Psychology Motivation and Emotion Quiz

Podcast

Play an AI-generated podcast conversation about this lesson

Questions and Answers

What does motivation influence?

Emotional responses only

The direction, persistence, and vigor of goal-directed behavior (correct)

Physical strength and agility

Cognitive abilities only

Which of the following best describes homeostasis?

An instinctual response to social stimuli

A motivational drive towards external rewards

The state of balance in internal physiological conditions (correct)

The pursuit of knowledge or self-actualization

According to Drive Theory, what motivates individuals?

Efforts to achieve fame

The influence of external incentives

Desire for social acceptance

The need to maintain homeostasis (correct)

What role do external events play according to Incentive Theory?

They sometimes override biological needs Signup and view all the answers

What factors are combined in the Expectancy Theory equation of motivation?

Expectancy and incentive value Signup and view all the answers

Which type of motivation is driven by internal rewards?

Intrinsic motivation Signup and view all the answers

Which example best illustrates differing expectations affecting motivation?

A student studying diligently for an 'A' while another does the minimum for a 'C' Signup and view all the answers

What can potentially change a person's intrinsic motivation?

External rewards such as money or fame Signup and view all the answers

What does the James-Lange theory suggest about emotions?

Conscious experience of emotion results from the perception of autonomic arousal. Signup and view all the answers

How does Cannon-Bard theory differ from James-Lange theory?

Cannon-Bard theory posits emotional responses occur simultaneously with physiological arousal. Signup and view all the answers

What is a key aspect of Schachter's Two-Factor Theory?

Situational clues help distinguish between different emotions. Signup and view all the answers

In the context of Dutton and Aron's study, what was the primary research question?

Does the type of bridge influence emotional responses? Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes the cognitive aspect of Schachter's Two-Factor Theory?

It indicates that individuals may misinterpret their arousal based on context. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following correctly describes the Overjustification Hypothesis?

External rewards can reduce intrinsic motivation when overused. Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes biological motives from social motives?

Social motives may lead to negative outcomes if unmet. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary factor that regulates appetite according to the glucostatic theory?

Fluctuations in blood sugar levels. Signup and view all the answers

Which hormone is released by the pancreas and plays a crucial role in regulating hunger?

Insulin Signup and view all the answers

What physiological response is often associated with feelings of hunger?

Stomach contractions. Signup and view all the answers

In what way does leptin influence hunger when fat stores are diminished?

It increases the release of neuropeptide Y to stimulate appetite. Signup and view all the answers

What can lead to excessive eating and subsequent weight gain according to the functions of the ventromedial nucleus (VMH)?

Lesions to the ventromedial nucleus. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a potential health problem associated with obesity?

Diabetes. Signup and view all the answers

What effect do more nutritious foods have on hunger compared to less nutritious foods?

They reduce hunger more efficiently. Signup and view all the answers

What primarily contributes to the high obesity rates among the Pima Indians in Arizona?

Westernized diet and sedentary lifestyle Signup and view all the answers

What measure is commonly used to categorize individual weight status?

Body mass index (BMI). Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant environmental factor influencing hunger?

Learned preferences Signup and view all the answers

Which component of hunger regulation is often considered an oversimplification according to contemporary theories?

Role of stomach contractions. Signup and view all the answers

How does social motive differ from biological motive regarding necessity for survival?

Social motives are essential for long-term survival. Signup and view all the answers

Which hormone's secretion is commonly influenced by stress, potentially impacting eating behavior?

Cortisol Signup and view all the answers

How does being overweight affect one's ability to lose weight?

It increases insulin secretion, converting glucose into fat. Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'set point' refer to in terms of hunger and eating behavior?

An internal physiological standard for body weight. Signup and view all the answers

What is a key factor in the effectiveness of dieting according to studies?

Incorporating diet, exercise, and possibly group support Signup and view all the answers

What does achievement motivation primarily relate to?

Desire to accomplish tasks and attain excellence Signup and view all the answers

What can lead to high levels of anxiety according to motivational conflict theory?

