Psychology: Working Memory Model

The part of the brain that handles short-term memory and some long-term memory functions but is not responsible for forming new procedural long-term memories.

The outer layer of the brain where long-term memories are stored, often in the same areas where they were first processed.

The part of the brain involved in working memory, encoding episodic memories, and retrieving information from long-term memory.

Plays a role in encoding and retrieving episodic memories, particularly those related to context or details.

A specific part of the parietal lobe crucial for retrieving contextual information from memories.

This type of memory refers to facts and events that we can consciously recall and talk about.

This type of memory includes memories for skills and habits that we can't easily explain or consciously recall.

This type of memory involves remembering motor and cognitive skills that require practice and repetition.

The inability to form new memories after the onset of amnesia.

A long-term memory that involves consciously recalling facts, events, and personal experiences.

The ability to learn new skills, procedures, or habits.

The brain region essential for forming new declarative memories.

A structure within the medial temporal lobe that plays a key role in memory consolidation.

The process of converting short-term memories into long-term memories.

Di#culty recalling memories formed before the onset of amnesia.

A memory system that is used to process information about a person, object, or place.

A memory system that stores general knowledge about the world, facts, and language.

A case study of a patient who underwent surgery that removed parts of his medial temporal lobe.

The hippocampus acts as the brain's final hub for combining information from different cortical regions, especially important for associating an object with its context (where/when it was encountered).

The perirhinal cortex is believed to play a significant role in our sense of familiarity with an object.

The parahippocampal cortex is involved in processing contextual aspects of memory, particularly spatial cognition.

The medial diencephalon, including the dorsomedial thalamus and mammillary bodies, significantly contributes to the formation of long-term memories.

Damage to the medial diencephalon, as seen in Patient N.A., can lead to anterograde amnesia, suggesting its crucial role in forming new memories alongside the medial temporal lobe.

The basal ganglia are involved in skill learning, forming memories for motor skills.

The cerebellum is involved in classical conditioning, where we learn to associate a stimulus with a response.

The amygdala plays a crucial role in emotional processing and conditioning, particularly in fear responses.

The neocortex is involved in storing declarative memories and plays a role in priming, where prior exposure influences subsequent responses.

The prefrontal cortex is engaged in working memory processes, holding information active, and plays a role in encoding information.

Refers to a change in response to a stimulus after repeated exposure, without needing to associate it with another stimulus.

A type of learning that involves forming connections between different stimuli or events.

Involves pairing a neutral stimulus (e.g., bell ringing) with an unconditioned stimulus (e.g., food) that naturally triggers an unconditioned response (e.g., salivation). After repeated pairings, the neutral stimulus becomes a conditioned stimulus, triggering a conditioned response (e.g., salivating at the sound of the bell).

Describes the ability to remember the locations of objects and places, as well as their relationship to each other.

A type of memory that refers to our unconscious awareness of skills, habits, and motor behaviors. It's something we don't need to consciously think about to perform.

A part of the brain involved in the formation of new long-term memories.

A case study involving a patient (H.M.) who underwent surgery to remove parts of his temporal lobes to treat epilepsy. The surgery inadvertently removed his hippocampus, resulting in severe anterograde amnesia. The case shed light on the critical role the medial temporal lobe plays in forming new long-term declarative memories.

The process of transforming fragile, short-term memories into more stable, long-term memories.

Changes in the structure and function of synapses in response to learning and experience. It involves forming new connections, strengthening existing ones, and altering neurotransmitter release.

The process of interaction between different brain regions, primarily the hippocampus and neocortex, to solidify memories.

Theory that the hippocampus plays a temporary role in consolidating memories while the neocortex is essential for long-term storage.

Theory that the hippocampus continues to be involved in retrieving episodic memories even after consolidation, while semantic memories are stored in the neocortex.

Sleep, especially slow-wave sleep, can enhance memory consolidation by replaying the activity patterns of neurons involved in learning.

Stress can have both positive and negative effects on memory consolidation. Acute stress can enhance memory formation, while chronic stress can impair it by affecting LTP in the hippocampus.