Psychology: Mental Health and Therapy Techniques
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Questions and Answers

What was a significant negative consequence of deinstitutionalization?

  • Decreased wait times for therapy
  • Higher rates of homelessness among the mentally ill (correct)
  • Improved hospital conditions
  • Increase in mental health professionals

    • Deinstitutionalization resulted in a decrease in the number of patients receiving treatment for severe mental illnesses.

    True

    Name one effective prevention program mentioned for mental health.

    Educate pregnant women about prenatal care.

    As of 2010, there were less than _______ inpatient mentally ill patients in the U.S.

    <p>40k</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the terms with their definitions:

    <p>Deinstitutionalization = Movement to reduce number of patients in psychiatric hospitals Community psychologists = Professionals focused on environmental changes for mental well-being Prevention = Intervention to stop disorders before they occur Outpatient care = Primary mode of therapy after deinstitutionalization</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes psychodynamic therapies?

    <p>Emphasizes conflicts among the ID, Ego, and Superego</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Dissociative identity disorder involves the personality splitting into multiple subpersonalities.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What therapeutic technique involves a client saying everything that comes to mind?

    <p>Free association</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In psychodynamic therapy, clients may transfer their feelings toward significant figures onto the therapist, a phenomenon known as __________.

    <p>transference</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the psychotherapy techniques to their descriptions:

    <p>Free association = Client shares their thoughts freely without censorship Transference = Client projects feelings from past relationships onto the therapist Working through = Repeated examination of the same issue until resolution Psychoanalysis = Bringing unconscious conflicts into awareness</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the average number of personalities reported in cases of dissociative identity disorder for women?

    <p>15</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The primary focus of treatment for dissociative identity disorder is immediate reintegration of identities.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the average age of diagnosis for men with schizophrenia?

    <p>18</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal of behavior therapy?

    <p>Eliminating specific problems through reinforcement</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Cognitive-behavior therapy focuses solely on changing thought patterns.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the M’Naghten rule pertain to?

    <p>Insanity defense in legal cases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Mindfulness therapies emphasize observing emotions in a __________ way.

    <p>nonjudgmental</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the therapy type with its primary focus:

    <p>Behavior Therapy = Eliminating specific problems Cognitive Therapy = Changing interpretations of events Mindfulness Therapy = Observing emotions nonreactively Cognitive-Behavior Therapy = Combining behavioral goals and thought changes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common factor in the effectiveness of psychotherapy?

    <p>Therapeutic alliance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Most defendants successfully invoke the insanity defense in court.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does cognitive-behavior therapy aim to change?

    <p>Negative thought patterns</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a primary focus of community psychologists?

    <p>To assist individuals in changing their environments for better mental health outcomes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was a significant issue that arose from deinstitutionalization?

    <p>Increase in homelessness among mentally ill individuals.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following represents an example of effective prevention in mental health care?

    <p>Educating people about the risks of smoking.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was a consequence of patients being released from institutions without adequate planning or support?

    <p>Increased occurrences of repeat hospitalizations.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the focus on prevention in mental health care primarily aim to achieve?

    <p>To identify and address disorders before they manifest.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a primary focus of psychodynamic therapies?

    <p>To bring unconscious influences into awareness</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which technique involves examining the same issue repeatedly until resolved?

    <p>Working through</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a significant treatment focus for dissociative identity disorder currently?

    <p>Improving function and coping skills</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about personality traits in dissociative identity disorder is true?

    <p>Personalities have different abilities and tastes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the average number of identities reported in cases of dissociative identity disorder for men?

    <p>8</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In psychodynamic therapy, what is transference?

    <p>The client's emotional response to the therapist</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a technique used in psychodynamic therapies?

    <p>Cognitive restructuring</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is often used to describe psychotherapy techniques focused on client insight and emotional processing?

    <p>Psychodynamic therapies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a key characteristic of cognitive-behavior therapy?

    <p>Setting explicit behavioral goals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does mindfulness therapy emphasize when dealing with emotions?

    <p>Observing feelings in a nonjudgmental way</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the M’Naghten rule, what defines legal insanity?

    <p>Inability to understand one’s actions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common factor contributing to the effectiveness of psychotherapy?

    <p>Therapeutic alliance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does cognitive therapy primarily aim to change?

