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Psychology Memory and Learning Concepts
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Psychology Memory and Learning Concepts

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Questions and Answers

Retroactive interference occurs when:

  • Old information decays over time.
  • New material interferes with recalling old material. (correct)
  • New information decays over time.
  • Old information interferes with learning new material.

    • Define retroactive interference.

    Backward acting memory; a new memory interferes with remembering an old memory.

    What is proactive interference?

    The disruptive effect of prior learning on the recall of new information.

    What does the prefix 'pro-' mean?

    <p>Before</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following types of memory does not affect behavior consciously and can be measured only indirectly?

    <p>Nondeclarative memory</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is nondeclarative memory?

    <p>Nondeclarative memory, or implicit memory, is a form of memory that is not conscious.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is declarative memory?

    <p>Memories which can be consciously recalled such as facts and events.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The time that your favorite restaurant closes is stored as a _____ memory.

    <p>declarative</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What parts of the brain are in charge of declarative memory?

    <p>Temporal cortex and hippocampus.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is episodic memory?

    <p>The collection of past personal experiences that occurred at a particular time and place.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Explicit memory can be divided into two parts:

    <p>Episodic and semantic memory.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Memory such as skills (e.g., knowing how to get dressed) is what type?

    <p>Implicit memory/ non-declarative</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Based on operant conditioning principles, which type of punishment would be least effective in stopping a child's desire to write on the walls?

    <p>Punishing the child occasionally.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Positive reinforcement is generally ____ ______ than punishment for increasing the frequency of a desired behavior.

    <p>more effective</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is vicarious reinforcement?

    <p>Process where the observer sees the model rewarded.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is innate behavior?

    <p>A behavior that is inherited rather than learned.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is procedural memory?

    <p>The gradual acquisition of skills as a result of practice.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Amnesic patients with hippocampal damage may not have ___ memory for a skill they have recently learned, indicating that _____ memory exists.

    <p>declarative, implicit</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is echoic memory?

    <p>A momentary sensory memory of auditory stimuli.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A demyelinating disorder, such as multiple sclerosis, would cause all of the following symptoms EXCEPT:

    <p>Increased saltatory conduction.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A reduction in myelination would result in a ___ in white matter.

    <p>decrease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are Nodes of Ranvier?

    <p>Gaps in the myelin sheath to which voltage-gated sodium channels are confined.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Myelination speeds the movement of the action potential along the length of the____.

    <p>axon</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is myelination?

    <p>The process by which axons become coated with myelin.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is saltatory conduction?

    <p>Rapid conduction of impulses when the axon is myelinated.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is Sick role theory?

    <p>A term describing the behavior patterns of a sick person to minimize disruption.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is Functionalism?

    <p>A school of psychology focused on how mental and behavioral processes function.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is Symbolic Interactionism?

    <p>A micro-level theory where shared meanings drive people's actions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Latent functions of education are the consequences of a lesson that (______/was) explicitly stated.

    <p>was not</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Manifest functions of education are the consequences of a lesson that has been intentionally taught, with an intended purpose.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    ____ is most often associated with conflict theory and the Communist Manifesto.

    <p>Marx</p> Signup and view all the answers

    _____ expanded on Marx by asserting that civilizations are shaped by war and conquest.

    <p>Gumplowicz</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is Ludwig Gumplowicz known for?

    <p>Expanding upon Marx's ideas about conflict theory.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does Weber's Law state?

    <p>To be perceived as different, two stimuli must differ by a constant minimum percentage.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the Communist Manifesto?

    <p>An 1848 book written by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is Communism?

    <p>A form of socialism that abolishes private ownership.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Functionalism focuses on social structures and how they interact.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Conflict theory seeks to describe the relationship between unequal access and social tension.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are brute facts?

    <p>Objective, concrete phenomena.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is gentrification?

    <p>The restoration of run-down urban areas by the middle class.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is gender stratification?

    <p>The unequal distribution of wealth, power, and privilege between men and women.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is hidden curriculum?

    <p>Standards of behavior taught subtly in schools.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who is a patriarch?

    <p>The male head of a family or tribe.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is patrilocality?

    <p>A residential pattern in which a married couple lives with or near the husband's family.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is matrilocality?

    <p>When a couple marries, they move to the wife's household/community.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is neolocal residence?

    <p>Living arrangement where a married couple resides separate from either spouse's family.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is neologism?

    <p>A new word or expression.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does ambiguous mean?

    <p>Open to more than one interpretation/ unclear.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does ambilocal mean?

    <p>The couple may reside with either the husband's or the wife's group.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a sect?

    <p>A relatively small group that has broken away from an established denomination.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an ecclesia?

    <p>A religious organization that claims to include most or all members of a society.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a cult?

    <p>An organized group of people with obsessive devotion to a person or set of principles.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The medicalization of deviance is the process of changing a 'bad' behavior into a 'sick' behavior.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a locavore?

    <p>A person who primarily eats food grown or produced locally.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is Durkheim's view on religion?

    <p>People conform to religion's rules, yielding to society's moral authority.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Memory Interference

    • Retroactive interference: New information interferes with recalling older material.
    • Proactive interference: Old information disrupts the learning of new material.

    Memory Types

    • Nondeclarative memory (implicit): Not consciously recalled; measured indirectly, involved in skills and habits.
    • Declarative memory (explicit): Consciously recalled memories, includes episodic (personal experiences) and semantic (factual information) memories.

    Brain and Memory

    • Key brain regions for declarative memory: Temporal cortex and hippocampus, critical for episodic memory retention.

    Learning and Behavior

    • Positive reinforcement: More effective than punishment in increasing desired behaviors.
    • Vicarious reinforcement: Observing a model being rewarded increases the likelihood of imitation.

    Operant Conditioning

    • Ineffective punishment: Occasional punishment is less effective in modifying behavior compared to consistent consequences.

    Amnesia and Memory

    • Amnesic patients: May not have declarative memory but can demonstrate skills due to intact implicit memory.

    Sensory Memory

    • Echoic memory: Momentary retention of auditory information lasting 3-4 seconds.

    Nervous System and Myelination

    • Myelin: Insulating sheath around axons, essential for faster signal transmission.
    • Saltatory conduction: Impulses jump between nodes of Ranvier, speeding up action potential movement.

    Theoretical Frameworks

    • Functionalism: Focuses on how mental processes help organisms adapt and thrive.
    • Conflict theory: Views society as groups competing for scarce resources, highlighting issues of inequality.

    Sociology and Group Dynamics

    • Gentrification: Middle-class restoration of urban areas displacing lower-income residents.
    • Gender stratification: Unequal distribution of wealth and power between genders.

    Family Structures

    • Matrilocality: Married couples live near the wife's family.
    • Neolocal residence: Couples establish their own home separate from either family.

    Religious Organizations

    • Ecclesia: Religious group recognized as the national religion, encompassing most of society.
    • Sect: Smaller group that has separated from an established denomination.

    Deviance and Social Behavior

    • Medicalization of deviance: Reframing 'bad' behaviors as 'sick' behaviors, while demedicalization normalizes 'sick' behaviors.

    Cultural Concepts

    • Locavore: Individual focusing on locally grown or produced food.

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    Description

    Explore key concepts in memory interference, types of memory, and behavior learning mechanisms. This quiz covers both declarative and nondeclarative memory, the role of the brain in memory retention, and principles of operant conditioning. Test your understanding of how learning and behavior can be reinforced or disrupted.

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