Podcast
Questions and Answers
What was the main aim of Milgram's research?
What was the main aim of Milgram's research?
- To study the psychological impact of war
- To analyze individual’s personality traits
- To investigate memory retention in learners
- To examine obedience in the absence of threats (correct)
During the Milgram experiment, what role did the participant always assume?
During the Milgram experiment, what role did the participant always assume?
- Teacher (correct)
- Authority figure
- Learner
- Observer
What percentage of participants administered the highest voltage shock in Milgram's study?
What percentage of participants administered the highest voltage shock in Milgram's study?
- 70%
- 55.5%
- 75%
- 62.5% (correct)
How did proximity of the authority figure affect obedience in Milgram's variations?
How did proximity of the authority figure affect obedience in Milgram's variations?
What was one of the significant results regarding the psychological state of participants?
What was one of the significant results regarding the psychological state of participants?
Which variation led to the lowest percentage of participants obeying by administering the highest voltage?
Which variation led to the lowest percentage of participants obeying by administering the highest voltage?
What does the term 'agentic state' refer to in the context of Milgram's experiment?
What does the term 'agentic state' refer to in the context of Milgram's experiment?
How did the experiment's results challenge the notion of personality characteristics in obedience?
How did the experiment's results challenge the notion of personality characteristics in obedience?
At what age do children typically begin to pass the classic false belief task?
At what age do children typically begin to pass the classic false belief task?
What does the violation of expectation task demonstrate about children's understanding of others' beliefs?
What does the violation of expectation task demonstrate about children's understanding of others' beliefs?
What is the primary focus of social cognition?
What is the primary focus of social cognition?
Which component of executive functions is primarily related to self-control?
Which component of executive functions is primarily related to self-control?
According to the unexpected content task, what understanding do children develop around age 2.5?
According to the unexpected content task, what understanding do children develop around age 2.5?
What age is suggested to be the time when implicit measures of theory of mind can be seen in children?
What age is suggested to be the time when implicit measures of theory of mind can be seen in children?
What does the term 'preservation' refer to in the context of infants' behavior?
What does the term 'preservation' refer to in the context of infants' behavior?
Which of the following is NOT considered a component of executive functions?
Which of the following is NOT considered a component of executive functions?
What is the main criticism of classic false belief tasks?
What is the main criticism of classic false belief tasks?
What defines implicit theories of mind in children?
What defines implicit theories of mind in children?
What characterizes the sensorimotor stage in child development?
What characterizes the sensorimotor stage in child development?
What does egocentrism refer to in the developmental context?
What does egocentrism refer to in the developmental context?
What is the main task used to demonstrate children's egocentrism?
What is the main task used to demonstrate children's egocentrism?
At what developmental stage do children begin to solve problems in a concrete manner?
At what developmental stage do children begin to solve problems in a concrete manner?
What concept is associated with understanding that changes in appearance do not change the object's essence?
What concept is associated with understanding that changes in appearance do not change the object's essence?
Which stage of cognitive development focuses on abstract problem-solving?
Which stage of cognitive development focuses on abstract problem-solving?
What is a key difference between Piaget's and Vygotsky's theoretical perspectives?
What is a key difference between Piaget's and Vygotsky's theoretical perspectives?
Which term describes the difference between what a child can do independently and with assistance?
Which term describes the difference between what a child can do independently and with assistance?
What aspect of development did Vygotsky emphasize as crucial for a child's learning?
What aspect of development did Vygotsky emphasize as crucial for a child's learning?
How did Piaget gather insights for his theory of cognitive development?
How did Piaget gather insights for his theory of cognitive development?
What is the concept of 'motionese' as used in caregiver-infant interactions?
What is the concept of 'motionese' as used in caregiver-infant interactions?
What role does social referencing play in child development?
What role does social referencing play in child development?
At what age do infants begin to understand object permanence according to Baillargeon et al.?
At what age do infants begin to understand object permanence according to Baillargeon et al.?
According to the contact principle, what is necessary for inanimate objects to affect each other?
According to the contact principle, what is necessary for inanimate objects to affect each other?
Which of the following is NOT considered a criticism of Piaget's theory?
Which of the following is NOT considered a criticism of Piaget's theory?
What cognitive skill do children develop in the formal operational stage?
What cognitive skill do children develop in the formal operational stage?
Which task was used to investigate children's understanding of different perspectives and led to theories about theory of mind?
Which task was used to investigate children's understanding of different perspectives and led to theories about theory of mind?
What is a key characteristic of executive functions in children?
What is a key characteristic of executive functions in children?
What is a key feature of constructivism according to Piaget?
What is a key feature of constructivism according to Piaget?
What age do children typically begin to show systematic reasoning abilities during preschool years?
What age do children typically begin to show systematic reasoning abilities during preschool years?
Which developmental aspect is emphasized by Vygotsky's theory?
Which developmental aspect is emphasized by Vygotsky's theory?
Which statement about theory of mind is accurate?
Which statement about theory of mind is accurate?
What does research suggest about the innate capacity for imitation in infants?
What does research suggest about the innate capacity for imitation in infants?
What is one major criticism of Piaget's theory of development?
What is one major criticism of Piaget's theory of development?
From what age can children typically understand the concept of causality using the contact principle?
From what age can children typically understand the concept of causality using the contact principle?
What does the false belief task reveal about a child's cognitive development?
What does the false belief task reveal about a child's cognitive development?
During which age range do children begin to show signs of improved social referencing?
During which age range do children begin to show signs of improved social referencing?
What did Milgram find regarding people’s obedience to authority when encouraged by an experimenter in a white coat?
What did Milgram find regarding people’s obedience to authority when encouraged by an experimenter in a white coat?
Which concept did Reicher, Haslam, and Smith propose to explain the phenomenon of obedience?
Which concept did Reicher, Haslam, and Smith propose to explain the phenomenon of obedience?
What did Burger suggest about the ethical replication of Milgram's study?
What did Burger suggest about the ethical replication of Milgram's study?
What key observation did Slater et al. (2006) make regarding participants’ reactions in virtual reality studies?
What key observation did Slater et al. (2006) make regarding participants’ reactions in virtual reality studies?
What was a significant finding regarding participants' behavior in Milgram's original experiment when faced with a verbal designation of shock levels?
What was a significant finding regarding participants' behavior in Milgram's original experiment when faced with a verbal designation of shock levels?
What ethical issue was highlighted concerning participants' willingness to withdraw from Milgram's experiment?
What ethical issue was highlighted concerning participants' willingness to withdraw from Milgram's experiment?
What was the primary criticism of using laboratory research in studies of obedience such as Milgram's?
What was the primary criticism of using laboratory research in studies of obedience such as Milgram's?
What did Gonzalez-Franco et al. (2018) suggest about participants in virtual reality studies?
What did Gonzalez-Franco et al. (2018) suggest about participants in virtual reality studies?
According to Milgram's findings, what situation greatly reduced conformity among participants?
According to Milgram's findings, what situation greatly reduced conformity among participants?
In the controlled experiment by Hofling et al. (1966), what policy was in place regarding drug administration in hospitals?
In the controlled experiment by Hofling et al. (1966), what policy was in place regarding drug administration in hospitals?
What is one effect of teratogens on infant development?
What is one effect of teratogens on infant development?
What cognitive ability do infants lack during the sensorimotor stage according to Piaget?
What cognitive ability do infants lack during the sensorimotor stage according to Piaget?
Which stage in Piaget's theory allows children to understand abstract concepts?
Which stage in Piaget's theory allows children to understand abstract concepts?
The A-not-B error demonstrates which of the following concepts in infant cognition?
The A-not-B error demonstrates which of the following concepts in infant cognition?
Which of the following statements about brain development is true?
Which of the following statements about brain development is true?
In which aspect of child development do teratogens not have an effect?
In which aspect of child development do teratogens not have an effect?
How does social influence primarily function within groups according to the conclusions presented?
How does social influence primarily function within groups according to the conclusions presented?
What is the primary role of neural plasticity during early development?
What is the primary role of neural plasticity during early development?
Which conclusion relates to group norms and social influence?
Which conclusion relates to group norms and social influence?