    <p>Negative thought patterns</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of thinking is labeled as a negative thought pattern in cognitive-behavior therapy?

    <p>Black and white thinking</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How often is the insanity defense successfully invoked in court?

    <p>About 1%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Deinstitutionalization led to a significant increase in the number of mentally ill individuals receiving outpatient care.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Community psychologists focus solely on treating individuals with severe mental illness in private practice.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The prevalence of homelessness among mentally ill individuals increased as a result of deinstitutionalization.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Preventive mental health programs aim to educate and intervene before disorders occur.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Disinstitutionalization had no impact on the incarceration rates of mentally ill individuals.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Psychodynamic therapies are based on the idea that much of what influences us is conscious.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The technique of free association involves the therapist sharing their own thoughts and feelings with the client.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Transference occurs when clients project feelings they have toward significant figures onto their therapist.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Psychodynamic therapy primarily aims to resolve issues by external problem-solving.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The focus of treatment for dissociative identity disorder is currently on immediate reintegration of subpersonalities.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Psychodynamic therapies are typically viewed as the most effective psychotherapy approach for all mental illnesses.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Working through involves examining the same issue repeatedly until it is resolved in psychodynamic therapy.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Dissociative identity disorder is characterized by an average of 15 distinct identities for men.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Cognitive-behavior therapy focuses exclusively on changing environmental factors.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Mindfulness therapies encourage individuals to react immediately to their emotions.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Behavior therapy relies heavily on reinforcement and punishment to achieve its goals.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The average person in therapy shows less improvement than those not receiving therapy.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Globalization is an example of a negative thought pattern in cognitive-behavior therapy.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The M’Naghten rule defines a medical concept rather than a legal one.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Cognitive therapy does not address emotional responses but focuses solely on thoughts.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Negative feelings are always considered maladaptive in mindfulness therapies.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was one of the primary reasons for the deinstitutionalization movement starting in 1955?

    <p>The discovery of effective medications, particularly antipsychotics, prompted the release of patients from institutions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a significant challenge faced by individuals with severe mental illness after deinstitutionalization?

    <p>Many individuals face repeat hospitalizations and increased rates of homelessness.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do community psychologists aim to improve mental health outcomes in society?

    <p>Community psychologists work to change the environment and promote a positive sense of mental well-being.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are two examples of effective prevention programs in mental health?

    <p>Educating pregnant women about prenatal care and screening for early memory loss in elderly care settings.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was a major negative consequence of deinstitutionalization regarding imprisonment?

    <p>Approximately 135,000 mentally ill individuals are imprisoned, reflecting inadequate care and support systems.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one major strength of psychodynamic therapies?

    <p>They help clients gain insight into unconscious conflicts and understand the influence of past experiences on current behavior.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Identify one disadvantage of psychodynamic therapies.

    <p>They can be time-consuming and expensive due to the long duration of treatment required.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do psychodynamic therapies differ from cognitive-behavioral therapies?

    <p>Psychodynamic therapies focus on unconscious processes, while cognitive-behavioral therapies aim to change specific negative thought patterns.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a primary outcome of behavior therapy in treating issues like test anxiety?

    <p>To eliminate test anxiety through manipulation of environmental contingencies.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does transference play in psychodynamic therapies?

    <p>Transference allows clients to project feelings from significant relationships onto the therapist, helping to uncover unresolved issues.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of free association in psychodynamic therapy?

    <p>Free association enables clients to express spontaneous thoughts, uncovering hidden feelings and memories.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does cognitive therapy aim to enhance psychological well-being?

    <p>By changing people's interpretations of events.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What key aspect of cognitive-behavior therapy differentiates it from traditional cognitive therapy?

    <p>It sets explicit behavioral goals in addition to changing thought patterns.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why might some individuals prefer cognitive-behavioral therapy over psychodynamic therapy?

    <p>Cognitive-behavioral therapy is often seen as more structured and results-oriented with shorter treatment duration.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one critical component common to the effectiveness of all mainstream therapies?

    <p>The therapeutic alliance between the therapist and client.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In what way can psychodynamic therapy be viewed as ethically controversial?

    <p>Reintegration therapy has been viewed as unethical, raising concerns about the treatment of dissociative identity disorder.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What might be a common reason for the treatment of dissociative identity disorder focusing on coping skills rather than reintegration?

