more varied in response.
  • It occurs only with the unconditioned stimulus.
  • It strengthens over time.
  • It decreases and eventually ceases. (correct)

    • What is the term for the phenomenon where a conditioned response re-emerges after a pause following extinction?

  • Extinction burst
  • Reconditioning
  • Desensitization
  • Spontaneous recovery (correct)

    • How does stimulus discrimination differ from stimulus generalization?

  • Generalization leads to ignoring similar stimuli.
  • Generalization is when a specific stimulus is associated with a response.
  • Discrimination occurs when an organism ignores similar stimuli. (correct)
  • Discrimination allows responses to different stimuli.

    • What is an example of stimulus generalization in the context of classical conditioning?

    <p>A dog salivating to a similar sound like a cell phone alert.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During which phase does the neutral stimulus become a conditioned stimulus?

    <p>Conditioning phase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What initially happens to the conditioned response when the conditioned stimulus is presented without the unconditioned stimulus?

    <p>It initially elicits a strong response.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary result of the discrimination process in classical conditioning?

    <p>The organism selectively responds to specific stimuli.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What defines the classical conditioning concept of extinction?

    <p>The gradual reduction of the conditioned response.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is habituation?

    <p>A decrease in behavioral response after repeated exposure to a stimulus.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which scenario best illustrates dishabituation?

    <p>A student notices flickering lights again after returning from a vacation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes sensitization?

    <p>A pronounced increase in behavioral response after repeated exposure to a stimulus.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the opposite of sensitization?

    <p>Desensitization</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does desensitization manifest over time?

    <p>An individual reduces their reaction to a previously sensitized stimulus.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following defines non-associative learning?

    <p>A change in behavioral response due to repeated exposure to a single stimulus.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an example of habituation?

    <p>A student who stops noticing the sound of traffic outside the classroom.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which process involves learning the association between a behavior and its outcome?

    <p>Operant conditioning</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What term is used to describe the organism's innate reaction to an unconditioned stimulus?

    <p>Unconditioned response</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which process involves the gradual formation of an association between an unconditioned stimulus and a neutral stimulus?

    <p>Acquisition</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens during the extinction phase of classical conditioning?

    <p>The conditioned response weakens over time.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which stimulus initially produces no meaningful response before conditioning?

    <p>Neutral stimulus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the correct order of responses in classical conditioning for the dog experiment?

    <p>Neutral stimulus → Unconditioned stimulus → Conditioned response</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best explains the phenomenon of spontaneous recovery in classical conditioning?

    <p>The conditioned response reappears after a rest period without reinforcement.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for a stimulus that naturally elicits a response without the need for conditioning?

    <p>Unconditioned stimulus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In Pavlov's experiments, what became the conditioned stimulus after repeated pairings with meat?

    <p>Tone or bell</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an example of positive reinforcement?

    <p>Complimenting a boyfriend after he cooks dinner</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of reinforcement occurs when an undesirable stimulus is withdrawn?

    <p>Negative reinforcement</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect does positive punishment have on behavior?

    <p>Decreases the likelihood of a behavior</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does a fixed-ratio schedule of reinforcement provide?

    <p>Rewards after a set number of responses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary outcome of negative punishment?

    <p>Decreased behavior due to desirable stimulus withdrawal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a characteristic of variable schedules of reinforcement?

    <p>Rewards are based on the average number of responses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What increases the likelihood of a behavior through the addition of an undesired consequence?

    <p>Positive punishment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following scenarios best illustrates negative reinforcement?

    <p>A student studies harder to avoid failing grades</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of shaping in operant conditioning?

    <p>To reinforce successive approximations to a desired behavior</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens during the process of extinction in operant conditioning?

    <p>A previously reinforced behavior decreases or stops due to lack of reinforcement</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes generalization in operant conditioning?

    <p>Responding in a similar way to a new stimulus that resembles the original</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of operant conditioning, what is an example of discrimination?

    <p>A dog responds only when it hears the command 'sit' but ignores similar words</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best defines a primary reinforcer?

    <p>A stimulus that is innately rewarding and does not require learning</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes a secondary reinforcer?

    <p>It gains its reinforcing properties through association with a primary reinforcer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement about reinforcement is true in the context of operant conditioning?

