Podcast
Questions and Answers
The multi-store model of memory was devised by ______ and Shiffrin in 1968.
The multi-store model of memory was devised by ______ and Shiffrin in 1968.
Atkinson
The sensory register is the first system in the ______ model of memory.
The sensory register is the first system in the ______ model of memory.
MSM
Information enters the sensory register coded in a raw and unfiltered format via ______ organs.
Information enters the sensory register coded in a raw and unfiltered format via ______ organs.
sense
The iconic store retains visual data for around ______ milliseconds.
The iconic store retains visual data for around ______ milliseconds.
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Short-term memory is sometimes referred to as ______ memory within the working memory model.
Short-term memory is sometimes referred to as ______ memory within the working memory model.
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Research suggests that short-term memory has a capacity for between ______ and 9 items.
Research suggests that short-term memory has a capacity for between ______ and 9 items.
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Most information that passes through the sensory register is very quickly ______.
Most information that passes through the sensory register is very quickly ______.
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Information that catches attention in the sensory register is passed on to ______ memory.
Information that catches attention in the sensory register is passed on to ______ memory.
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According to Deffenbacher, a moderate amount of ______ produces the most accurate eyewitness testimony.
According to Deffenbacher, a moderate amount of ______ produces the most accurate eyewitness testimony.
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Christianson and Hubinette's research on bank robberies found no relationship between ______ and accuracy of testimony.
Christianson and Hubinette's research on bank robberies found no relationship between ______ and accuracy of testimony.
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The ______ is a method used to improve the accuracy of eyewitness testimony during police interviews.
The ______ is a method used to improve the accuracy of eyewitness testimony during police interviews.
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One of the key elements of the cognitive interview is ______ reinstatement, which helps trigger memories.
One of the key elements of the cognitive interview is ______ reinstatement, which helps trigger memories.
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Loftus et al. found that when a weapon is involved, witnesses focus more on the ______ rather than other details.
Loftus et al. found that when a weapon is involved, witnesses focus more on the ______ rather than other details.
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Milne and Bull discovered that ______ and reporting everything are the most crucial features of the cognitive interview.
Milne and Bull discovered that ______ and reporting everything are the most crucial features of the cognitive interview.
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The ______ cognitive interview includes asking open-ended questions and not interrupting the witness.
The ______ cognitive interview includes asking open-ended questions and not interrupting the witness.
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Deffenbacher's meta-analysis indicated that high levels of ______ negatively affect eyewitness testimony.
Deffenbacher's meta-analysis indicated that high levels of ______ negatively affect eyewitness testimony.
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The inverted-U hypothesis posits that too much or too little ______ reduces the accuracy of eyewitness testimony.
The inverted-U hypothesis posits that too much or too little ______ reduces the accuracy of eyewitness testimony.
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Using different perspectives during recall can help reduce the effect of the witness’s ______.
Using different perspectives during recall can help reduce the effect of the witness’s ______.
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Procedural memory is considered to be ______.
Procedural memory is considered to be ______.
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Patients with retrograde amnesia may forget ______ details of their lives.
Patients with retrograde amnesia may forget ______ details of their lives.
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Semantic memory seems to originate within ______ memory.
Semantic memory seems to originate within ______ memory.
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Forgetting can be explained by ______ and retrieval failure.
Forgetting can be explained by ______ and retrieval failure.
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Proactive interference occurs when older information interferes with ______ information.
Proactive interference occurs when older information interferes with ______ information.
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Retroactive interference is when newer information disrupts ______ information.
Retroactive interference is when newer information disrupts ______ information.
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Context-dependent failure occurs when the external environment does not provide the necessary ______ to recall a memory.
Context-dependent failure occurs when the external environment does not provide the necessary ______ to recall a memory.
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State-dependent failure refers to differences in the internal environment between the time of ______ and the time of recall.
State-dependent failure refers to differences in the internal environment between the time of ______ and the time of recall.