    <p>Focusing on coping skills acknowledges the complexity and potential risks of trying to merge multiple identities too quickly.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does mindfulness therapy encourage individuals to do when experiencing emotions?

    <p>To observe emotions in a nonjudgmental way and let them pass.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the M’Naghten rule, what criteria must be met for someone to be considered legally insane?

    <p>They must have been so mentally disordered at the time of their act that they did not understand what they were doing.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a notable drawback of psychotherapeutic techniques when assessing their effectiveness?

    <p>The rarity of rigorous control conditions complicates the evaluation of treatment efficacy.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the practice of cognitive-behavior therapy seek to address negative thought patterns?

    <p>By helping individuals recognize and change these patterns through structured interventions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Introduction to Psychology - Module 15

    • Abnormal Psychology focuses on disorders and treatment.
    • Module 15.1 covers an overview of abnormal behavior, including definitions, the DSM-5, and its categorical approach. Discussing how to describe and evaluate a definition of mental illness. How to describe DSM-5 and give examples of the categories it lists. How to evaluate assumptions behind DSM and categorical approach to mental illness.

    Psychological Disorders

    • Almost half of the population will experience a psychological disorder during their lifetime.
    • Statistics showing the percentage of people with no disorders, one disorder, two disorders, and three or more disorders are presented. (53.6% No disorders, 18.7% One disorder, 10.4% Two disorders, 17.3% Three or more disorders).

    Defining Abnormal Behavior

    • What constitutes normal and abnormal behavior and the criteria for mental illness are discussed. The presentation questions whether the goal should be to be happy all the time.

    Example Cases

    • Betty, a 52-year-old woman, has been experiencing sadness, fatigue, decreased appetite, and weight loss. Detailed descriptions that included her circumstances causing these symptoms are presented.
    • Dante, a 25-year-old man, has struggled with depression from a young age, has dropped out of high school, attempted suicide, and his troubled life is detailed. Additional details are given to illustrate varying situations.

    What is Abnormal?

    • Two key factors in defining abnormality are deviance and dysfunction.
    • Deviance assesses if the behavior is unusual within a given culture.
    • Dysfunction evaluates if the behavior impairs functioning.

    Normal or Abnormal?

    • Three scenarios of behaviors are presented for consideration: putting offerings on a grave, ice-swimming, and driving a nail into the hand. These examples highlight the complexities in distinguishing normal from abnormal behavior.

    Rosenhan's Study

    • Rosenhan's 1973 study, "On being sane in insane places", involved three women and five men attempting to gain admission to 12 psychiatric hospitals.
    • Participants reported auditory hallucinations; after admission, they reported the hallucinations were gone and acted normal and felt fine, leading to staff misdiagnosis.

    Rosenhan's Misdiagnosis

    • Participants were hospitalized ranging between 7-52 days, averaging 19 days. This demonstrates how diagnosis is subjective.
    • Staff did not suspect any participant was intentionally feigning the symptoms. Staff did not fully consider the possibility of participants intentionally faking symptoms, revealing a gap in evaluation.
    • Participants were released with a diagnosis often of schizophrenia in remission. This highlights the power of labeling. This showed how biases in observation can affect diagnosis and treatment. Staff labels significantly impact their evaluation and interactions with patients.

    Power of a Diagnostic Label

    • Diagnostic labels can lead to normal behaviors being viewed as pathological.
    • Staff can show verbal abuse and negative attitudes towards patients, significantly impacting patient experiences and perceptions of their circumstances impacting the diagnostic process. This influences the labeling process and potentially misrepresenting their true condition.

    DSM and the Categorical Approach to Psychological Disorders

    • The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) was developed to standardize definitions and diagnoses.
    • The current edition is DSM-5-TR, published in 2022.
    • The DSM categorizes mental disorders and presents objective criteria for diagnosis. These criteria help standardize definitions, diagnoses, and treatment. They guide clinicians in making an accurate and consistent diagnosis.

    Organization of DSM-5-TR

    • Mental disorders are grouped into specific categories. The categories aid in organization and consistent diagnoses.
    • Each category includes criteria for individuals to meet to be diagnosed with that specific disorder. Criteria are detailed for each disorder grouping.

    Is the DSM a Good Thing?

