Podcast
Questions and Answers
Which scenario best exemplifies the encoding stage of memory processing?
Which scenario best exemplifies the encoding stage of memory processing?
- Storing a new memory in the hippocampus.
- Repeating a phone number to yourself until you can write it down.
- Recalling the name of your first pet when prompted.
- Converting the image of a stop sign into a mental representation. (correct)
According to the Multi-Store Model of Memory, what is the sequence of memory storage?
According to the Multi-Store Model of Memory, what is the sequence of memory storage?
- Sensory Memory → Long-Term Memory → Short-Term Memory
- Sensory Memory → Short-Term Memory → Long-Term Memory (correct)
- Long-Term Memory → Short-Term Memory → Sensory Memory
- Short-Term Memory → Sensory Memory → Long-Term Memory
A researcher is investigating how stress impacts memory retrieval. Participants learn a list of words in a high-stress environment and are later tested in either a similar high-stress environment or a relaxed environment. Which of the following findings would best support the state-dependent memory effect?
A researcher is investigating how stress impacts memory retrieval. Participants learn a list of words in a high-stress environment and are later tested in either a similar high-stress environment or a relaxed environment. Which of the following findings would best support the state-dependent memory effect?
- Participants in the relaxed environment recall significantly more words.
- Participants in the high-stress environment recall significantly more words than those in the relaxed environment, but only for words learned at the end of the list.
- Participants recall roughly the same number of words in both environments, regardless of stress level.
- Participants in the high-stress environment recall significantly more words. (correct)
Which strategy would be most effective for transferring information from short-term memory to long-term memory?
Which strategy would be most effective for transferring information from short-term memory to long-term memory?
A study participant is shown a series of traffic accident images, including one with a blue car. Later, the researcher asks, 'How fast was the green car going when it hit the other vehicle?' When asked later about the car's color, the participant remembers it as green. This scenario best illustrates which memory distortion?
A study participant is shown a series of traffic accident images, including one with a blue car. Later, the researcher asks, 'How fast was the green car going when it hit the other vehicle?' When asked later about the car's color, the participant remembers it as green. This scenario best illustrates which memory distortion?
In the Working Memory Model, which component is responsible for integrating information from different sources, including long-term memory?
In the Working Memory Model, which component is responsible for integrating information from different sources, including long-term memory?
After suffering damage to their hippocampus, a patient is still able to learn how to ride a bicycle but struggles to remember recent conversations. This scenario provides evidence for:
After suffering damage to their hippocampus, a patient is still able to learn how to ride a bicycle but struggles to remember recent conversations. This scenario provides evidence for:
According to the Levels of Processing Theory, which of the following tasks would lead to the best memory retention of a word?
According to the Levels of Processing Theory, which of the following tasks would lead to the best memory retention of a word?
Remembering the capital of France is an example of what type of long-term memory?
Remembering the capital of France is an example of what type of long-term memory?
A student studies for a psychology exam in the library. According to the encoding specificity principle, in which of the following locations would the student perform best on the exam?
A student studies for a psychology exam in the library. According to the encoding specificity principle, in which of the following locations would the student perform best on the exam?
A person struggles to learn new names because they find that names of people they met a long time ago keep popping into their head. This is an example of:
A person struggles to learn new names because they find that names of people they met a long time ago keep popping into their head. This is an example of:
Which type of memory is most closely associated with learning how to ride a bicycle?
Which type of memory is most closely associated with learning how to ride a bicycle?
What role does the hippocampus play in memory?
What role does the hippocampus play in memory?
Flashcards
Synaptic Plasticity
Synaptic Plasticity
Strengthening of neural connections, crucial for learning and memory.
Encoding Specificity Principle
Encoding Specificity Principle
Memory is most easily retrieved in the context it was encoded.
Proactive Interference
Proactive Interference
Old information disrupts the learning of new information.