Unconscious internal conflicts Signup and view all the answers

Which type of conflict involves competing motivations to approach two desirable goals?

Approach-approach Signup and view all the answers

According to the content, which feature of emotions refers to physiological reactions to stimuli?

Bodily arousal Signup and view all the answers

What effect do positive emotions have on thinking and behavior?

They broaden our thinking and behavior. Signup and view all the answers

What role does cognitive appraisal play in emotional responses?

It influences how we feel based on our thoughts. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a feature of emotions?

Innate physiological reflexes Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary adaptive function of emotions?

To inform us that something important is occurring Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following eating behaviors is most likely to occur during periods of stress?

Eating more calorie-dense foods Signup and view all the answers

Which system is primarily involved in the physiological response to emotional stimuli?

Nervous system Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the amygdala in emotional responses?

Modulating emotions, especially fear Signup and view all the answers

Which physiological response is characteristic of fear rather than anger?

Less blood flow to hands and feet Signup and view all the answers

What does the Galvanic Skin Response (GSR) measure?

Electrical conductivity of the skin Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following emotions is closely associated with the right prefrontal cortex?

Disgust Signup and view all the answers

How does facial feedback influence emotional experience according to the Facial Feedback Hypothesis?

Facial muscle feedback contributes to awareness of emotion Signup and view all the answers

What do display rules refer to?

Cultural norms for displaying emotions Signup and view all the answers

Which theory of emotion suggests that physiological arousal precedes emotional experience?

James-Lange Theory Signup and view all the answers

What is a key characteristic of instrumental behaviors in emotion context?

Actions that serve a specific purpose in response to emotions Signup and view all the answers

Which emotion is universally recognized across different cultures?

Sadness Signup and view all the answers

What is a major factor differentiating cultural expressions of emotions?

Display rules and emotional categorization Signup and view all the answers

Which aspect of emotional response is primarily linked to the autonomic nervous system?

Visceral arousal Signup and view all the answers

How might emotions affect task performance according to the inverted 'U' relationship?

Too little or too much emotion can hinder performance Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Motivation

Motivation is a process influencing the direction, persistence, and vigor of goal-directed behavior.
Early views proposed instinct as the primary motivator.
Instincts, or fixed action patterns, are inherited automatic responses to stimuli.
Instinct theory decreased in popularity due to weak support.
Contemporary perspectives stress evolutionary underpinnings, focusing on adaptive significance, like social behavior.

Homeostasis and Drive Theory

Homeostasis refers to internal physiological equilibrium.
The body responds to internal changes to maintain balance.
Drive theory suggests motivation stems from maintaining homeostasis.

Incentive and Expectancy Theories

Drives push, and incentives pull, individuals towards action.
Incentive theory emphasizes external factors in motivation—external events that pull us.
These external incentives can override biological needs (ex. drug addiction)
Expectancy theory acknowledges individual differences in responses to the same incentive.
Motivation is the product of expectancy and incentive value (e.g., students motivated to get different grades depending on perceived likelihood and value).

Extrinsic versus Intrinsic Motivation

Extrinsic motivation occurs due to external rewards (e.g., money, fame).
Intrinsic motivation stems from internal rewards (e.g., enjoyment, thrill).
External rewards can potentially decrease intrinsic motivation (overjustification hypothesis).
Praise, conversely, can increase intrinsic motivation if tied to task success.

Two Kinds of Motives

Biological motives are essential for survival (e.g., hunger, thirst, sex, sleep).
Social motives are not essential but vital (e.g., achievement, autonomy, affiliation).
Unmet social motives can negatively impact well-being.

Maslow's Hierarchy

(Note: Hierarchy is not detailed in text)

Hunger and Eating

Hunger is complex and multifaceted.
Eating fuels the body; while maintaining energy balance is critical. Metabolism refers to energy use, basal metabolism (e.g., 1600 of 2400 calories) representing most of the day's energy expenditure.
The body regulates food intake, maintaining a set point around which weight is regulated.

Biological Factors

Stomach contractions are one factor signaling hunger (Cannon, 1912).
Stomach contractions are not the sole cause of hunger; brain activity, blood sugar, and hormones also play roles.