What is a key reason individuals may conform to group expectations?
What is a key reason individuals may conform to group expectations?
What is the primary focus of developmental psychology as described?
What is the primary focus of developmental psychology as described?
What historical figure is known for his stage theory of cognitive development?
What historical figure is known for his stage theory of cognitive development?
What was the main conclusion drawn from Sherif's 1935 study on group norms?
What was the main conclusion drawn from Sherif's 1935 study on group norms?
At what age does Piaget suggest children enter the concrete operational stage?
At what age does Piaget suggest children enter the concrete operational stage?
What did Asch aim to demonstrate with his line judgment task?
What did Asch aim to demonstrate with his line judgment task?
What role does a child's desire to be liked play in group dynamics?
What role does a child's desire to be liked play in group dynamics?
Which aspect of group dynamics did Turner (1991) emphasize in his contemporary research?
Which aspect of group dynamics did Turner (1991) emphasize in his contemporary research?
In Deutsch and Gerrard's dual process theory, what type of influence is associated with the Sherif study?
In Deutsch and Gerrard's dual process theory, what type of influence is associated with the Sherif study?
What does the term 'referent informational influence' imply based on contemporary research?
What does the term 'referent informational influence' imply based on contemporary research?
What was a significant finding from Platow et al.'s studies regarding laughter in groups?
What was a significant finding from Platow et al.'s studies regarding laughter in groups?
What was the outcome of the line judgment tasks conducted by Asch?
What was the outcome of the line judgment tasks conducted by Asch?
How did the presence of an in-group member affect participants in Platow et al.'s study involving icy water?
How did the presence of an in-group member affect participants in Platow et al.'s study involving icy water?
Allport's view of a group highlighted which of the following aspects?
Allport's view of a group highlighted which of the following aspects?
What do social norms dictate about behavior?
What do social norms dictate about behavior?
What critical aspect did Milgram's research highlight regarding obedience?
What critical aspect did Milgram's research highlight regarding obedience?
What does conformity to a group norm imply according to the findings of Sherif's study?
What does conformity to a group norm imply according to the findings of Sherif's study?
What contradiction did Asch's findings present regarding objective reality?
What contradiction did Asch's findings present regarding objective reality?
How did Sherif assess the influence of group norms in his auto-kinetic effect experiment?
How did Sherif assess the influence of group norms in his auto-kinetic effect experiment?
What is a primary characteristic of prosopagnosia?
What is a primary characteristic of prosopagnosia?
What does the inversion effect indicate about face recognition?
What does the inversion effect indicate about face recognition?
Which statement best describes the principle of embodied cognition?
Which statement best describes the principle of embodied cognition?
How does priming work within the framework of embodied cognition?
How does priming work within the framework of embodied cognition?
According to traditional cognition, where are representations stored in the brain?
According to traditional cognition, where are representations stored in the brain?
What is the primary function of cones in the retina?
What is the primary function of cones in the retina?
Which of the following is a cue for depth perception?
Which of the following is a cue for depth perception?
What does the term 'size constancy' refer to?
What does the term 'size constancy' refer to?
What phenomenon is demonstrated when individuals find inverted faces more challenging to recognize?
What phenomenon is demonstrated when individuals find inverted faces more challenging to recognize?
How does the brain process color perception?
How does the brain process color perception?
What is the significance of face preference in early development according to the findings of Valenza et al. (1996)?
What is the significance of face preference in early development according to the findings of Valenza et al. (1996)?
Which of the following represents a cognitive process essential for depth perception?
Which of the following represents a cognitive process essential for depth perception?
What role does eye contact play in communication, according to the content?
What role does eye contact play in communication, according to the content?
What does the concept of 'Gestalt' emphasize in visual perception?
What does the concept of 'Gestalt' emphasize in visual perception?
What are the three main components of executive functions?
What are the three main components of executive functions?
What type of processing does the 'holistic' face processing account suggest is used for face recognition?
What type of processing does the 'holistic' face processing account suggest is used for face recognition?
Which condition is characterized by impairments in social skills and executive functions similar to those found in ADHD?
Which condition is characterized by impairments in social skills and executive functions similar to those found in ADHD?
What aspect of development do mirror neurons primarily relate to?
What aspect of development do mirror neurons primarily relate to?
How is the locked-in syndrome characterized?
How is the locked-in syndrome characterized?
What cognitive skill is notably impaired in children with ASD when they are asked to imitate actions?
What cognitive skill is notably impaired in children with ASD when they are asked to imitate actions?
Which brain lobe is primarily responsible for motor activity and speech?
Which brain lobe is primarily responsible for motor activity and speech?
Which technique is NOT primarily used for investigating brain function?
Which technique is NOT primarily used for investigating brain function?
What does the term 'contralateral organisation' refer to in brain function?
What does the term 'contralateral organisation' refer to in brain function?
Which statement about the a not b error is correct?
Which statement about the a not b error is correct?
What role does biological psychology seek to bridge?
What role does biological psychology seek to bridge?
Which neuroimaging technique provides information on brain function?
Which neuroimaging technique provides information on brain function?
Which of the following statements best describes executive functions?
Which of the following statements best describes executive functions?
What symptoms are commonly associated with children diagnosed with ASD?
What symptoms are commonly associated with children diagnosed with ASD?
Which hemisphere of the brain is primarily responsible for language and logical reasoning?
Which hemisphere of the brain is primarily responsible for language and logical reasoning?
What role do the basal ganglia play in the nervous system?
What role do the basal ganglia play in the nervous system?
Which neurotransmitter is primarily associated with memory and muscular movement?
Which neurotransmitter is primarily associated with memory and muscular movement?
What is the primary consequence of damage to the amygdala?
What is the primary consequence of damage to the amygdala?
What typically occurs in the body during a 'fight or flight' response?
What typically occurs in the body during a 'fight or flight' response?
What happens during depolarization in a neuron?
What happens during depolarization in a neuron?
Which type of drug is classified as a stimulant?
Which type of drug is classified as a stimulant?
Which part of the brain is primarily affected in Phineas Gage's case after his accident?
Which part of the brain is primarily affected in Phineas Gage's case after his accident?
What does the DSM-5 specify as a criterion for substance use disorders?
What does the DSM-5 specify as a criterion for substance use disorders?
What role does myelination play in the nervous system?
What role does myelination play in the nervous system?
Which structure is NOT part of the limbic system?
Which structure is NOT part of the limbic system?
What is an agonist drug?
What is an agonist drug?
Which statement about emotional responses is FALSE?
Which statement about emotional responses is FALSE?
What characterizes physical dependence on drugs?
What characterizes physical dependence on drugs?
What is the primary function of neurotransmitters?
What is the primary function of neurotransmitters?
What concept explains the disparity between ancestral conditions and the modern environment in terms of health issues related to diet?
What concept explains the disparity between ancestral conditions and the modern environment in terms of health issues related to diet?
Which of the following best describes inter-sexual selection?
Which of the following best describes inter-sexual selection?
What is a primary criticism of evolutionary psychology, particularly regarding methodological approaches?
What is a primary criticism of evolutionary psychology, particularly regarding methodological approaches?
In the context of aggression, which evolutionary prediction suggests deterring mates from infidelity?
In the context of aggression, which evolutionary prediction suggests deterring mates from infidelity?
What subfield of psychology focuses on comparing evolutionary traits across species to derive insights into human behavior?
What subfield of psychology focuses on comparing evolutionary traits across species to derive insights into human behavior?
Which statement correctly reflects the difference between natural selection and sexual selection?
Which statement correctly reflects the difference between natural selection and sexual selection?
How do early and late emergences of traits relate to socio-cultural learning according to the comparative approach?
How do early and late emergences of traits relate to socio-cultural learning according to the comparative approach?
What is one example of a mismatch between ancestral fears and modern dangers?
What is one example of a mismatch between ancestral fears and modern dangers?
In the context of comparative evolutionary psychology, which of the following is NOT one of the three methodological perspectives combined?
In the context of comparative evolutionary psychology, which of the following is NOT one of the three methodological perspectives combined?
What evolutionary prediction involves defending against outgroup attacks?