    <p>Reinforcement can be either primary or secondary, influencing behavior differently</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In operant conditioning, what would likely happen if a behavior is no longer reinforced?

    <p>The behavior may continue sporadically due to past reinforcement</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What occurs when there is a renewed response to a previously habituated stimulus?

    <p>Dishabituation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement accurately defines sensitization?

    <p>Increased response to repeated stimuli</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between desensitization and sensitization?

    <p>Desensitization is the opposite of sensitization</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an example of habituation?

    <p>Becoming annoyed by a loud clock and eventually ignoring it</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does habituation primarily affect behavioral responses?

    <p>It diminishes the reaction to the stimulus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the response that occurs naturally in reaction to an unconditioned stimulus?

    <p>Unconditioned response</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements accurately describes acquisition in classical conditioning?

    <p>Repeated pairings are often necessary to form an association.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does the neutral stimulus play before classical conditioning occurs?

    <p>It produces no meaningful response on its own.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does a neutral stimulus transform into a conditioned stimulus?

    <p>By being paired with an unconditioned stimulus multiple times.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What best describes the relationship between the conditioned response and the unconditioned response?

    <p>The conditioned response is usually similar but not always identical to the unconditioned response.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What occurs during the extinction phase of classical conditioning?

    <p>The conditioned response diminishes and may eventually cease.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the process where an organism differentiates between similar stimuli?

    <p>Discrimination</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens during spontaneous recovery after a period of extinction?

    <p>The conditioned response is evoked by the conditioned stimulus again.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of classical conditioning, what is an example of stimulus generalization?

    <p>A dog salivates in response to a similar-sounding tone, like a cell phone alert.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes how the conditioned stimulus affects the conditioned response prior to extinction?

    <p>It initially elicits a strong conditioned response.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of repeated presentations of the conditioned stimulus alone?

    <p>It causes the conditioned response to eventually weaken.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is the conditioned stimulus defined after the neutral stimulus takes on the properties of the unconditioned stimulus?

    <p>It is referred to as the conditioned stimulus.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What concept is illustrated by a dog that salivates only to a specific bell tone, ignoring other similar sounds?

    <p>Discrimination</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of the extinction process in classical conditioning?

    <p>Presentation of the unconditioned stimulus alongside the conditioned stimulus.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can trigger spontaneous recovery after a period of extinction in classical conditioning?

    <p>A pause or rest period without any stimulus presentation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Non-associative Learning

    • Habituation: Decreased behavioral response to a repeated stimulus
      • Example: A student no longer notices flickering lights after repeated exposure
    • Dishabituation: Renewed response to a previously habituated stimulus
      • Example: A student notices flickering lights again after returning from spring break
    • Sensitization: Increased behavioral response to a repeated stimulus
      • Example: Increased scratching after wearing an itchy sweater
    • Desensitization: Decreased response to a previously sensitized stimulus
      • Example: Reduced scratching after prolonged exposure to an itchy sweater

    Associative Learning

    • Classical conditioning: Learning association between two stimuli
      • Neutral Stimulus (NS): A stimulus that initially does not produce a meaningful response
      • Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS): A stimulus that naturally elicits an innate response
      • Unconditioned Response (UCR): The innate response to an UCS
      • Conditioned Stimulus (CS): A neutral stimulus that becomes associated with the UCS and elicits a learned response
      • Conditioned Response (CR): The learned response to the CS

    Processes in Classical Conditioning

    • Acquisition: Formation of association between the UCS and NS
      • The NS becomes the CS and elicits the CR
    • Extinction: Decrease in the CR due to the repeated presentation of the CS without the UCS
    • Spontaneous Recovery: Reappearance of the CR after extinction
    • Discrimination: Responding to specific CS but ignoring similar stimuli
      • Example: A dog only salivates to a specific bell tone but not to other similar tones
    • Generalization: Similar stimuli elicit the same CR but not limited to the specific CS
      • Example: A dog salivates to a similar bell tone

    Operant Conditioning

    • Reinforcement: Increases behavior
      • Positive Reinforcement: Applying a desirable stimulus
        • Example: Complimenting a boyfriend after he cooks dinner
      • Negative Reinforcement: Removing an undesirable stimulus
        • Example: Buckling a seatbelt to stop an annoying beeping sound
    • Punishment: Decreases behavior
      • Positive Punishment: Applying an undesirable stimulus
        • Example: Yelling at a puppy for jumping on guests
      • Negative Punishment: Removing a desirable stimulus
        • Example: Taking away a child's video games for acting out

    Schedules of Reinforcement

    • Fixed-ratio: Reward after a fixed number of responses
      • Example: Receiving a free sandwich after 10 purchases
    • Shaping: Reinforcing successive approximations of the desired behavior
      • Example: Gradually training a dog to enter a kennel
    • Extinction: Behavior decreases or stops due to lack of reinforcement
      • Example: Stopping baking cookies when the friend no longer praises the baker.