The Brain and Hunger

The hypothalamus regulates hunger, with the lateral hypothalamus (LH) stimulating hunger and the ventromedial nucleus (VMH) satiating hunger, though the complexity of hunger regulation is greater than such overly simplistic "on/off" switches.

Paraventricular Nucleus (PVN)

The PVN has receptor sites for neuropeptide Y, a peptide that increases appetite. Contemporary perspectives emphasize complex neural circuits rather than discrete brain centers.

Role of Sugar

Blood glucose levels influence hunger; low levels increase hunger, and high levels decrease hunger. Glucose is an important energy source.

Glucostatic Theory

Glucostatic theory suggests that neurons (glucostats) detect glucose levels. However, glucose levels fluctuate little during the day. While glucostats may play a role, there are additional hormonal and nerve factors.

Hormones and Hunger

Insulin, produced by the pancreas, extracts sugar from the blood. High insulin levels may increase hunger. Leptin, produced in fat cells, helps regulate hunger; more fat = more leptin.

CCK and Ghrelin

CCK, released by the small intestine, signals satiety.
Ghrelin, released before meals, stimulates hunger.

Leptin

Leptin, produced in fat cells, influences the hypothalamus to reduce or increase hunger. Leptin levels provide a background signal to control the intensity of hunger/satiety signals.

Leptin and Weight Loss

Leptin's inhibitory effect on hunger diminishes upon losing fat, possibly triggering increased hunger.

Our Weight

Obesity is characterized by 20% or more above ideal body weight.
Obesity rates are rising.

Health Problems and Weight

Obesity correlates to various health issues.

Genetics and Weight

Body mass index (BMI) measures body weight relative to height.
Adoption studies suggest a genetic vulnerability to obesity.

Genetics and Environment

Environmental factors (e.g., availability of cheap, highly processed food, lack of physical activity) play a role in obesity.

Pima Indians

The Pima, with a genetic predisposition to obesity, demonstrate how environment influences genetic vulnerabilities to obesity.

Environment and Hunger

Learned preferences, food-related cues, and stress are environmental factors impacting hunger and eating.

Learned Preferences

Learned food preferences can be influential in eating patterns.

Environmental cues (advertisements, smells, sights) can trigger hunger.

Stress, Arousal, and Eating

Stress and physiological arousal can influence eating behaviors.

Dieting and Weight Loss

Dieting can be challenging due to biological responses.

Are Diets Doomed to Fail?

Successful diets exist, combining diet, exercise, and support groups are usually more efficient. Poor assessments of weight loss may result from insufficient time & resources.

Sexual Motivation

(Note: Text does not provide detailed notes)

Achievement Motivation

Achievement motivation involves the desire to accomplish tasks and attain excellence standards.
It's a relatively consistent personality trait.
Positive motivations for success (mastery and performance) contrasting negative motivations (fear of failure).

Positive Motivation for Success

Mastery goals prioritize intrinsic motivation and learning.
Performance approach goals involve outperforming others.

Negative Motivation for Success

Fear of failure can be a major motivator.
Performance avoidance goals focus on avoiding appearing inadequate.

Motivation in the Workplace

Workplace motivation relates to worker productivity and satisfaction levels.

What Motivates People at Work?

(Note: Text does not provide detailed notes)

Job Enrichment

Job enrichment increases intrinsic motivation by increasing skill variety, task identity, autonomy, and feedback.

Motivational Conflict

Motivational conflict arises when incompatible motivations compete.

Kurt Lewin (3 Kinds of Conflict)

Approach-approach, avoidance-avoidance, and approach-avoidance conflicts.

Emotions

(Note: The section discusses Emotions, but no specific subtopic from the initial text is evident)

Studying That Suits You

Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.

Description

Test your understanding of motivation theories and the role of emotions in psychology. This quiz covers key concepts such as homeostasis, Drive Theory, and the different perspectives on motivation including the cognitive aspects. Prepare to explore crucial psychological theories that explain human behavior.