What evolutionary prediction involves defending against outgroup attacks?
What effect does anxiety have on encoding of memories during a crime event?
What effect does anxiety have on encoding of memories during a crime event?
Which factor is linked to increased misinformation acceptance over time?
Which factor is linked to increased misinformation acceptance over time?
How can source misattribution errors occur during recall?
How can source misattribution errors occur during recall?
What is one approach that can help improve children's accuracy in recalling events?
What is one approach that can help improve children's accuracy in recalling events?
What distinction did Tulving make between familiarity and recollection?
What distinction did Tulving make between familiarity and recollection?
What are some recommended practices for improving eyewitness identification?
What are some recommended practices for improving eyewitness identification?
What phenomenon demonstrates the fragility of eyewitness testimony?
What phenomenon demonstrates the fragility of eyewitness testimony?
Which element affects eyewitness recall due to suggestibility?
Which element affects eyewitness recall due to suggestibility?
In research on eyewitness identification, which group tends to have higher accuracy?
In research on eyewitness identification, which group tends to have higher accuracy?
What does the concept of unconscious transference refer to?
What does the concept of unconscious transference refer to?
What is the premise of the cognitive interview technique?
What is the premise of the cognitive interview technique?
What is a key criticism of the psychodynamic perspective?
What is a key criticism of the psychodynamic perspective?
Which research finding indicates the limitations of eyewitness testimony?
Which research finding indicates the limitations of eyewitness testimony?
Which concept is emphasized in phenomenological-humanistic perspectives?
Which concept is emphasized in phenomenological-humanistic perspectives?
What does self-actualization refer to in the context of personality psychology?
What does self-actualization refer to in the context of personality psychology?
How does self-verification influence self-concept?
How does self-verification influence self-concept?
What is the main challenge in measuring self-actualization?
What is the main challenge in measuring self-actualization?
What does congruence refer to in self-perception?
What does congruence refer to in self-perception?
What are body-mind effects in the context of cognitive psychology?
What are body-mind effects in the context of cognitive psychology?
Which statement best describes mind-body effects?
Which statement best describes mind-body effects?
Which of the following is a limitation of self-enhancement?
Which of the following is a limitation of self-enhancement?
In Helbig et al.'s study, what was primarily being measured?
In Helbig et al.'s study, what was primarily being measured?
What is a common issue with self-reports used in phenomenological-humanistic perspectives?
What is a common issue with self-reports used in phenomenological-humanistic perspectives?
What characterizes reconstructive memory?
What characterizes reconstructive memory?
What phenomenon describes the inability to notice changes in a visual scene?
What phenomenon describes the inability to notice changes in a visual scene?
What does the concept of weapon focus in eyewitness memory refer to?
What does the concept of weapon focus in eyewitness memory refer to?
Which type of long-term memory is primarily involved in remembering how to ride a bike?
Which type of long-term memory is primarily involved in remembering how to ride a bike?
In the DRM paradigm, what were participants most likely to remember?
In the DRM paradigm, what were participants most likely to remember?
What role do schemas play in memory according to Bartlett's research?
What role do schemas play in memory according to Bartlett's research?
In Brewer and Treyens' study, which type of objects were recalled more effectively by participants?
In Brewer and Treyens' study, which type of objects were recalled more effectively by participants?
What expectation is supported by the evidence from the body-mind effects study conducted by Witt & Brockmire?
What expectation is supported by the evidence from the body-mind effects study conducted by Witt & Brockmire?
What does the term 'effort after meaning' in Bartlett's work refer to?
What does the term 'effort after meaning' in Bartlett's work refer to?
What is a core feature of embodied cognition?
What is a core feature of embodied cognition?
What are the three pillars of natural selection proposed by Darwin?
What are the three pillars of natural selection proposed by Darwin?
Which mechanism of evolution involves changes in allele frequencies due to random sampling?
Which mechanism of evolution involves changes in allele frequencies due to random sampling?
What term describes the evolutionary process that favors advantageous traits for reproduction?
What term describes the evolutionary process that favors advantageous traits for reproduction?
Which of the following is a principle of evolutionary psychology?
Which of the following is a principle of evolutionary psychology?
What does the term 'biological fitness' refer to?
What does the term 'biological fitness' refer to?
Which aspect defines the heritability of variation according to Darwin's theory?
Which aspect defines the heritability of variation according to Darwin's theory?
What is one function of sexual dimorphism in species?
What is one function of sexual dimorphism in species?
Which of the following is an example of gene flow?
Which of the following is an example of gene flow?
What did Darwin and Wallace seek to explain regarding the emergence of new species?
What did Darwin and Wallace seek to explain regarding the emergence of new species?
Which principle suggests that most of the brain's operations happen outside of conscious awareness?
Which principle suggests that most of the brain's operations happen outside of conscious awareness?
What does parental investment theory suggest about the sex that invests more in its offspring?
What does parental investment theory suggest about the sex that invests more in its offspring?
How did the cognitive revolution contribute to human evolution?
How did the cognitive revolution contribute to human evolution?
What aspect do Gregor Mendel's findings relate to in genetics?
What aspect do Gregor Mendel's findings relate to in genetics?
Which hypothesis suggests that average faces are rated as more attractive than unique ones?
Which hypothesis suggests that average faces are rated as more attractive than unique ones?
Which statement best describes the relationship between evolution and human behavior?
Which statement best describes the relationship between evolution and human behavior?
In the context of mate preferences, what do men generally value more than women?
In the context of mate preferences, what do men generally value more than women?
What behavioral tendency do females exhibit in species where males invest more in parental care?
What behavioral tendency do females exhibit in species where males invest more in parental care?
What do researchers mean by 'the mind is a set of information processing machines'?
What do researchers mean by 'the mind is a set of information processing machines'?
How does the MHC compatibility influence mate selection in humans?
How does the MHC compatibility influence mate selection in humans?
What is one criticism of the evolutionary psychology approach to mate preferences?
What is one criticism of the evolutionary psychology approach to mate preferences?
Which psychological field focuses on individual differences and their impact on behavior?
Which psychological field focuses on individual differences and their impact on behavior?
What is the main objective of the evolutionary approach to mate preferences?
What is the main objective of the evolutionary approach to mate preferences?
What key difference distinguishes differential psychology from cognitive psychology?
What key difference distinguishes differential psychology from cognitive psychology?
What aspect of mate preferences tends to change with increased gender equality in societies?
What aspect of mate preferences tends to change with increased gender equality in societies?
Which aspect of personality does the id primarily represent?
Which aspect of personality does the id primarily represent?
What is the primary function of the ego in personality development?
What is the primary function of the ego in personality development?
Which defence mechanism involves pushing anxiety-arousing thoughts into the unconscious?
Which defence mechanism involves pushing anxiety-arousing thoughts into the unconscious?
What characterizes the phallic stage of psychosexual development according to Freud?
What characterizes the phallic stage of psychosexual development according to Freud?
How does Freud’s concept of psychic energy influence personality?
How does Freud’s concept of psychic energy influence personality?
At what age does the superego typically begin to develop?
At what age does the superego typically begin to develop?
Freud suggested that mental disorders result from conflict between which two areas of the mind?
Freud suggested that mental disorders result from conflict between which two areas of the mind?
What does the term 'fixation' refer to in Freud's psychosexual development theory?
What does the term 'fixation' refer to in Freud's psychosexual development theory?
Which of the following stages in Freud's theory focuses on pleasure from bodily control?
Which of the following stages in Freud's theory focuses on pleasure from bodily control?
What did Carl Jung propose regarding Freud’s emphasis on sexuality?
What did Carl Jung propose regarding Freud’s emphasis on sexuality?
Which of the following best describes anxiety according to Freud's theory?
Which of the following best describes anxiety according to Freud's theory?
What important role does the unconscious mind play in influencing behavior?
What important role does the unconscious mind play in influencing behavior?
What is considered the final stage of Freud's psychosexual development?
What is considered the final stage of Freud's psychosexual development?
What are personality traits considered to be according to trait theories?
What are personality traits considered to be according to trait theories?
Which of the following is one of the five factors in McCrae and Costa's Five Factor Model?
