Psychology Lecture 1: Prejudice Analysis

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Questions and Answers

What is the smallest level of analysis in psychology that examines prejudice and discrimination?

Structural level

Interpersonal level

Institutional level

Individual or internalized level (correct)

Which discipline approaches prejudice alongside psychology?

Mathematics

Physics

Economics

Anthropology (correct)

How does psychology primarily gather data in researching prejudice?

Empirical observation and quantitative analysis (correct)

Through qualitative analysis

Personal testimonials

Using fictional narratives

What does the structural level of analysis in psychology address?

Interconnections between different institutions Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT emphasized in the psychological approach to studying prejudice?

Emphasis on historical context Signup and view all the answers

What is a key focus of the psychological approach when analyzing prejudice?

Mechanisms and social processes Signup and view all the answers

Which example illustrates a social psychological approach to investigating discrimination?

Observing a customer’s thoughts during an interaction Signup and view all the answers

What phenomenon can result from funding public schools through local property taxes?

Disparities in educational quality based on wealth Signup and view all the answers

Which concept refers to the shared beliefs about how prejudice operates across different contexts?

Presumption of universals Signup and view all the answers

What form of interaction is examined at the interpersonal level of analysis for prejudice and discrimination?

Direct interactions with other people Signup and view all the answers

What is the main characteristic of subgrouping in relation to stereotypes?

It recognizes diversity within a group, reducing stereotypes. Signup and view all the answers

What does the outgroup homogeneity effect imply?

Outgroup members are seen as similar to each other. Signup and view all the answers

Which study demonstrates that group assignments can create ingroup favoritism?

Jud & Park (1988) Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant outcome of the Fundamental Attribution Error?

An inclination to overlook external factors influencing behavior. Signup and view all the answers

What does stereotype congruence specifically refer to?

The overlap between racial and gender stereotypes. Signup and view all the answers

What impact does experiencing joy before encoding faces have on memory recall for white participants?

It improves recognition of faces. Signup and view all the answers

What is the main reason the cross race effect is eliminated when faces are turned upside down?

It disrupts holistic processing, focusing on individual features. Signup and view all the answers

What drives the motivation to identify individuals from different groups?

Social categorization of ingroups and outgroups. Signup and view all the answers

According to the stereotype content model, which two dimensions are crucial for understanding group stereotypes?

Warmth and competence. Signup and view all the answers

What aspect does illusory correlation primarily relate to in terms of attention and memory?

Uncommon joint occurrences draw more attention. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a common category used for quick social categorization?

Occupation. Signup and view all the answers

What does the negativity bias suggest about the way individuals perceive group behaviors?

Negative behaviors tend to be remembered more. Signup and view all the answers

According to the information provided, which factor plays a lesser role in the cross race effect?

Exposure and experience. Signup and view all the answers

How does socialization influence the categories individuals prioritize?

It teaches which categories are important. Signup and view all the answers

What type of attribution is emphasized through the fundamental attribution error?

Internal attributions. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements best describes the nature of stereotypes?

Stereotypes are often mixed and can be both positive and negative. Signup and view all the answers

What influence does group size have on the formation of negative stereotypes?

Larger groups can enhance the negative bias in perceptions. Signup and view all the answers

What does the concept of 'just world theory' suggest about the perception of status?

People assume high-status groups must deserve their status due to competence. Signup and view all the answers

What is prejudice primarily characterized by?

Negative attitudes towards a social group Signup and view all the answers

Which component is NOT typically associated with prejudice?

Legal definitions Signup and view all the answers

What differentiates stigma from prejudice?

Stigma is culturally shared rather than personal. Signup and view all the answers

How does discrimination differ from prejudice?

Discrimination is an unjustifiable negative behavior. Signup and view all the answers

The concept of stereotyping is best described as:

Applying characteristics of a group to all its members. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following factors is NOT mentioned as a primary category through which bias is noticed?

Physical appearance Signup and view all the answers

What is the main argument against colorblind ideologies?

They ignore the existence of discrimination. Signup and view all the answers

Which statement best describes the nature of race as discussed?

Race is a social category without biological basis. Signup and view all the answers

What aspect of gender changes over time and varies across cultures?

Social roles associated with gender Signup and view all the answers

What psychological effect was observed in participants discussing race-related topics?

Increased anxiety Signup and view all the answers

Which of these is a misconception about discussing prejudice?

It always leads to negative outcomes. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following questions can be used to assess whether an action is based on prejudice?

Does this decision enhance privileges for some groups? Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'intersectionality' refer to in the context of bias?

How different identities combine to impact experiences. Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of stereotypes as described?

Simplifying complex social realities. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary independent variable being manipulated in the study about Native American mascots?

Exposure to images of Native American mascots Signup and view all the answers

In the context of social categories, which statement accurately describes ingroup bias?

Ingroup bias leads to decisions that benefit one's own group. Signup and view all the answers

What factor is identified as a cause for the Outgroup Homogeneity Effect?

Exposure to more outgroup members than ingroup members. Signup and view all the answers

Which research method is suggested to examine disparate impacts over time?

