Psychology Chapter on Memory Interference
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Questions and Answers

How does proactive interference differ from retroactive interference?

Proactive interference accelerates forgetting of what you learned earlier.

Which of the following is an explanation for the recency effect in list learning?

  • Retroactive interference does not impair the last item on a list. (correct)
  • Hindsight bias does not impair the last item on a list.
  • Proactive interference does not impair the last item on a list.
  • The formation of new neurons consolidates the final item on a list. (correct)

    • What is true of most memories that people spontaneously recall after not remembering them in years?

    These memories evoke intense emotions.

    Which of the following has been a heated controversy among psychologists?

    <p>How reliably can clinicians get someone to recover a lost memory? (A), Is it better to study all at once, or to spread out the study sessions? (B), How important is interference as a basis of forgetting? (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these was least impaired in H.M. and similar patients?

    <p>Procedural memory (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is most characteristic of people with Korsakoff's syndrome?

    <p>Confabulations (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is immaturity of the hippocampus an incomplete explanation for infant amnesia?

    <p>Preschool children do form long-term memories.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Studies on mice support which explanation for infantile amnesia?

    <p>New neurons facilitate new learning but also facilitate forgetting.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which method of testing memory can detect the weakest memories?

    <p>Free recall (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does procedural memory differ from declarative memory?

    <p>It develops gradually. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Without realizing it, you start using some of the same words that you read recently. What type of memory is this?

    <p>Implicit</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When police ask a witness to identify a suspect from a lineup, what do psychologists recommend?

    <p>Use an array of suspects varying widely in their appearance. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    If you see a display of numbers for a split second, why can you name only about 4 or 5 of them?

    <p>Short-term memory has a limited capacity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an example of a semantic memory?

    <p>'Wilhelm Wundt founded the first psychological laboratory.' (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a possible explanation for believing false reports you read several times on the Internet?

    <p>Source amnesia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    On average, how long does information remain in short-term memory?

    <p>Less than 20 seconds unless it is rehearsed (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does emotional arousal affect memory, if at all?

    <p>It improves storage. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    You remember words best if you think about them in what way?

    <p>How you could use the items in a survival situation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is meant by 'depth of processing' in memory?

    <p>The number and variety of associations.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Proactive and Retroactive Interference

    • Proactive interference hinders learning new information by forgetting previously learned information.
    • It primarily affects short-term memory and the previously learned information.

    Recency Effect in List Learning

    • The recency effect in list learning is explained by hindsight bias not impairing the last item on the list.

    Memories After Years

    • Memories spontaneously recalled after years often evoke strong emotions.

    Controversial Topic in Psychology

    • The heated controversy among psychologists is whether it's better to study all at once or spread out study sessions.
    • Other controversy is how reliably can clinicians recover lost memories and the importance of interference in forgetting.

    Long-Term Memories

    • Formation of new long-term memories includes episodic, procedural, and the ability to imagine future events.

    Korsakoff's Syndrome

    • People with Korsakoff's syndrome typically have retrograde amnesia without anterograde amnesia.
    • A defining characteristic is confabulation and an inability to recognize faces.

    Infant Amnesia

    • Immaturity of the hippocampus isn't a complete explanation for infant amnesia, rather the rate of hippocampal maturation varies.

    Testing Weakest Memories

    • Free recall, cued recall, recognition, and savings in that order are methods of testing which detects the weakest Memories

    Procedural vs. Declarative Memory

    • Procedural memory involves rapid extinction.
    • This is in contrast to declarative memory which develops gradually

    Police Lineups

    • Psychologists recommend a wide variety of suspects to avoid bias.

    Short-Term Memory Capacity

    • Short-term memory has a limited capacity (about 4-5 items).
    • Sensory memory fades quickly.

    Semantic Memory

    • Semantic memory is a type of long-term memory for facts and general knowledge.

    False Memories

    • Believing false reports read many times on the internet is likely due to source amnesia.
    • This is also due to problems with sensory store and episodic memory functions.

    Short-Term Memory Duration

    • On average, information stays in short-term memory for less than a second.

    Emotional Arousal and Memory

    • Emotional arousal improves memory storage and interferes with storage.
    • Emotional arousal can also interfere with consolidation

    Optimizing Memory Retention

    • Words remembered best when thinking about their use in survival situations.

    Depth of Processing

    • Depth of processing relates to how strongly a memory impacts the unconscious mind.
    • It's also related to the number and variety of connections made during encoding.

    Studying Strategies

    • The best strategy for effective studying involves varied times and settings and regular self-testing.

    The Effect of Testing

    • Testing oneself on new information improves memory retention.

    Describing Unfamiliar Things

    • Attempting to describe something you don't perfectly remember involves filling in gaps with reasonable guesses.
    • This can make the recall more confusing and incoherent.

    Theory of Mind

    • Children without "theory of mind" often assume others know what they know.

    Proactive Interference

    • Proactive interference is when old information hinders the learning of new information.

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    Description

    Explore the intriguing concepts of proactive and retroactive interference in memory, including their impact on learning and retention. This quiz discusses the recency effect, long-term memory formation, and the controversies surrounding memory recovery. Test your understanding of these critical psychological topics.

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