Which of the following is one of the five factors in McCrae and Costa's Five Factor Model?
What methodology did Cattell use to identify his 16 personality factors?
What methodology did Cattell use to identify his 16 personality factors?
How do individualistic and collectivist cultures primarily differ in their approach to personality traits?
How do individualistic and collectivist cultures primarily differ in their approach to personality traits?
Which statement correctly describes personality stability?
Which statement correctly describes personality stability?
What is a common limitation of personality scales in assessment?
What is a common limitation of personality scales in assessment?
What is one criticism of trait theories of personality?
What is one criticism of trait theories of personality?
According to research, what percentage of variation in the Big Five personality traits is attributed to genetic differences?
According to research, what percentage of variation in the Big Five personality traits is attributed to genetic differences?
What is one trait in which women generally score higher than men?
What is one trait in which women generally score higher than men?
What is a recognized limitation of using interviews in personality assessment?
What is a recognized limitation of using interviews in personality assessment?
What do factor analytical approaches to personality help researchers identify?
What do factor analytical approaches to personality help researchers identify?
Which aspect of personality is least supported by cross-cultural research?
Which aspect of personality is least supported by cross-cultural research?
What is one of the primary functions of personality according to the phenomenological-humanistic perspective?
What is one of the primary functions of personality according to the phenomenological-humanistic perspective?
What was a significant observation regarding the psychological state of participants in Milgram's experiment?
What was a significant observation regarding the psychological state of participants in Milgram's experiment?
In one variation of Milgram's experiment, how did the physical proximity of the learner affect obedience?
In one variation of Milgram's experiment, how did the physical proximity of the learner affect obedience?
What impact did the legitimacy of the authority figure have on participants' obedience in Milgram's study?
What impact did the legitimacy of the authority figure have on participants' obedience in Milgram's study?
Which aspect of the experimental procedure was specifically designed to conceal the true nature of the Milgram study?
Which aspect of the experimental procedure was specifically designed to conceal the true nature of the Milgram study?
What was one of the results regarding the average maximum voltage administered by participants?
What was one of the results regarding the average maximum voltage administered by participants?
What factor did not significantly alter the obedience levels according to Milgram's findings?
What factor did not significantly alter the obedience levels according to Milgram's findings?
Which version of Milgram's experiment had the lowest rate of obedience?
Which version of Milgram's experiment had the lowest rate of obedience?
What is most likely to reduce conformity during an experimental task?
What is most likely to reduce conformity during an experimental task?
What is the implication of Reicher et al.'s concept of 'engaged followership'?
What is the implication of Reicher et al.'s concept of 'engaged followership'?
What percentage of participants in Burger's study chose to continue administering shocks after the 150-volt mark?
What percentage of participants in Burger's study chose to continue administering shocks after the 150-volt mark?
How did Milgram initially plan to trick participants in his experiment?
How did Milgram initially plan to trick participants in his experiment?
What ethical concern arises from Milgram's study regarding participants?
What ethical concern arises from Milgram's study regarding participants?
What differentiates Burger's replication of Milgram's study from the original?
What differentiates Burger's replication of Milgram's study from the original?
What significant psychological reaction did Slater et al. (2006) measure in participants during virtual reality studies?
What significant psychological reaction did Slater et al. (2006) measure in participants during virtual reality studies?
What was a key criticism of the laboratory research methods used in Milgram's study?
What was a key criticism of the laboratory research methods used in Milgram's study?
What did Gonzalez-Franco et al. (2018) find regarding participants' thoughts while administering shocks in a VR setting?
What did Gonzalez-Franco et al. (2018) find regarding participants' thoughts while administering shocks in a VR setting?
What did Milgram want to explore through his experiments?
What did Milgram want to explore through his experiments?
What is a central characteristic of social norms according to the content?
What is a central characteristic of social norms according to the content?
How do group norms typically emerge according to the studies mentioned?
How do group norms typically emerge according to the studies mentioned?
What did Sherif's study contribute to the understanding of conformity?
What did Sherif's study contribute to the understanding of conformity?
According to Asch's line judgment task, what percentage of participants did not make any errors?
According to Asch's line judgment task, what percentage of participants did not make any errors?
What does 'informational influence' refer to in the context of social influence?
What does 'informational influence' refer to in the context of social influence?
What outcome was observed when individuals judged the movement of the light in Sherif's study after group discussion?
What outcome was observed when individuals judged the movement of the light in Sherif's study after group discussion?
How did the Galvanic skin response measurements in the icy water study reflect social influence?
How did the Galvanic skin response measurements in the icy water study reflect social influence?
What does the term 'referent informational influence' imply in contemporary research?
What does the term 'referent informational influence' imply in contemporary research?
What cognitive ability do infants fail to grasp during the sensorimotor stage?
What cognitive ability do infants fail to grasp during the sensorimotor stage?
What effect did laughter from in-group members have on participants in Platow's comedy study?
What effect did laughter from in-group members have on participants in Platow's comedy study?
Which factor influences an individual's trust towards in-group members more than out-group members?
Which factor influences an individual's trust towards in-group members more than out-group members?
What was a significant conclusion drawn from Asch's experiments regarding conformity?
What was a significant conclusion drawn from Asch's experiments regarding conformity?
What aspect of social psychology did Allport emphasize in his 1924 observation?
What aspect of social psychology did Allport emphasize in his 1924 observation?
What is the key process through which group norms form and change?
What is the key process through which group norms form and change?
What did the findings of Platow et al. reveal about group influence in stressful situations?
What did the findings of Platow et al. reveal about group influence in stressful situations?
What is a primary consequence of exposure to teratogens during pregnancy?
What is a primary consequence of exposure to teratogens during pregnancy?
What was a critical finding from both Sherif's and Asch's studies?
What was a critical finding from both Sherif's and Asch's studies?
Which stage of Piaget's cognitive development theory is characterized by the absence of object permanence?
Which stage of Piaget's cognitive development theory is characterized by the absence of object permanence?
What age range typically marks the onset of myelination and synaptogenesis in infants?
What age range typically marks the onset of myelination and synaptogenesis in infants?
What is the A-not-B error in infant development?
What is the A-not-B error in infant development?
What does the term 'public compliance' refer to in group dynamics?
What does the term 'public compliance' refer to in group dynamics?
What is one of the significant consequences for children with fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASD)?
What is one of the significant consequences for children with fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASD)?
Which form of support does Vygotsky emphasize as crucial for a child's learning?
Which form of support does Vygotsky emphasize as crucial for a child's learning?
What is meant by 'neural plasticity' in the context of brain development?
What is meant by 'neural plasticity' in the context of brain development?
At what age do children typically begin to show cognitive reasoning abilities according to Piaget’s theory?
At what age do children typically begin to show cognitive reasoning abilities according to Piaget’s theory?
What does prosopagnosia specifically impair?
What does prosopagnosia specifically impair?
Which cognitive model suggests there is a process devoted exclusively to face recognition?
Which cognitive model suggests there is a process devoted exclusively to face recognition?
How does embodied cognition differ from traditional cognition?
How does embodied cognition differ from traditional cognition?
What is the significance of the inversion effect in face recognition?
What is the significance of the inversion effect in face recognition?
What does the concept of 'mental simulation' in embodied cognition involve?
What does the concept of 'mental simulation' in embodied cognition involve?
What do children typically demonstrate in the violation of expectation task by age 2.5?
What do children typically demonstrate in the violation of expectation task by age 2.5?
Which component of executive functions is primarily involved in adjusting to new demands or changing perspectives?
Which component of executive functions is primarily involved in adjusting to new demands or changing perspectives?
What is a significant criticism of classic false belief tasks?
What is a significant criticism of classic false belief tasks?
At what age do children typically pass the standard false belief task?
At what age do children typically pass the standard false belief task?
Which of the following tasks demonstrates implicit theory of mind understanding in infants?
Which of the following tasks demonstrates implicit theory of mind understanding in infants?
Which function is primarily associated with inhibition in executive functions?
Which function is primarily associated with inhibition in executive functions?
What understanding do children develop by observing an unexpected switch in the Unexpected Content task?
