Psychology Memory Quiz

Memory

• Memory is a system for encoding, storing, and retrieving information.
• Long-term memory has unlimited capacity.
• Three processes involved in long-term memory: encoding, storage, and retrieval.

Types of Memory

• Sensory memory
• Short-term memory
• Long-term memory

Sensory Memory

• Iconic memory: visual sensory memory (lasts less than 0.5 seconds).
• Echoic memory: auditory sensory memory (lasts 3-4 seconds).

Automatic Processing

• Automatic processing: involves attention and memory, but doesn't require conscious effort.
• Example: reading, riding a bike, driving a car.

Memory Improvement Techniques

• Chunking: grouping items into meaningful units.
• Mnemonics/Mnemonic devices: memory aids, often using imagery of associations.

Long-Term Potentiation (LTP)

• LTP: strengthening of synaptic connections over time, facilitating the encoding, maintenance and retrieval of information.

Recall vs. Recognition

• Recall: retrieving information not currently in conscious awareness, e.g., fill-in-the-blank tests.
• Recognition: identifying previously learned items, e.g., multiple-choice tests.
• Relearning: learning something more quickly on subsequent attempts.

Serial Position Effect

• Remembering the beginning and end of a list better than the middle.

Retrieval Cues

• Stimuli that can help trigger the retrieval of memories (e.g., smell of baked cookies).

Amnesia

• Retrograde amnesia: inability to recall past memories.
• Anterograde amnesia: inability to form new memories.

Memory Construction

• Memory construction: the process of formulating new memories, which may be influenced by biases.

Misinformation Effect

• Misinformation effect: when misleading information influences the reconstruction of memories.

Cognition

• Cognition: mental action or processing of acquiring knowledge and understanding through experience and senses.

Creativity Characteristics

• Curiosity
• Sensitivity
• Openness to experience
• Motivation

Algorithms and Prototypes

• Algorithm: step-by-step procedure guaranteed to produce a correct answer.
• Prototype: an example considered the best example of a category (e.g., the eagle as a prototype of a bird).

Language

• Language: a system of communication using rules to convey meaning.

Framing Effect

• Framing effect: influence of wording on judgments and decisions (e.g., 75% lean vs. 25% fat).

Cognitive Biases

• Confirmation bias: seeking information that confirms one's beliefs while ignoring contradictory information (e.g., during elections).
• Overconfidence: overestimating one's abilities, particularly in tasks.
• Belief perseverance: maintaining beliefs even when contradictory evidence is presented.

Language Components

• Morpheme: the smallest unit of meaning in language (e.g., "bat" in "bats").
• Semantics: the study of meaning in language

Linguistic Relativity

• Whorf's linguistic relativity hypothesis: language shapes thought.

Speech Development

• Babbling: the earliest stage of speech development.

Bilingualism

• Bilingual individuals often have enhanced inhibitory control, allowing them to better focus on relevant information.

Syntax

• Syntax: the arrangement of words and phrases to create grammatical order.

###Working Memory

• Working memory is a component of short-term and sensory memory that combines short-term memory with attention control.

Semantic Encoding

• Semantic encoding: a memory process making associations and meaningful links to deeply process information.