Longitudinal studies Signup and view all the answers

What does Social Identity Theory primarily explore?

How social categories are used to reason about others. Signup and view all the answers

What is one limitation of correlational variables in research?

They do not account for external factors. Signup and view all the answers

Which methodology would best help to establish cause and effect in studies involving prejudice?

Randomized controlled experiments. Signup and view all the answers

In the Minimal Group Paradigm, what is a fundamental characteristic?

Group membership is often based on random, trivial distinctions. Signup and view all the answers

What does the Cross-Race Effect imply about people's recognition abilities?

People have lower recognition accuracy for outgroup members. Signup and view all the answers

What is a key problem with establishing cause and effect in studies about social prejudices?

Manipulating group membership is often impractical. Signup and view all the answers

Which aspect does the own-race bias address?

The ability to remember faces of ingroup members. Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant challenge when studying the effects of COVID-19 by demographic factors like gender?

The pandemic’s impact varies significantly across different demographics. Signup and view all the answers

What can researchers use to rule out alternative explanations in their experimental designs?

Random assignment of participants to conditions. Signup and view all the answers

What does a correlation coefficient of 0 indicate?

No correlation Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best defines an independent variable?

The variable manipulated by researchers Signup and view all the answers

What impact does random assignment have in an experiment?

It evenly distributes individual differences across groups. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about White feminism is incorrect?

It addresses all women's issues equally. Signup and view all the answers

What does intersectionality refer to in the context of social identities?

The interaction of multiple social identities creating unique experiences. Signup and view all the answers

In the Stereotype Content Model (SCM), what two attributes are key to forming judgments about social groups?

Competence and warmth Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary weakness of self-report methods in studying prejudice?

They can be influenced by social desirability bias. Signup and view all the answers

In the context of experimental studies, what is the main purpose of controlling extraneous variables?

To isolate the effect of the independent variable on the dependent variable. Signup and view all the answers

What can positive stereotypes surrounding Black athletes obscure?

Broader abilities and potential Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'group privilege' refer to?

Unearned benefits that favor dominant social groups. Signup and view all the answers

What is a key goal of research in understanding prejudice and discrimination?

To inform interventions aimed at reducing prejudice. Signup and view all the answers

Which method does NOT measure constructs of stereotypes, prejudice, and discrimination?

Group discussions Signup and view all the answers

What role does culture play in shaping stereotypes and prejudices?

Cultural norms can shape and reinforce stereotypes unconsciously. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary feature of longitudinal studies in research?

Observing changes in variables over an extended time frame. Signup and view all the answers

Which group is perceived as having low warmth and high competence within the stereotype content model?

Feminists Signup and view all the answers

What emotional response is primarily experienced towards low status groups that are high in warmth and low in competence?

Pity Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes subgrouping from subtyping in the context of social categories?

Subgrouping acknowledges diversity within groups. Signup and view all the answers

How do perceived inferiority and perceived foreignness relate to racial and ethnic discrimination?

Perceived inferiority leads to exclusion from US identity. Signup and view all the answers

What is a key issue with the stereotype content model (SCM) according to Zou and Cheryan?

It fails to account for stereotypes specific to ethnic groups in the USA. Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'Intersectional Invisibility' refer to?

Ignoring people with multiple subordinate identities. Signup and view all the answers

How does warmth primarily influence behavioral reactions towards groups?

Encourages active behavior. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of groups perceived as high in foreignness?

Implications of socioeconomic status. Signup and view all the answers

What does intersectionality, as defined by Kimberlé Crenshaw, focus on?

Overlapping or intersecting social identities. Signup and view all the answers

Which emotional response is associated with groups perceived as high in status and high in competitiveness?

Envy Signup and view all the answers

What happens to stereotypes when subgrouping is applied compared to subtyping?

Subgrouping dismantles stereotypes. Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary characteristics of the 'Axes of Subordination' model?

It focuses on unique dimensions of perceived inferiority and foreignness. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following exemplifies the concept of 'imagined defaults'?

Assuming the generic person is male, white, and heterosexual. Signup and view all the answers

According to the stereotype congruence concept, what is a stereotype congruent identity?

An identity that reinforces racial and gender stereotypes. Signup and view all the answers

What is the Outgroup Homogeneity Effect?

The tendency to see outgroup members as more similar to each other. Signup and view all the answers

What characteristic describes ingroup bias?

Favoring one's own group over others. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a result of the Cross-Race Effect?

Difficulty in recognizing faces of individuals from other racial groups. Signup and view all the answers

What does the Social Role Theory suggest about stereotypes?

Stereotypes arise from observing people in specific social roles. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of psychology in prejudice studies?

Individual and interpersonal levels using empirical methods. Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'subgrouping' refer to in social categorization?

Creating smaller categories within a broader category. Signup and view all the answers

What is illusory correlation?

A perception of a nonexistent relationship between two rare events. Signup and view all the answers

What does the Ultimate Attribution Error involve?