What understanding do children develop by observing an unexpected switch in the Unexpected Content task?
What aspect does the A not B error demonstrate in the development of infants?
What aspect does the A not B error demonstrate in the development of infants?
What type of measures do researchers use to assess implicit theory of mind in infants?
What type of measures do researchers use to assess implicit theory of mind in infants?
Which type of executive function is primarily engaged in holding information in mind to follow an argument?
Which type of executive function is primarily engaged in holding information in mind to follow an argument?
What structure in the eye provides the greatest visual acuity?
What structure in the eye provides the greatest visual acuity?
Which type of photoreceptors is responsible for color perception under bright light conditions?
Which type of photoreceptors is responsible for color perception under bright light conditions?
Which depth perception cue involves understanding size relative to known objects?
Which depth perception cue involves understanding size relative to known objects?
What is the process of interpreting sensory information into meaningful experiences known as?
What is the process of interpreting sensory information into meaningful experiences known as?
What is the primary emphasis of Vygotsky's theory in child development?
What is the primary emphasis of Vygotsky's theory in child development?
At what age do children typically begin to understand object permanence?
At what age do children typically begin to understand object permanence?
What does the term 'size constancy' refer to in visual perception?
What does the term 'size constancy' refer to in visual perception?
Which phenomenon describes the difficulty in recognizing the configuration of an inverted face?
Which phenomenon describes the difficulty in recognizing the configuration of an inverted face?
What does the contact principle state about inanimate objects?
What does the contact principle state about inanimate objects?
What is the primary function of facial expressions in human communication?
What is the primary function of facial expressions in human communication?
Which of the following best describes 'motionese'?
Which of the following best describes 'motionese'?
What is the term for the ability to understand the mental states of oneself and others?
What is the term for the ability to understand the mental states of oneself and others?
In the face recognition model proposed by Bruce and Young, what do Face Recognition Units (FRUs) primarily do?
In the face recognition model proposed by Bruce and Young, what do Face Recognition Units (FRUs) primarily do?
Which age range typically marks the beginning of systematic reasoning in children?
Which age range typically marks the beginning of systematic reasoning in children?
What is the purpose of cognitive processing in relation to depth perception?
What is the purpose of cognitive processing in relation to depth perception?
What did Baillargeon et al. (1985) conclude about infants and their expectations?
What did Baillargeon et al. (1985) conclude about infants and their expectations?
At what age do children typically begin to pass the false belief task?
At what age do children typically begin to pass the false belief task?
Which cognitive skills are included in the definition of executive functions?
Which cognitive skills are included in the definition of executive functions?
How does Piaget's view of infant development compare to more recent understandings?
How does Piaget's view of infant development compare to more recent understandings?
Which of the following is NOT a defining feature of executive functions?
Which of the following is NOT a defining feature of executive functions?
Why is the theory of mind an important cognitive skill?
Why is the theory of mind an important cognitive skill?
Which developmental aspect did Piaget's 3 mountains task investigate?
Which developmental aspect did Piaget's 3 mountains task investigate?
Which concept explains the difference in ability to learn tasks with or without assistance?
Which concept explains the difference in ability to learn tasks with or without assistance?
At what stage do children begin to understand that objects exist independently of themselves?
At what stage do children begin to understand that objects exist independently of themselves?
What term describes the cognitive inability of children to understand perspectives other than their own?
What term describes the cognitive inability of children to understand perspectives other than their own?
What is a notable characteristic of infants' imitation abilities?
What is a notable characteristic of infants' imitation abilities?
Which task is used to demonstrate a child's inability to recognize different perspectives?
Which task is used to demonstrate a child's inability to recognize different perspectives?
What is required to pass the conservation task according to Piaget?
What is required to pass the conservation task according to Piaget?
During which stage do children begin to employ abstract reasoning?
During which stage do children begin to employ abstract reasoning?
How does Piaget view the process of learning in children?
How does Piaget view the process of learning in children?
Which developmental psychologist placed significant emphasis on the role of social interactions in learning?
Which developmental psychologist placed significant emphasis on the role of social interactions in learning?
What concept represents the difference between what a child can achieve independently and with help?
What concept represents the difference between what a child can achieve independently and with help?
What is a key criticism of Piaget's theories regarding cognitive development?
What is a key criticism of Piaget's theories regarding cognitive development?
What cognitive limitation is commonly observed in children during the pre-operational stage?
What cognitive limitation is commonly observed in children during the pre-operational stage?
What is the significance of the potato and fuel experiment in Piaget's theory?
What is the significance of the potato and fuel experiment in Piaget's theory?
What does social referencing help children determine?
What does social referencing help children determine?
What is one of Piaget's main arguments about the cognitive development of children?
What is one of Piaget's main arguments about the cognitive development of children?
What did Piaget observe about children's mistakes in his studies?
What did Piaget observe about children's mistakes in his studies?
Which of the following is NOT one of the three main components of executive functions?
Which of the following is NOT one of the three main components of executive functions?
In the context of ASD, what does the term 'perseveration' primarily refer to?
In the context of ASD, what does the term 'perseveration' primarily refer to?
What major function does the frontal lobe of the brain control?
What major function does the frontal lobe of the brain control?
Which method has been found useful for detecting cognitive function in vegetative state patients?
Which method has been found useful for detecting cognitive function in vegetative state patients?
What neurological structures are believed to underpin the ability to understand others' actions and imitate them?
What neurological structures are believed to underpin the ability to understand others' actions and imitate them?
What type of tasks reveal the executive function deficits in children with ASD?
What type of tasks reveal the executive function deficits in children with ASD?
How does the right hemisphere of the brain primarily function?
How does the right hemisphere of the brain primarily function?
What is a significant feature of executive functions in the context of behavioral tasks?
What is a significant feature of executive functions in the context of behavioral tasks?
Which type of disorder is primarily characterized by impairments in social skills and behavior restrictions?
Which type of disorder is primarily characterized by impairments in social skills and behavior restrictions?
What brain imaging technique measures brain activity in real-time?
What brain imaging technique measures brain activity in real-time?
What is identified as an emotional response task in executive functions?
What is identified as an emotional response task in executive functions?
What condition is characterized by damage to the brain stem, where the individual is aware but unable to respond?
What condition is characterized by damage to the brain stem, where the individual is aware but unable to respond?
What term refers to the ability to predict another person's intentions based on their gaze?
What term refers to the ability to predict another person's intentions based on their gaze?
Which part of the brain is primarily responsible for auditory processing?
Which part of the brain is primarily responsible for auditory processing?
What is the collective term that includes the caudate nucleus, putamen, and globus pallidus?
What is the collective term that includes the caudate nucleus, putamen, and globus pallidus?
Which part of the nervous system is primarily responsible for emotional responses during stress?
Which part of the nervous system is primarily responsible for emotional responses during stress?
Following damage to the frontal lobe, which of the following behavioral changes might occur?
Following damage to the frontal lobe, which of the following behavioral changes might occur?
What is the primary function of the amygdala in the brain?
What is the primary function of the amygdala in the brain?
Which neurotransmitter is primarily involved in mood regulation and is often linked with depression?
Which neurotransmitter is primarily involved in mood regulation and is often linked with depression?
Which pathway in the dopamine system is primarily involved in voluntary movement?
Which pathway in the dopamine system is primarily involved in voluntary movement?
What effect do agonist drugs have on neurotransmitter activity?
What effect do agonist drugs have on neurotransmitter activity?
Which of the following categories do opiates belong to?
Which of the following categories do opiates belong to?
Which DSM-5 criterion for substance use disorders involves impairments in social or interpersonal functioning?
Which DSM-5 criterion for substance use disorders involves impairments in social or interpersonal functioning?
What happens to a neuron's charge during depolarization?
What happens to a neuron's charge during depolarization?
What do sensory receptors do in the process of sensation?
What do sensory receptors do in the process of sensation?
In terms of drug-induced tolerance, which of the following best describes the mechanism that occurs?
In terms of drug-induced tolerance, which of the following best describes the mechanism that occurs?
Which of the following describes the role of the limbic system in emotional processing?