Anterograde Amnesia
Anterograde Amnesia
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Schemas
Schemas
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Memory
Memory
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Encoding
Encoding
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Storage
Storage
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Retrieval
Retrieval
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Sensory Memory
Sensory Memory
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Short-Term Memory (STM)
Short-Term Memory (STM)
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Long-Term Memory (LTM)
Long-Term Memory (LTM)
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Chunking
Chunking
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Study Notes
- Memory involves encoding, storage, and retrieval of information, enabling retention of past experiences for present and future navigation.
Basic Memory Processes
- Encoding transforms sensory input into a storable form.
- Storage retains encoded information over time.
- Retrieval accesses stored information when needed.
Multi-Store Model of Memory (MSM)
- The Multi-Store Model of Memory consists of sensory, short-term, and long-term stores.
- Sensory Memory (SM) briefly stores sensory input.
- It lasts less than 1 second for iconic memory and 3–4 seconds for echoic memory.
- Sensory Memory has a large but fleeting capacity.
- Iconic Memory is visual, Echoic is auditory, and Haptic is touch-based.
- Short-Term Memory (STM) temporarily stores information with limited capacity.
- STM lasts for 15–30 seconds.
- STM holds 7 ± 2 items, according to Miller’s Magic Number.
- Encoding in STM is primarily acoustic.
- Chunking groups items, and Maintenance Rehearsal involves repetition to enhance STM.
- Elaborative Rehearsal is meaning-based encoding.
- Long-Term Memory (LTM) offers relatively permanent storage.
- LTM duration is unlimited.
- LTM capacity is unlimited.
- Encoding in LTM is primarily semantic.
Working Memory Model (WMM)
- The Working Memory Model proposes STM is a dynamic system, not a single store.
- The central executive directs attention and processing.
- The phonological loop handles verbal/auditory information.
- The visuospatial sketchpad processes visual/spatial information.
- The episodic buffer integrates information from STM & LTM.
Levels of Processing Theory
- Memory retention depends on the depth of processing.
- Shallow Processing involves surface features, resulting in poor retention.
- Deep Processing involves semantic meaning, resulting in strong retention.
- Elaborative Rehearsal strengthens deep processing.
Types of Long-Term Memory
- Declarative (Explicit) Memory includes episodic and semantic memory.
- Episodic Memory stores personal experiences.
- Semantic Memory stores facts and concepts.
- Non-Declarative (Implicit) Memory includes procedural memory, priming and classical conditioning.
- Procedural Memory stores skills.
- Priming is unconscious memory activation.
- Classical Conditioning involves reflexive responses.
Memory Consolidation
- The hippocampus converts STM to LTM.
- Synaptic Plasticity & Long-Term Potentiation (LTP) are essential for learning.
Retrieval Cues
- The Encoding Specificity Principle states memory is more easily retrieved in the same context it was encoded.
- Recognition involves identifying correct information and is easier than Recall, which involves retrieving info without cues.
- Relearning involves learning forgotten material faster.
Context-Dependent & State-Dependent Memory
- Context-Dependent Memory involves easier recall in the same environment.
- State-Dependent Memory explains recall is influenced by emotional/physical state.
Theories of Forgetting
- Encoding Failure means information was never properly stored.
- Storage Decay Theory states memories fade over time.
- Ebbinghaus’s Forgetting Curve describes rapid decline that then levels off.
- Retrieval Failure (Blocking) means the memory exists but can’t be accessed.
- Interference can be proactive or retroactive.
- Proactive Interference: Old information disrupts new learning.
- Retroactive Interference: New learning disrupts old information.
Amnesia
- Anterograde Amnesia involves the inability to form new memories.
- Retrograde Amnesia involves the inability to recall past memories.
- Infantile Amnesia involves the lack of early childhood memories.
False Memories & Reconstruction
- Schemas are mental frameworks that shape memory.
- The Misinformation Effect occurs when memory is altered by misleading information.
- Eyewitness Testimony Issues include leading questions that distort recall and memory contamination.
Biological Basis of Memory
- The hippocampus is responsible for the formation of explicit memories.
- The amygdala handles emotional memory and trauma.
- The cerebellum supports procedural memory and skills.
- Acetylcholine and glutamate are key neurotransmitters involved in memory.
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