Attributing negative behavior of outgroup members to their character. Signup and view all the answers

How does stigma manifest in society?

Shared cultural negativity leading to avoidance. Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of 'double jeopardy' in intersectionality?

Compounded disadvantages from multiple subordinate identities. Signup and view all the answers

What influence does bottom-up processing have in categorization?

It prioritizes observable features for categorization. Signup and view all the answers

What type of behavior does discrimination specifically refer to?

Unjustifiable negative behavior toward group members. Signup and view all the answers

What does intersectional invisibility mean?

Ignoring contributions of those with multiple subordinate identities. Signup and view all the answers

Which bias describes misclassifying ingroup members to avoid including outgroup individuals?

Ingroup Overexclusion Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Lecture 1: 1/6/24

Examples discussed in class: Tamir Rice, Henry Berg Rousseau, Illinois women's wage gap
Focus on everyday discrimination and how prejudice manifests
Examples: not shaking someone's hand in cash transactions
Identifying the role of prejudice
Class aims to teach students how to critically analyze and generate research questions on prejudice.
Psychology draws on multiple disciplines (history, literature, philosophy, sociology, anthropology, law)
Psychology's approach is empirical and focuses on causes and effects of prejudice.

Levels of Analysis in Psychology

Individual/Internalized level: internal beliefs and attitudes about people/ oneself
Interpersonal level: interactions between people; how they interact
Institutional level: Policies and practices of institutions (e.g., schools, corporations) that may discriminate (explicit or implicit)
Structural level: intersection of multiple institutions leading to adverse outcomes (e.g., unequal school funding based on property taxes)

Psychological Approach

Empirical: relies on data collection and observation, often quantitative (numerical)
Individual/interpersonal unit of analysis: focuses on individuals and interactions
Cause and effect: identifying causes of observed prejudice and behavior.
Mechanisms and processes: examining thought processes contributing to prejudice.
Universality assumption: initial assumption that principles operate similarly across people, contexts, and time.
Important to acknowledge uncertainty in cause-and-effect conclusions

Psychology Building Blocks

Affect: Feelings (valence: positive/negative) including mood, emotions
Behavior: Observable actions
Cognition: Thoughts/ideas (conscious and unconscious)

Prejudice, Stereotyping, and Discrimination

Prejudice: Negative attitudes/feelings toward a group. (Allport: Judging others unfairly; Myers: Preconceived negative judgements)
Stereotype: Oversimplified beliefs about group characteristics, often inaccurate or overgeneralized.
Discrimination: Unfair treatment based on group membership.

Lecture 2: 1/8/24

Target groups of bias: any social group or category evoking prejudgment
Main categories: Race, Gender, Age
Race: social construct, not biological; difference between individuals within racial group is greater than variability among racial groups.
Gender: distinction between biological sex and social gender roles.
Age: life stages/roles vary culturally; emerging adulthood as a modern concept.
Trawalter & Richerson (2008) study: examined anxiety during interracial discussions.
Importance of acknowledging social categories vs. bias; colorblind ideology is flawed.
3-part framework to analyze potential bias:
1. Whether bias is caused by prejudgements.
2. Whether it yields unequal outcomes.
3. Whether or not it increases or reduces existing inequalities.

Lecture 3: 1/13/25

Social categorization for reasoning about others (and self):
Results in efficient thinking but can lead to errors in judgments.
Social Identity Theory (Tajfel & Turner):
- Ingroups & outgroups: basic cognitive distinctions
- Minimal group paradigm: favoritism toward ingroup emerges even under arbitrary conditions.
- Outgroup homogeneity effect: perceive outgroup members as more homogenous than ingroup members.
- Own-race bias: difficulty identifying outgroup faces, potentially due to experience, motivation, or cognitive processing.
Cros-race effect: not simply racial differences; experience may lessen the effect.

Lecture 4: 1/15/25

Illusory Correlation: tendency to perceive a relationship between rare events, especially negative events and minority group members. This can contribute to stereotypes.
Stereotype Content Model (SCM): Warmth & Competence as primary dimensions for stereotyping groups
Axes of Subordination (Zou & Cheryan, 2017): Inferiority and foreignness as important dimensions for understanding how certain groups experience subordination.
Subtyping vs Subgrouping:
- Subtyping: setting counter-stereotypical cases aside.
- Subgrouping: allowing for diversity and variation within a group
Intersectionality: multiple social categories interact to create unique experiences of prejudice and discrimination.

Additional Notes

Various research findings (e.g., Fryberg et al. 2008, Bertrand & Mullainathan 2003) illustrated the effects of prejudice and stereotypes.
Important research methods like experimental designs, correlational studies, and self-report measures.
Multiple key concepts to consider in studies of prejudice and discrimination.

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Description

This quiz covers the key concepts discussed in the first lecture on prejudice, focusing on examples such as Tamir Rice and the Illinois women's wage gap. It emphasizes the multiple levels of analysis in psychology, including individual, interpersonal, institutional, and structural levels. Students will learn how to critically analyze and generate research questions about everyday discrimination.