Which of the following describes the role of the limbic system in emotional processing?
What characterizes the function of axon terminals in a neuron?
What characterizes the function of axon terminals in a neuron?
What is NOT one of the mechanisms of biological evolution?
What is NOT one of the mechanisms of biological evolution?
Which of the following is a key aspect of Darwin's theory of natural selection?
Which of the following is a key aspect of Darwin's theory of natural selection?
What concept explains why some species exhibit traits that appear unnecessary for survival?
What concept explains why some species exhibit traits that appear unnecessary for survival?
What role do genes play in the evolution of species?
What role do genes play in the evolution of species?
In the context of evolutionary psychology, which principle describes our brains as systems influenced by natural selection?
In the context of evolutionary psychology, which principle describes our brains as systems influenced by natural selection?
Which factor contributes to genetic variation in populations?
Which factor contributes to genetic variation in populations?
What aspect does evolutionary psychology primarily focus on?
What aspect does evolutionary psychology primarily focus on?
Which of the following is NOT one of the five principles of evolutionary psychology?
Which of the following is NOT one of the five principles of evolutionary psychology?
What is one function of the heritability principle in natural selection?
What is one function of the heritability principle in natural selection?
What explains the theoretical underpinnings of human cognition and behavior from an evolutionary perspective?
What explains the theoretical underpinnings of human cognition and behavior from an evolutionary perspective?
Why do scientists consider genetic drift a mechanism of evolution?
Why do scientists consider genetic drift a mechanism of evolution?
What does the term 'selfish gene' imply in biological evolution?
What does the term 'selfish gene' imply in biological evolution?
How do different neural circuits relate to evolutionary problems according to evolutionary psychology?
How do different neural circuits relate to evolutionary problems according to evolutionary psychology?
What effect does anxiety have on eyewitness accuracy during encoding?
What effect does anxiety have on eyewitness accuracy during encoding?
Which of the following is a method to improve eyewitness identification?
Which of the following is a method to improve eyewitness identification?
What has been demonstrated about blocks of misleading information during interviews with children?
What has been demonstrated about blocks of misleading information during interviews with children?
What does the parental investment theory suggest about the mate selection process?
What does the parental investment theory suggest about the mate selection process?
What does the term 'source misattribution error' refer to?
What does the term 'source misattribution error' refer to?
What did Loftus & Palmer (1974) find regarding eyewitness testimony?
What did Loftus & Palmer (1974) find regarding eyewitness testimony?
Which hypothesis explains why average-looking individuals are often rated as more attractive?
Which hypothesis explains why average-looking individuals are often rated as more attractive?
Which of the following statements regarding false memories is accurate?
Which of the following statements regarding false memories is accurate?
In the context of mate preferences, what do males typically value more than females?
In the context of mate preferences, what do males typically value more than females?
What did David Buss's research reveal about sex differences in mate preferences?
What did David Buss's research reveal about sex differences in mate preferences?
What did the research by Schwabe & Wolf (2010) primarily investigate?
What did the research by Schwabe & Wolf (2010) primarily investigate?
How does Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) influence mate choice in humans?
How does Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) influence mate choice in humans?
Which of the following improves the accuracy of eyewitness testimony when recalling an event?
Which of the following improves the accuracy of eyewitness testimony when recalling an event?
What is a notable effect of the wording of questions on eyewitness recall?
What is a notable effect of the wording of questions on eyewitness recall?
What is a significant criticism of the evolutionary psychology approach to mate preferences?
What is a significant criticism of the evolutionary psychology approach to mate preferences?
According to differential psychology, what primarily distinguishes psychological traits from psychological states?
According to differential psychology, what primarily distinguishes psychological traits from psychological states?
Which factor is associated with increased susceptibility to misattribution errors in eyewitness testimony?
Which factor is associated with increased susceptibility to misattribution errors in eyewitness testimony?
What role does social structure play in differences between evolutionary and social psychology regarding mate preferences?
What role does social structure play in differences between evolutionary and social psychology regarding mate preferences?
What did Thompson et al. (1977) find about children's reports during interviews?
What did Thompson et al. (1977) find about children's reports during interviews?
What did the Innocence Project advocate for in terms of eyewitness identification methods?
What did the Innocence Project advocate for in terms of eyewitness identification methods?
What is one area that differential psychology studies compared to cognitive psychology?
What is one area that differential psychology studies compared to cognitive psychology?
What is the role of schemas in eyewitness memory according to schema theory?
What is the role of schemas in eyewitness memory according to schema theory?
Which environmental factors contribute to the mismatch between modern diets and those of the Environment of Evolutionary Adaptiveness?
Which environmental factors contribute to the mismatch between modern diets and those of the Environment of Evolutionary Adaptiveness?
What is meant by 'inter-sexual selection' in the context of sexual selection?
What is meant by 'inter-sexual selection' in the context of sexual selection?
Which of the following statements is a common criticism of evolutionary psychology?
Which of the following statements is a common criticism of evolutionary psychology?
What does the developmental perspective in comparative evolutionary psychology primarily focus on?
What does the developmental perspective in comparative evolutionary psychology primarily focus on?
Which of the following best describes the role of aggression according to evolutionary psychology?
Which of the following best describes the role of aggression according to evolutionary psychology?
What does the concept of the 'Environment of Evolutionary Adaptiveness' (EEA) signify?
What does the concept of the 'Environment of Evolutionary Adaptiveness' (EEA) signify?
Which explanation is aligned with the parasite theory regarding sexual selection?
Which explanation is aligned with the parasite theory regarding sexual selection?
What is the main focus of comparative evolutionary psychology?
What is the main focus of comparative evolutionary psychology?
Which of the following predictions regarding aggression is related to evolutionary psychology?
Which of the following predictions regarding aggression is related to evolutionary psychology?
What aspect of human behavior does the cultural intelligence hypothesis emphasize?
What aspect of human behavior does the cultural intelligence hypothesis emphasize?
What effect does holding an object have on perception according to body-mind effects?
What effect does holding an object have on perception according to body-mind effects?
In the study on mind-body effects, what grip was associated with the natural/small object?
In the study on mind-body effects, what grip was associated with the natural/small object?
What is the primary focus of the concept of embodied cognition?
What is the primary focus of the concept of embodied cognition?
What type of memory is concerned with skills and motor activities?
What type of memory is concerned with skills and motor activities?
What is a primary criticism of the psychodynamic perspective on personality?
What is a primary criticism of the psychodynamic perspective on personality?
What schema-related effect did Brewer and Treyens (1981) observe in their study?
What schema-related effect did Brewer and Treyens (1981) observe in their study?
Which of the following best describes the concept of self-actualization according to Carl Rogers?
Which of the following best describes the concept of self-actualization according to Carl Rogers?
What phenomenon occurs when people miss objects in plain sight due to attentional limits?
What phenomenon occurs when people miss objects in plain sight due to attentional limits?
In the DRM paradigm, what is the critical lure?
In the DRM paradigm, what is the critical lure?
What does incongruence refer to in the context of self-perception?
What does incongruence refer to in the context of self-perception?
What is one of the key ideas in Bartlett's research regarding memory?
What is one of the key ideas in Bartlett's research regarding memory?
What aspect of phenomenological-humanistic perspectives contrasts with psychodynamic approaches?
What aspect of phenomenological-humanistic perspectives contrasts with psychodynamic approaches?
What is a limitation of self-actualization as a concept in personality psychology?
What is a limitation of self-actualization as a concept in personality psychology?
What tends to happen when eyewitnesses focus on a weapon during an event?
What tends to happen when eyewitnesses focus on a weapon during an event?
Which condition in Helbig et al.'s study demonstrated a priming effect?
Which condition in Helbig et al.'s study demonstrated a priming effect?
What do self-verification and self-enhancement have in common?
What do self-verification and self-enhancement have in common?
What is the difference between episodic and semantic memory?
What is the difference between episodic and semantic memory?
Which statement about the self-concept is accurate?
Which statement about the self-concept is accurate?
What is a significant challenge in empirically testing the humanistic perspective?
What is a significant challenge in empirically testing the humanistic perspective?