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Eyewitness testimony can be considered ______ due to various influencing factors.
Eyewitness testimony can be considered ______ due to various influencing factors.
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Participants could remember an average of 7 letters and 9 ______.
Participants could remember an average of 7 letters and 9 ______.
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The study by Loftus and Palmer involved participants watching ______ clips of car crashes.
The study by Loftus and Palmer involved participants watching ______ clips of car crashes.
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The method of grouping items into semantically similar groups is called ______.
The method of grouping items into semantically similar groups is called ______.
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Participants were asked how fast cars were going using different ______ in their questions.
Participants were asked how fast cars were going using different ______ in their questions.
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Short-term memory can last for about ______ seconds.
Short-term memory can last for about ______ seconds.
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Extended rehearsal can transfer information from short-term memory to ______.
Extended rehearsal can transfer information from short-term memory to ______.
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After being asked leading questions, participants estimated a ______ speed.
After being asked leading questions, participants estimated a ______ speed.
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The duration of long-term memory can potentially last for a ______.
The duration of long-term memory can potentially last for a ______.
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Leading questions can add ______ information to a memory.
Leading questions can add ______ information to a memory.
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During an experiment, participants were shown a video and asked about a ______ that was not present.
During an experiment, participants were shown a video and asked about a ______ that was not present.
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Memories are often forgotten due to deterioration or ______.
Memories are often forgotten due to deterioration or ______.
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Bahrick et al (1975) found that participants could remember 70% of faces after ______ years.
Bahrick et al (1975) found that participants could remember 70% of faces after ______ years.
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The multi-store model suggests separate memory stores for sensory register, short-term memory, and ______.
The multi-store model suggests separate memory stores for sensory register, short-term memory, and ______.
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Anterograde amnesia affects the ability to store ______.
Anterograde amnesia affects the ability to store ______.
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In the working memory model, the central executive filters and coordinates various ______.
In the working memory model, the central executive filters and coordinates various ______.
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The WMM divides short-term memory into four components: the central executive, phonological loop, visuo-spatial sketchpad, and the ______.
The WMM divides short-term memory into four components: the central executive, phonological loop, visuo-spatial sketchpad, and the ______.
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The capacity of the central executive is relatively ______.
The capacity of the central executive is relatively ______.
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According to Baddeley (1996), participants struggled to perform two tasks due to competition for central executive ______.
According to Baddeley (1996), participants struggled to perform two tasks due to competition for central executive ______.
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The ______ model of memory provides a more detailed understanding compared to the multi-store model.
The ______ model of memory provides a more detailed understanding compared to the multi-store model.
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The visuo-spatial sketchpad is often described as the mind's inner ______.
The visuo-spatial sketchpad is often described as the mind's inner ______.
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The component responsible for switching attention to specific information sources is known as the central ______.
The component responsible for switching attention to specific information sources is known as the central ______.
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The phonological loop processes information coded in ______ format.
The phonological loop processes information coded in ______ format.
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The phonological store is sometimes referred to as the inner ______.
The phonological store is sometimes referred to as the inner ______.
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Words that are longer are more challenging to store in the phonological ______.
Words that are longer are more challenging to store in the phonological ______.
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The episodic buffer serves as a temporary ______ for information coded in various formats.
The episodic buffer serves as a temporary ______ for information coded in various formats.
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Research suggests that there are different types of long-term memory, primarily ______ and implicit.
Research suggests that there are different types of long-term memory, primarily ______ and implicit.
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Episodic long-term memory includes memories of specific ______ and the context in which they happened.
Episodic long-term memory includes memories of specific ______ and the context in which they happened.
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Semantic long-term memory is focused on ______, understanding, and general knowledge.
Semantic long-term memory is focused on ______, understanding, and general knowledge.
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Procedural long-term memory involves knowing how to carry out ______ and skills.
Procedural long-term memory involves knowing how to carry out ______ and skills.
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The articulatory loop is responsible for ______ words to keep them in the phonological loop.
