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Questions and Answers
Which type of memory has unlimited capacity?
Which type of memory has unlimited capacity?
What are the three main processes involved in memory?
What are the three main processes involved in memory?
What distinguishes iconic memory from echoic memory?
What distinguishes iconic memory from echoic memory?
What is an example of autonomic processing?
What is an example of autonomic processing?
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How does long-term potentiation relate to memory?
How does long-term potentiation relate to memory?
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What is the difference between recall and recognition?
What is the difference between recall and recognition?
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What is retrograde amnesia?
What is retrograde amnesia?
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What effect relates to remembering the beginning and ends of a list better than the items in the middle?
What effect relates to remembering the beginning and ends of a list better than the items in the middle?
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What effect is described when eyewitnesses reconstruct memories based on unfamiliar information during questioning?
What effect is described when eyewitnesses reconstruct memories based on unfamiliar information during questioning?
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Which of the following best characterizes the concept of creativity?
Which of the following best characterizes the concept of creativity?
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What is the proposal that a person's language influences their thought processes called?
What is the proposal that a person's language influences their thought processes called?
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In the context of memory, what is the term for the ability to retrieve information from storage?
In the context of memory, what is the term for the ability to retrieve information from storage?
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What is the term for the belief that we maintain our views even when confronted with contradicting facts?
What is the term for the belief that we maintain our views even when confronted with contradicting facts?
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Which term describes the stage of speech development where babies produce repetitive consonant-vowel combinations?
Which term describes the stage of speech development where babies produce repetitive consonant-vowel combinations?
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What is the total number of morphemes in the word 'bats'?
What is the total number of morphemes in the word 'bats'?
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What does the term 'syntax' refer to in language processing?
What does the term 'syntax' refer to in language processing?
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What does overconfidence refer to in psychological terms?
What does overconfidence refer to in psychological terms?
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Which phenomenon is illustrated by saying that ground beef is 75% lean instead of 25% fat?
Which phenomenon is illustrated by saying that ground beef is 75% lean instead of 25% fat?
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Flashcards
Long-Term Memory
Long-Term Memory
A type of memory with unlimited capacity that stores information for extended periods.
Encoding
Encoding
The process of transforming information into a form that can be stored in memory.
Retrieval
Retrieval
The process of getting information out of memory storage.
Sensory Memory
Sensory Memory
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Automatic processing
Automatic processing
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Chunking
Chunking
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Recall vs. Recognition
Recall vs. Recognition
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Memory Construction
Memory Construction
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Misinformation effect
Misinformation effect
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Cognition
Cognition
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Creativity characteristics
Creativity characteristics
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Algorithm
Algorithm
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Prototype
Prototype
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Language
Language
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Framing effect
Framing effect
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Confirmation bias
Confirmation bias
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Belief perseverance
Belief perseverance
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Overconfidence
Overconfidence
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Study Notes
Memory
- Memory is a system for encoding, storing, and retrieving information.
- Long-term memory has unlimited capacity.
- Three processes involved in long-term memory: encoding, storage, and retrieval.
Types of Memory
- Sensory memory
- Short-term memory
- Long-term memory
Sensory Memory
- Iconic memory: visual sensory memory (lasts less than 0.5 seconds).
- Echoic memory: auditory sensory memory (lasts 3-4 seconds).
Automatic Processing
- Automatic processing: involves attention and memory, but doesn't require conscious effort.
- Example: reading, riding a bike, driving a car.
Memory Improvement Techniques
- Chunking: grouping items into meaningful units.
- Mnemonics/Mnemonic devices: memory aids, often using imagery of associations.
Long-Term Potentiation (LTP)
- LTP: strengthening of synaptic connections over time, facilitating the encoding, maintenance and retrieval of information.
Recall vs. Recognition
- Recall: retrieving information not currently in conscious awareness, e.g., fill-in-the-blank tests.
- Recognition: identifying previously learned items, e.g., multiple-choice tests.
- Relearning: learning something more quickly on subsequent attempts.
Serial Position Effect
- Remembering the beginning and end of a list better than the middle.
Retrieval Cues
- Stimuli that can help trigger the retrieval of memories (e.g., smell of baked cookies).
Amnesia
- Retrograde amnesia: inability to recall past memories.
- Anterograde amnesia: inability to form new memories.
Memory Construction
- Memory construction: the process of formulating new memories, which may be influenced by biases.
Misinformation Effect
- Misinformation effect: when misleading information influences the reconstruction of memories.
Cognition
- Cognition: mental action or processing of acquiring knowledge and understanding through experience and senses.
Creativity Characteristics
- Curiosity
- Sensitivity
- Openness to experience
- Motivation
Algorithms and Prototypes
- Algorithm: step-by-step procedure guaranteed to produce a correct answer.
- Prototype: an example considered the best example of a category (e.g., the eagle as a prototype of a bird).
Language
- Language: a system of communication using rules to convey meaning.
Framing Effect
- Framing effect: influence of wording on judgments and decisions (e.g., 75% lean vs. 25% fat).
Cognitive Biases
- Confirmation bias: seeking information that confirms one's beliefs while ignoring contradictory information (e.g., during elections).
- Overconfidence: overestimating one's abilities, particularly in tasks.
- Belief perseverance: maintaining beliefs even when contradictory evidence is presented.
Language Components
- Morpheme: the smallest unit of meaning in language (e.g., "bat" in "bats").
- Semantics: the study of meaning in language
Linguistic Relativity
- Whorf's linguistic relativity hypothesis: language shapes thought.
Speech Development
- Babbling: the earliest stage of speech development.
Bilingualism
- Bilingual individuals often have enhanced inhibitory control, allowing them to better focus on relevant information.
Syntax
- Syntax: the arrangement of words and phrases to create grammatical order.
###Working Memory
- Working memory is a component of short-term and sensory memory that combines short-term memory with attention control.
Semantic Encoding
- Semantic encoding: a memory process making associations and meaningful links to deeply process information.
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Description
Test your knowledge on memory systems, processes, and improvement techniques. This quiz covers sensory memory, short-term and long-term memory, and concepts like recall and recognition. Dive into the fascinating world of how we encode, store, and retrieve information.