What impact does schema have on memory recall according to Bartlett's assertions?
What impact does schema have on memory recall according to Bartlett's assertions?
According to the predictions regarding action observation, what should observed actions activate?
According to the predictions regarding action observation, what should observed actions activate?
What role does the id play in Freud's theory of personality?
What role does the id play in Freud's theory of personality?
What is the primary function of the ego according to Freud?
What is the primary function of the ego according to Freud?
Which psychosexual stage focuses on pleasure from the process of elimination?
Which psychosexual stage focuses on pleasure from the process of elimination?
What does the superego primarily represent in Freud's theory?
What does the superego primarily represent in Freud's theory?
How does Freud describe the unconscious mind's influence on behavior?
How does Freud describe the unconscious mind's influence on behavior?
Which defense mechanism involves redirecting dangerous impulses to a safer target?
Which defense mechanism involves redirecting dangerous impulses to a safer target?
What can fixation during the psychosexual stages lead to?
What can fixation during the psychosexual stages lead to?
In the phallic stage of psychosexual development, which conflict must boys resolve?
In the phallic stage of psychosexual development, which conflict must boys resolve?
What analogy is used to describe the interaction between the id, ego, and superego?
What analogy is used to describe the interaction between the id, ego, and superego?
What typically occurs if a child faces excessive stress during development?
What typically occurs if a child faces excessive stress during development?
According to Freud, how does anxiety relate to the ego?
According to Freud, how does anxiety relate to the ego?
How do Carl Jung's perspectives differ from Freud's on motivation?
How do Carl Jung's perspectives differ from Freud's on motivation?
What triggers the use of defense mechanisms according to Freud?
What triggers the use of defense mechanisms according to Freud?
Which factor is NOT part of the Big Five personality traits?
Which factor is NOT part of the Big Five personality traits?
What is the main aim of trait theories in personality psychology?
What is the main aim of trait theories in personality psychology?
Which personality assessment method involves direct observation of behavior?
Which personality assessment method involves direct observation of behavior?
What does the term 'heredity' imply in the context of personality differences?
What does the term 'heredity' imply in the context of personality differences?
According to the Five Factor Model, which of the following facets relates to Conscientiousness?
According to the Five Factor Model, which of the following facets relates to Conscientiousness?
Which cultural perspective emphasizes the decisions and choices of groups over individuals?
Which cultural perspective emphasizes the decisions and choices of groups over individuals?
Which personality trait is suggested to show the least variation across cultures according to the Big Five model?
Which personality trait is suggested to show the least variation across cultures according to the Big Five model?
What does Eysenck's extraversion-stability model suggest about personality traits?
What does Eysenck's extraversion-stability model suggest about personality traits?
What is a major criticism of trait theories of personality?
What is a major criticism of trait theories of personality?
In what way does personality stability increase with age?
In what way does personality stability increase with age?
What is likely true about gender differences in personality traits?
What is likely true about gender differences in personality traits?
What is the focus of psychometric assessments in personality psychology?
What is the focus of psychometric assessments in personality psychology?
How do cultural influences generally affect personality traits?
How do cultural influences generally affect personality traits?
Which statistical method is primarily used in trait theories to understand personality?
Which statistical method is primarily used in trait theories to understand personality?
Flashcards
Milgram's Obedience Study
Milgram's Obedience Study
A psychological experiment investigating the willingness of participants to obey an authority figure instructing them to inflict pain on another person.
Obedience in the absence of threat
Obedience in the absence of threat
Willingness to obey authority figures even without direct threats or fear.
Agentic State
Agentic State
A mental state where individuals perceive themselves as agents of an authority figure, thereby reducing personal responsibility for their actions.
Experimenter's proximity and influence
Experimenter's proximity and influence
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Psychological proximity of learner
Psychological proximity of learner
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62.5 % highest level shock
62.5 % highest level shock
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Milgram Variations
Milgram Variations
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Ethical implications of Milgram
Ethical implications of Milgram
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Gradual Increments
Gradual Increments
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Perceptions of Competence
Perceptions of Competence
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What would others do?
What would others do?
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Role of Social Beliefs
Role of Social Beliefs
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Active Identification
Active Identification
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Engaged Followership
Engaged Followership
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Informed Consent
Informed Consent
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Ethics of Replication
Ethics of Replication
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Virtual Reality & Milgram
Virtual Reality & Milgram
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Ecological Validity
Ecological Validity
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What's the common misconception about Milgram's study?
What's the common misconception about Milgram's study?
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What is a social norm?
What is a social norm?
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How did Sherif's study showcase social norms?
How did Sherif's study showcase social norms?
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What's the difference between Sherif and Asch's findings?
What's the difference between Sherif and Asch's findings?
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What is referent informational influence?
What is referent informational influence?
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How did Platow et al. (2005) demonstrate referent informational influence?
How did Platow et al. (2005) demonstrate referent informational influence?
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What is the role of social influence in conformity?
What is the role of social influence in conformity?
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Why is the concept of a social norm missed by Allport?
Why is the concept of a social norm missed by Allport?
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What is the 'auto-kinetic' effect?
What is the 'auto-kinetic' effect?
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What were the two conditions in Sherif's study?
What were the two conditions in Sherif's study?
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What are the conclusions of Sherif's study?
What are the conclusions of Sherif's study?
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How did Asch test conformity?
How did Asch test conformity?
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What were the results of Asch's study?
What were the results of Asch's study?
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What are the two types of influence described by Deutsch and Gerrard?
What are the two types of influence described by Deutsch and Gerrard?
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What is the significance of contemporary research on social influence?
What is the significance of contemporary research on social influence?
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How did Platow et al.'s (2005) comedy study demonstrate social influence?
How did Platow et al.'s (2005) comedy study demonstrate social influence?
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In-group bias
In-group bias
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Social influence
Social influence
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Public compliance
Public compliance
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Private acceptance
Private acceptance
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Subjective uncertainty
Subjective uncertainty
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Developmental psychology
Developmental psychology
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Stability vs. change
Stability vs. change
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Continuity vs. discontinuity
Continuity vs. discontinuity
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Nature vs. nurture
Nature vs. nurture
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Critical periods
Critical periods
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Teratogens
Teratogens
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Myelination
Myelination
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Synaptogenesis
Synaptogenesis
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Neural plasticity
Neural plasticity
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Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders (FASD)
Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders (FASD)
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Social Constructivism
Social Constructivism
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ZPD
ZPD
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Social Referencing
Social Referencing
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Conceptual Understanding vs. Procedural Ability
Conceptual Understanding vs. Procedural Ability
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Motionese
Motionese
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Object Permanence
Object Permanence
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The Contact Principle
The Contact Principle
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Theory of Mind
Theory of Mind
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False Belief Task
False Belief Task
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Executive Functions
Executive Functions
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What are mental states?
What are mental states?
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What is theory of mind's role in understanding others?
What is theory of mind's role in understanding others?
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Why is theory of mind important?
Why is theory of mind important?
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Egocentrism
Egocentrism
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Three Mountain Task
Three Mountain Task
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Conservation
Conservation
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Operations
Operations
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Concrete Operational Stage
Concrete Operational Stage
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Formal Operational Stage
Formal Operational Stage
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Constructivism
Constructivism
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Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD)
Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD)
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Piaget's Stages of Development
Piaget's Stages of Development
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What are Piaget's criticisms?
What are Piaget's criticisms?
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Piaget vs. Vygotsky
Piaget vs. Vygotsky
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Implicit Theory of Mind
Implicit Theory of Mind
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Violation of Expectation Task
Violation of Expectation Task
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Inhibition
Inhibition
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Study Notes
Milgram's Obedience Study
- Influences: My Lai massacre (1969), Vietnam War, Adolf Eichmann
- Aim: To study obedience without threat, maintained by authority's repetition of control.
- Procedure: Advertised "learning and memory" study; participants assigned "teacher" or "learner" role; teacher (participant) administered shocks to learner (confederate) for errors; experimenter encouraged teacher to continue despite learner distress.
- Results: 62.5% continued to highest shock level; average maximum shock was 368 volts.