    Generalization and Discrimination in Operant Conditioning

    • Generalization: Responding to stimuli similar to the original stimulus
      • Example: A child saying "flowers" when seeing colorful leaves
    • Discrimination: Responding to specific stimuli but ignoring similar stimuli
      • Example: A dog lying down only when hearing "down" and ignoring similar commands

    Types of Reinforcers

    • Primary reinforcer: Innately rewarding stimulus (e.g., food)
    • Secondary reinforcer: A stimulus associated with a primary reinforcer (e.g., money)

    Non-associative Learning

    • Habituation is a decrease in behavioral response to a repeated stimulus.
    • Dishabituation is a renewed response to a previously habituated stimulus.
    • Sensitization is an increase in behavioral response to a repeated stimulus.
    • Desensitization is a decrease in behavioral response to a previously sensitized stimulus.

    Classical Conditioning

    • Associative learning occurs when an organism learns a connection between two stimuli.
    • Classical conditioning is a type of associative learning where an organism associates a neutral stimulus with a stimulus that naturally elicits a response.
    • Neutral stimulus (NS) initially does not produce a meaningful response.
    • Unconditioned stimulus (UCS) is naturally arousing and elicits an unconditioned response.
    • Unconditioned response (UCR) is an innate reaction to the unconditioned stimulus.
    • After pairing with an unconditioned stimulus, a neutral stimulus becomes a conditioned stimulus (CS).
    • The conditioned response (CR) is a learned reaction to the conditioned stimulus.

    Processes in Classical Conditioning

    • Acquisition is when an association is formed between the unconditioned stimulus and neutral stimulus during repeated pairings.
    • Extinction occurs when the conditioned response decreases and ceases after presentations of the conditioned stimulus alone.
    • Spontaneous recovery is the reemergence of the conditioned response after a rest period following extinction.
    • Discrimination is when an organism responds to certain conditioned stimuli but ignores similar stimuli.
    • Generalization is when a stimulus similar to the original stimulus evokes the same conditioned response.

    Operant Conditioning

    • Operant conditioning is a type of associative learning where an organism learns an association between a behavior and its consequence.
    • Reinforcement strengthens a behavior.
    • Positive reinforcement involves adding a desirable stimulus after a behavior.
    • Negative reinforcement involves removing an undesirable stimulus after a behavior.
    • Punishment weakens a behavior.
    • Positive punishment involves adding an undesirable stimulus after a behavior.
    • Negative punishment involves removing a desirable stimulus after a behavior.

    Reinforcement Schedules

    • Continuous reinforcement rewards every response.
    • Partial reinforcement rewards some responses.
    • Fixed-ratio schedules provide rewards after a fixed number of responses.
    • Variable-ratio schedules provide rewards after an unpredictable number of responses.
    • Fixed-interval schedules provide rewards after a fixed amount of time.
    • Variable-interval schedules provide rewards after an unpredictable amount of time.

    Processes in Operant Conditioning

    • Shaping is a technique where successive approximations of a desired behavior are rewarded until the full behavior is learned.
    • Chaining is a technique where a series of behaviors are linked together in a specific sequence.

    Biological Underpinnings of Associative Learning

    • Biological preparedness is the tendency for people or animals to readily learn associations that promote survival.
    • Instinctive drift occurs when an animal's innate behaviors overshadow a learned behavior.
    • Instinct is an innate, fixed pattern of behavior.
    • Reflex is a simple response to a stimulus.

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    Description

    Explore the fascinating concepts of non-associative and associative learning in psychology. This quiz covers habituation, dishabituation, sensitization, and classical conditioning. Test your knowledge on how these learning processes influence behavior and response to stimuli.

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