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Questions and Answers
Which of the following was NOT a reason why participants in Milgram's study felt obligated?
Which of the following was NOT a reason why participants in Milgram's study felt obligated?
- They had committed themselves to the study
- They were being paid
- They had volunteered
- They were told the shocks were harmless (correct)
Milgram's study had high internal validity because participants' stress reactions proved they believed the experiment was real.
Milgram's study had high internal validity because participants' stress reactions proved they believed the experiment was real.
False (B)
According to Milgram, what was the central feature of the study that made it have high external validity?
According to Milgram, what was the central feature of the study that made it have high external validity?
The relationship between the authority figure and the teacher
The participants were not able to give __________ in Milgram's experiment due to deception.
The participants were not able to give __________ in Milgram's experiment due to deception.
Which of these factors did Milgram NOT identify as affecting obedience?
Which of these factors did Milgram NOT identify as affecting obedience?
Match the following conditions with their effect on obedience levels in Milgram's experiment:
Match the following conditions with their effect on obedience levels in Milgram's experiment:
Research from Hofling et al (1996) exploring obedience in hospitals disproves Milgram's findings.
Research from Hofling et al (1996) exploring obedience in hospitals disproves Milgram's findings.
What term did Milgram develop to explain why participants obeyed in his study?
What term did Milgram develop to explain why participants obeyed in his study?
What is the key difference between conformity and obedience?
What is the key difference between conformity and obedience?
Milgram's study aimed to understand why so many people followed the orders of Hitler during World War II.
Milgram's study aimed to understand why so many people followed the orders of Hitler during World War II.
What type of sampling method did Milgram use in his obedience study?
What type of sampling method did Milgram use in his obedience study?
In Milgram's study, the dependent variable was the __________ of electric shock delivered to the ‘learner’.
In Milgram's study, the dependent variable was the __________ of electric shock delivered to the ‘learner’.
According to the study, what percentage of participants administered the maximum 450V shock?
According to the study, what percentage of participants administered the maximum 450V shock?
Which of these was NOT a factor thought to contribute to the high levels of obedience in Milgram’s study?
Which of these was NOT a factor thought to contribute to the high levels of obedience in Milgram’s study?
One of the conclusions of Milgram's study was that people have to be psychopaths to obey immoral orders.
One of the conclusions of Milgram's study was that people have to be psychopaths to obey immoral orders.
Match the method with the purpose within the Milgram study:
Match the method with the purpose within the Milgram study:
Flashcards
Milgram's Study
Milgram's Study
An experiment demonstrating obedience to authority
Internal Validity
Internal Validity
The extent to which a study measures what it intends to measure
External Validity
External Validity
The extent to which findings can be generalized to real-life situations
Deception in Research
Deception in Research
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Obedience Factors
Obedience Factors
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Proximity
Proximity
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Location
Location
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Uniform
Uniform
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Obedience
Obedience
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Conformity
Conformity
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Hypothesis of Milgram's Study
Hypothesis of Milgram's Study
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Participant Sample
Participant Sample
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Results of Milgram's Study
Results of Milgram's Study
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Conclusions of Milgram's Study
Conclusions of Milgram's Study
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Setting of Milgram's Study
Setting of Milgram's Study
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Study Notes
Obedience: Milgram's Study
- Obedience is a form of social influence where people follow direct orders.
- Conformity is a form of social influence where pressure from the majority affects behavior without explicit instructions.
Milgram's Motivation
- Stanley Milgram (1963) investigated why so many people followed orders from Hitler, resulting in the deaths of millions.
- He wanted to understand factors contributing to obedience to authority.
Milgram's Experiment
- Aims: To investigate the level of obedience to authority figures.
- Type of experiment: Structured observation (no independent variable), measured obedience through the voltage of electric shocks.
- Sampling: Volunteer sampling. Participants were men aged 20-50.
- Hypothesis: Participants would obey an authority figure's orders even if the orders involved potentially harmful actions.
- Results: Participants were obedient up to a certain point. 65% of participants delivered the maximum shock.
- Conclusions: Ordinary people may obey orders from an authority figure even if the orders are harmful or immoral.
- Ethical concerns: Participants were deceived about the experiment's true nature and not given full informed consent.
Factors Affecting Obedience
- Proximity: Distance between the participant and the person giving orders and the person receiving the shock affected the level of obedience. Closer proximity decreased obedience.
- Location: The experiment's environment affected obedience. The prestigious Yale University setting increased obedience rates compared to a different, less prestigious or a run-down location.
- Uniform: The experimenter wearing a lab coat influenced obedience positively. When the uniform was replaced by more casual attire, obedience dropped. This highlights the role of authority status.
Follow-up Variations
- Milgram's experiments varied the conditions, e.g., teacher/learner distance, experiment location, orders relayed by phone, and more.
- Obedience decreased when the situation deviated from the baseline, e.g. when the experiment was moved to a less reputable location.
Evaluating Milgram's Study
- Internal Validity: Questionable due to participants potentially guessing the true nature of the study.
- External Validity: Arguably high for the specific dynamic between authority figures and those following orders.
- Reliability: Research showing consistency across several replications.
- Ethical Issues: Deception and potential harm to participants are significant ethical issues.
- Cross-cultural validity: Replications in other cultures show high levels of obedience but usually these have occurred in western societies.
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