The articulatory loop is responsible for ______ words to keep them in the phonological loop.
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Studies have shown that short-term recall of words is better when learned ______.
Studies have shown that short-term recall of words is better when learned ______.
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The visuo-spatial sketchpad allows the storage of ______ and spatial information.
The visuo-spatial sketchpad allows the storage of ______ and spatial information.
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Miyake et al (2000) found differences in the capacity for executive tasks, suggesting the central executive has ______ parts.
Miyake et al (2000) found differences in the capacity for executive tasks, suggesting the central executive has ______ parts.
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Strong emotions can lead to more robust coding of episodic ______.
Strong emotions can lead to more robust coding of episodic ______.
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Study Notes
Multi-Store Model (MSM)
- Proposed by Atkinson and Shiffrin (1968)
- Explains memory as information flowing through three stores: sensory register, short-term memory, and long-term memory.
- Each store has different characteristics: coding, capacity, and duration.
Sensory Register
- Initial memory system receiving sensory input.
- Information is raw and unfiltered, entering via senses.
- Includes iconic store (visual) and echoic store (auditory).
- Large capacity, but fleeting duration (e.g., iconic store: 500ms, echoic store: 2 seconds).
- Retained if attended to, moving to short-term memory.
Short-Term Memory (STM)
- Holds information currently being processed.
- Receives selected information from the sensory register and codes it (visual, acoustic, semantic).
- Capacity limited (7 ± 2 items).
- Increased by chunking (grouping items).
- Duration of ~30 seconds but can be extended through rehearsal.
- Rehearsal transfers info to long-term memory (LTM).
Long-Term Memory (LTM)
- Stores information for long durations (potentially a lifetime).
- Includes many types of memory.
- Coding format flexible (visual, acoustic, semantic, olfactive).
- Very large capacity.
- Forgetting from LTM is due to decay or interference.
- Retrieval of LTM transfers information to STM.
Working Memory Model (WMM)
- Developed by Baddeley and Hitch (1974).
- Builds on MSM, especially the STM component.
- Divides STM into four components.
WMM Components
- Central Executive: Controls and coordinates other components, limited capacity.
- Phonological Loop: Processes auditory information (inner ear and inner voice). Limited by word length.
- Visuo-Spatial Sketchpad: Stores visual and spatial information (mental images).
- Episodic Buffer: Temporary storage integrating information from different components.
Types of Long-Term Memory
-
Explicit (Declarative): Consciously recalled; includes:
- Episodic: Personal experiences, details, context, and emotions.
- Semantic: General knowledge, facts, concepts.
-
Implicit (Nondeclarative): Unconsciously recalled; includes:
- Procedural: Skills, actions, abilities.
Forgetting
- Interference: Information disrupts recall; can be retroactive (new disrupts old) or proactive (old disrupts new).
-
Retrieval Failure: Inability to access stored information due to lack of cues.
- Context-Dependent: External environment during recall differs from encoding.
- State-Dependent: Internal state during recall differs from encoding.
Eyewitness Testimony
- Can be unreliable due to factors like misleading information and anxiety.
- Misleading Information: Leading questions or post-event discussions can alter memories.
- Anxiety: Moderate anxiety leads to better accuracy, while extreme anxiety impairs recall.
Improving Eyewitness Testimony: The Cognitive Interview
- Method to increase accuracy and detail in police interviews.
- Elements: Context reinstatement, recall from different perspectives, recall in different orders, report everything.
- Evidence suggests effectiveness, but some issues persist.
Strengths & Weaknesses of MSM & WMM
- MSM is initially influential, but conceptually oversimplified.
- WMM provides more detailed and nuanced view of short-term memory but is still potentially oversimplified.
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Description
This quiz explores the Multi-Store Model (MSM) of memory proposed by Atkinson and Shiffrin. It covers key concepts such as the sensory register, short-term memory, and long-term memory, along with their characteristics, coding, and capacity. Test your understanding of how information flows through these three stores.