- Variations:
- Proximity of learner: Pounding on wall, heard crying/shouting (heavy increase in disobedience)
- Same room (disobedience), force onto plate (disobedience)
- Proximity of authority: Orders over phone, 21% obeyed to maximum
- Location: Different locations affected obedience (hotel lower than basement).
- Proximity of learner: Pounding on wall, heard crying/shouting (heavy increase in disobedience)
- Interpretations: Participants not psychopaths; likely related to social environment not personality traits; gradual increments, and the perceived legitimacy of authority, and confidence plays an important role in obedience rates.
- Explanations (Agentic state): Participants may have viewed themselves as instruments of the experimenter, with minimized responsibility
- Explanations (Active identification): Participants actively identified with the experimenter's mission, making obedience appear virtuous.
Reicher, Haslam & Smith (2012)
- Argument: Obedience is active identification, not unthinking obedience.
- Research: Conducted variants of Milgram's study, measuring participants' identification with the experimenter and learner to explain obedience variances.
- Findings: Identification with experimenter predicted obedience levels.
Burger (2009) Replication
- Ethics: Ethically replicated Milgram's study up to 150 volts.
- Procedure: Stopped at 150V, but did infer how participants may act above this.
- Results: Compared results with Milgram's baseline numbers to estimate continued obedience rates beyond 150 volts.
Slater et al (2006) & Gonzalez-Franco et al (2018)
- Virtual Reality (VR): Explored obedience via VR; learners' fate and action awareness affects obedience in VR.
- Findings: Participants concerned about learner, demonstrated concern.
Criticisms of Milgram's Study
- Laboratory setting: Low ecological validity, as participants may behave differently in different environments.
- Deception: Participants were deceived; ethical considerations.
- Ethics: Importance of informed consent and participant rights to withdraw.
Sherif (1935): Norm Formation
- Study: Group norms emerge from interaction, impacting judgment and providing a shared reality.
- Procedure: Used the autokinetic effect (illusory movement of a light) and had participants estimate movement. One condition was alone, later in a group. The second condition had participants initially in a group then alone.
- Results: Showed conformity in a group where shared judgment developed into a norm. Shared judgment persisted even when participants were alone.
- Implications: Conformity as a product of information sharing, forming frames of reference.
Asch (1951) Conformity Study
- Aim: To show conformity despite objective reality.
- Procedure: Line judgment task; stooges incorrectly answered. Participants later made judgments.
- Results: 37% of participants conformed incorrectly with the group; influenced by social norms;
Deutsch and Gerrard (1955) Dual-Process Theory
- Integration: Combined Sherif's and Asch's studies, explaining informational and normative influences.
Contemporary Research
- Turner (1991): Groups crucial for self-definition
- Platow et al (2005): Laughter conformity (in-group vs out-group); individuals adopt behaviour consistent with in-group members
- Group norms: Socially shared ways of viewing the world; pre-emptive in our actions, behaviour.
Development Psychology
- Debates: Stability vs. change, continuity vs. discontinuity, nature vs. nurture, critical vs. sensitive periods.
- Aims: Understanding how mental abilities develop throughout childhood, and using that to understand clinical conditions.
Infant Development
- Brain development: Brain structure similar at birth, but smaller; continuous myelination and synaptogenesis until ~2 years.
- Neural plasticity: Decreases with age.
- Teratogens: Substances causing atypical development prenatally. Includes environmental examples like air pollution and exposure to PVC elements.
- Fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASD): Prenatal exposure to alcohol leads to various impairments.
Piaget's Stages of Development
- Constructivism: Active construction of understanding, not passive absorption.
- Stages: Sensorimotor (0-2 years, object permanence), Preoperational (2-7 years, egocentrism), Concrete Operational (7-12 years, operations), Formal Operational (12 years-adult, abstract reasoning).
- Criticisms: Limited tasks that have limited measures for the skill; tended to underestimate infants' abilities.
Vygotsky's Sociocultural Theory
- Social constructivism: Learning occurs through interactions with others.
- Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD): Difference between what a child can do alone and what they can do with guidance.
Theory of Mind
- Development: Infants recognize others' perspectives by age one. Children typically pass classic tests around 4 years old, but implicit measures suggest earlier understanding.
- False belief tasks: Assessments of understanding that others may hold beliefs different than one's self.
- Violation-of-expectation tasks: Longer looking times indicate awareness of false beliefs.
Executive Functions
- Components: Inhibition (self-control), working memory, shifting (mental flexibility).
- Development: Develop over time, important in managing thoughts, emotions, and actions.
- Marshmallow test: An example of delaying gratification as a component of executive functions.
Autism Spectrum Disorder
- Impairments: Social skills, communication, repetitive behaviours; often impacted by theory of mind, executive functions, and imitation; possibly with mirror neuron dysfunction.
Biological Psychology
- Techniques: Neuroimaging (e.g., fMRI, EEG), observations of brain injuries, animal dissection, microscopic examination.
- Neuroimaging techniques: Measure brain structure (CT, MRI) and function (EEG, PET, fMRI, MEG, TMS).
- Brain disorders: Coma, vegetative state, locked-in syndrome (difficulty establishing mental awareness from behavioural measures).
- EEG in vegetative patients: May reveal preserved brain networks.
Brain Anatomy
- Cerebral cortex: Frontal (motor, speech), parietal (sensory), temporal (language, memory), occipital (visual).
- Lateralisation: Left hemisphere (language, computation), right hemisphere (spatial reasoning, faces).
- Contralateral organisation: Information processing is contralateral.
Sensation and Perception
- Process: Stimulus to receptor cells, to brain.
- Role: Selecting relevant information from sensory experience.
- Visual systems: Specific areas of the brain process different aspects.
- Visual perception: Cones (color), Rods (low light); depth from 2D retinal image.
- Gestalt principles: Integrating pieces of information, organized wholes.
- Perception and depth, size constancy: Depth perception involves our knowledge and assumptions.
- Face preferences: Infants and children prefer face-like stimuli; face recognition and processing are holistic and unique compared to other objects. Holistic.
Embodied Cognition
- Assumption: Cognition grounded in sensory-motor systems; no separate mental representations.
- Mind-body interactions: Experiencing an object activates sensory and motor representations.
- Action observation: Observing actions activates related sensory and motor representations.
Memory
- Reconstructive memory: Memory is an active reconstruction; inferences during encoding and retrieval affect recall.
- Schemas: Existing knowledge structures guide encoding and retrieval.
- **Eyewitness testimony: ** Fragile, easily distorted, susceptibility to misinformation and influence; weapon focus effect or suggestibility.
- Cognitive interview: Technique used with eyewitness testimony to enhance memory accuracy.
Evolutionary Psychology
- Natural selection: Changes over time, characteristics have purpose.
- Mechanisms of evolution: Natural selection, sexual selection, genetic drift, gene flow, mutation.
- Environment of evolutionary adaptedness (EEA): The ancestral environment to which selection pressures were applied.
- Evolutionary psychology (EP): Explaining the human mind in terms of adaption to ancestral environments
- Criticisms: Difficulty testing hypotheses about the EEA; issues for interpretation.
- Comparative evolutionary psychology: Comparisons with other species, cultures to help establish generality, as well as to help unravel innate from learned aspects.
Individual Differences and Personality
- Differential psychology: Study of individual differences in thoughts, feelings, behaviours, and the reasons.
- Personality: Enduring patterns of thinking, feeling, and behaving.
- Psychodynamic perspectives (Freud): Unconscious conflicts, defense mechanisms, psychosexual stages.
- Phenomenological-humanistic perspectives: Conscious experience, self-actualization, self-concept, and congruence - incongruence.
- Trait theories: Identifying basic traits (Big Five).
- Factor analytical approaches: Statistical techniques for identifying clusters of personality traits.
- Culture and personality: Cultural influences impact personality expressions (individualism vs. collectivism); Big Five dimensions appear universal but expressions/importance vary by culture.
- Gender differences: Varied expression and importance of traits in men and women (often small-medium effects, may reflect social stereotypes).
Personality Assessment
- Methods: Interviews, behavioural observations, personality scales (questionnaires).
- Reliability and validity: Essential for personality assessment procedures.
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