    • Advantages of the DSM include common terminology for communication, and reliability. The use of this common terminology allows for better communication between healthcare professionals. Reliability is important to ensure consistency in diagnoses across different practitioners.
    • The DSM helps to classify people for research purposes and use in practice. The consistent categorizations provide a framework for clinical studies and research. Also, the structured approach to diagnosis is crucial in research studies.

    Concerns about the DSM

    • Diagnoses can be stigmatizing, people present very differently even with the same diagnosis, and the diagnostic categories may not accurately reflect the real world or be very useful. The categorical approach might not capture the full complexity of mental illness.

    "Mental Disorders" and Categorical vs. Dimensional Models

    • Different models for understanding mental disorders are presented: medical/categorical and dimensional.
    • The presentation examines both models and highlights the contrasting assumptions about the nature of mental illness: a discrete category versus a spectrum.

    Medical/Categorical Model

    • Mental disorders are seen as separate entities or diagnosed in discrete categories. Individuals either have a disorder or not. This model emphasizes distinct categories of mental disorders.

    Dimensional Model

    • This model views mental disorders as existing on a spectrum. Severity of issues might be more important than a simple categorization. Differences in behavior may exist but not severe enough to indicate a disorder. This approach focuses on degrees and variations of symptoms and behaviors.

    Anxiety Disorders

    • Generalized Anxiety Disorder: Characterized by frequent and exaggerated worries about many things.
    • Panic Disorder: Marked by frequent panic attacks involving rapid breathing, increased heart rate and other symptoms.
    • Agoraphobia: Excessive fear of open or public places where leaving is difficult.
    • Social phobia: Severe avoidance of other people and fear of public situations.
    • Specific phobias: Fears that interfere with normal daily life, include fear of blood, snakes, public places, etc —Specific examples of phobias, such as public places, public speaking, heights, air travel, snakes or other dangerous animals, blood, and lightning storms are given.

    Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder

    • A condition involving repetitive thoughts (obsessions) and actions (compulsions) that frequently cause significant impairment in functioning. Common examples of obsessions and compulsions are discussed — such as cleaning, checking, counting, and hoarding.

    Substance Use Disorders

    • In previous DSM editions, disorders were categorized by dependence verses abuse.
    • Current DSM editions categorize substance-related disorders without separating dependence and abuse.
    • Dependence is characterized by physical symptoms.
    • Abuse is characterized by continued substance use despite negative consequences.

    Depressive Disorders

    • Major Depressive Disorder: Includes periods of depressed mood and little interest or motivation, plus additional symptoms.
    • Persistent Depressive Disorder (dysthymia): A chronic state of depression with no periods of remission, with additional, defining criteria.
    • The presentation clarifies manic or hypomanic episodes.
    • Seasonal pattern in depressive conditions is detailed in relation to depressive episodes.

    Treatments for Depression

    • Several common classes of antidepressants are mentioned, including selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) and others. (Specific medications are presented). Newer treatments include selective serotonin, norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs and SNRIs), along with additional, detailed explanations with benefits and disadvantages.
    • Older treatments for depression include Tricyclic drugs, and MAOIs (monoamine oxidase inhibitors), but they are rarely used today because of possible side effects.

    Bipolar Disorder

    • Bipolar episodes include manic and depressive episodes.
    • Manic episodes are characterized by elevated mood, increased energy, and irritability. Detailed descriptions of manic episodes are included to further clarify the condition.
    • Hypomanic episodes exhibit similar traits, but the symptoms are less severe and do not cause impairment in daily functioning. A comparison between manic and hypomanic episodes are presented.

    Schizophrenia

    • The symptoms involve hallucinations, delusions, disorganized speech, movement disorders, and loss of normal emotional responses.
    • Hallucinations (e.g., auditory) and delusions are described in greater detail. Detailed criteria of experiencing hallucinations and delusions are clarified, including additional examples.
    • Diagnostic criteria specify a combination of at least one of the first three (hallucinations, delusions, disorganized speech) and at least two of the five (hallucinations, delusions, disorganized speech, movement disorders, and loss of normal emotional responses) symptoms.

    Schizophrenia is NOT Multiple Personality Disorder

    • Schizophrenia is different from Dissociative Identity Disorder (DID). Clarification on the differences between them is provided.
    • Highlights potential confusion and misconceptions between the two disorders.

