Questions and Answers
What is Learning?
What does Cognition refer to?
What is Behaviour?
The way we act
What does Conditioned mean?
Signup and view all the answers
What is Classical Conditioning?
Signup and view all the answers
What is a Stimulus?
Signup and view all the answers
What is a Response?
Signup and view all the answers
What does Association mean in classical conditioning?
Signup and view all the answers
What is a Reflex?
Signup and view all the answers
Who is Pavlov?
Signup and view all the answers
What is an Unconditioned Stimulus?
Signup and view all the answers
What is an Unconditional Response?
Signup and view all the answers
What is a Conditioned Stimulus?
Signup and view all the answers
What is a Conditioned Response?
Signup and view all the answers
What is Little Albert?
Signup and view all the answers
Who are Watson & Raynor?
Signup and view all the answers
What does Generalisation refer to?
Signup and view all the answers
What does Discrimination mean in this context?
Signup and view all the answers
What is Extinction?
Signup and view all the answers
What is Operant Conditioning?
Signup and view all the answers
Who is Skinner?
Signup and view all the answers
What is a Consequence?
Signup and view all the answers
What is Reinforcement?
Signup and view all the answers
What is Positive Reinforcement?
Signup and view all the answers
What is Negative Reinforcement?
Signup and view all the answers
What is Positive Punishment?
Signup and view all the answers
What is Negative Punishment?
Signup and view all the answers
What is a Skinner Box?
Signup and view all the answers
What is a Reward?
Signup and view all the answers
What is Observational Learning?
Signup and view all the answers
Who is Bandura?
Signup and view all the answers
What is a Model in the context of learning?
Signup and view all the answers
What is Observation?
Signup and view all the answers
What does Identification mean in this context?
Signup and view all the answers
What is Imitation?
Signup and view all the answers
What is Gender Role?
Signup and view all the answers
Study Notes
Learning Theories
- Learning involves acquiring new knowledge or skills.
- Cognition encompasses all mental processes, including thinking, learning, and memory.
- Behaviour refers to the actions or reactions of an individual.
Classical Conditioning
- Classical conditioning is described as learning through association.
- A stimulus is an event that triggers a response.
- A response follows a stimulus and occurs naturally in reflex actions.
- Reflex actions are automatic responses to stimuli.
Key Figures in Classical Conditioning
- Ivan Pavlov is known for his experiments with dogs, conditioning them to salivate at the sound of a bell.
- Unconditioned stimuli yield natural, involuntary responses, termed unconditioned responses.
- Conditioned stimuli develop associations with unconditioned stimuli, leading to conditioned responses.
Little Albert Experiment
- The Little Albert study illustrated the principles of classical conditioning in fear responses.
- John Watson and Rosalie Raynor conducted the study to demonstrate how emotions can be conditioned.
Conditioning Outcomes
- Generalization occurs when conditioned responses extend to similar stimuli.
- Discrimination involves recognizing differences between the conditioned stimulus and other similar stimuli.
- Extinction happens when a conditioned response fades upon repeated presentation of the conditioned stimulus without reinforcement.
Operant Conditioning
- Operant conditioning focuses on learning through consequences and reinforcement.
- B.F. Skinner is recognized for studying operant conditioning and developing the Skinner box to observe animal behavior.
- Consequence refers to the outcomes resulting from a behavior.
Reinforcement and Punishment
- Reinforcement increases the likelihood that a behavior will be repeated.
- Positive reinforcement involves presenting a pleasant stimulus to encourage a behavior.
- Negative reinforcement entails removing an unpleasant stimulus to promote behavior repetition.
- Positive punishment introduces an unpleasant stimulus to diminish behavior.
- Negative punishment removes a pleasant stimulus as a means to reduce behavior.
Observational Learning
- Observational learning occurs when individuals learn by watching and imitating others.
- Albert Bandura studied Social Learning Theory and conducted the Bobo doll experiment, demonstrating that children can learn aggressive behaviors through observation.
- A model is an admired figure whose behaviors may be emulated by others.
Additional Concepts in Learning
- Identification arises when an individual adopts traits from a model they respect.
- Imitation involves directly copying the behavior of others.
- Gender roles affect expectations for behavior based on one's sex, influencing societal norms and personal development.
Studying That Suits You
Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.
Description
This quiz focuses on key concepts in learning theories within psychology. Explore terms related to cognition, behavior, and conditioning to enhance your understanding of how we learn. Use these flashcards to test your knowledge and recall essential definitions.