    Dementia

    • Dementia refers to the loss of cognitive functioning, interfering with daily functioning. It has nothing to do with schizophrenia or other psychotic disorders.

    Schizophrenia Prevalence

    • Young adults in their 20s are frequently diagnosed with schizophrenia.
    • Prevalence is higher in men. (relevant age differences in diagnosis between men and women are discussed in greater detail).
    • Men tend to experience more severe symptoms.

    Dissociative Disorders

    • Dissociative identity disorder (DID) involves splitting of personalities or subpersonalities..
    • Possible causes are likely to include attempts to dissociate from traumatic experiences. Number and variety of reported personalities and subpersonalities are discussed, highlighting potential issues.

    Dissociative Identity Disorder

    • Dissociative identity disorder is described, including details about symptoms (e.g., different personalities/subpersonalities, abilities, and physiological differences like EEG).
    • Treatment of dissociative identity disorder (DID) and related therapies, like reintegration therapy with its ethical considerations, are mentioned. Additional descriptions are given to further illustrate.

    Module 15.5 Treatment of Mental Illness

    • This section discusses various approaches to psychotherapy, such as psychoanalysis, cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT). Details about interventions are discussed, and additional types are included.
    • Methods for treatment are detailed like how researchers evaluate the effectiveness. In addition, the methods of prevention are also discussed .

    Types of Psychotherapy

    • Psychodynamic therapies emphasize unconscious conflicts. This model explores treatment methods involving free association, transference, and working through to understand and address the underlying issues. Techniques of these therapies are detailed.
    • These are contrasted with behavioral and cognitive therapies. Additional descriptions are provided, highlighting the various types of therapies and the differences between them.

    Psychodynamic Treatments

    • The techniques include free association, transference, and working through to explore hidden conflicts. Detailed explanations of the techniques are discussed. Further explanations of these techniques are added.

    Behavioral/CBT Treatments

    • Types and techniques of behavior therapy, cognitive therapy, and cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) are presented. Behavioral therapy focuses on changing behaviors; cognitive therapy focuses on thought patterns and well being; CBT combines behavioral and cognitive methods for changing thoughts, feelings and behaviors; detailed descriptions of CBT techniques are given. Additional descriptions of the techniques are provided.

    CBT Therapists

    • Negative thought patterns (e.g., black-and-white thinking, globalization, and "should" and "must" thinking) are presented as examples of those that can disrupt mental well-being. Example thoughts are described in greater detail.

    Mindfulness Therapies

    • These therapies emphasize understanding suffering as a normal aspect of life. Mindfulness techniques are added, like the bus metaphor, and further examples.
    • Practices like the bus metaphor illustrate focusing on the present moment. Feelings are viewed as adaptive rather than negative. Additional descriptions of various therapies.

    How Effective is Psychotherapy?

    • Mainstream psychotherapies often produce similar effective outcomes. Common factors like therapeutic alliance, warmth, and client openness contribute to therapy effectiveness..
    • The insanity defense highlights the legal versus medical aspects.
    • M'Naghten rule specifies legal criteria of insanity. Explanations and factors are provided, along with specific examples.
    • Discussion includes the rarity of the insanity defense. Statistics are included and explained, with additional contextual details.

    Deinstitutionalization (1955)

    • The history and reasons behind deinstitutionalization are detailed.
    • Rise of antipsychotic medications is highlighted as a factor, adding historical context with possible drawbacks.
    • Reduced hospitalization rates with additional, clarifying examples and explanations.

    Deinstitutionalization

    • Positive and negative outcomes from deinstitutionalization are detailed, including the rise of homelessness, repeat hospitalizations, and treatment difficulties. Additional factors are discussed. This detailed explanations and discussions are added.

    The Future of Psychotherapy and Prospects for Prevention

    • Community psychologists aim to help people improve mental health and well-being.
    • Prevention methods, such as early identification and intervention, are highlighted.
    • Specific examples of prevention programs are provided (educating pregnant women, screening for potential loss of memory). Additional examples and further information is added, with detailed explanations and illustrations.

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    Chapter 15 Lecture Slides - Psy Treatment PDF

    Description

    This quiz explores key concepts in psychology, particularly focusing on mental health, deinstitutionalization, and psychodynamic therapy techniques. It includes questions on the implications of treatment approaches and definitions of various psychological terms. Test your understanding of these important topics in mental health care.

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