Podcast
Questions and Answers
What is Learning?
What is Learning?
- Gaining new knowledge or skills (correct)
- A mental process
- The way we act
- An unpleasant stimulus
What does Cognition refer to?
What does Cognition refer to?
- Behavior patterns
- A type of learning
- All mental processes such as thinking, learning, and memory (correct)
- Gaining new knowledge
What is Behaviour?
What is Behaviour?
The way we act
What does Conditioned mean?
What does Conditioned mean?
What is Classical Conditioning?
What is Classical Conditioning?
What is a Stimulus?
What is a Stimulus?
What is a Response?
What is a Response?
What does Association mean in classical conditioning?
What does Association mean in classical conditioning?
What is a Reflex?
What is a Reflex?
Who is Pavlov?
Who is Pavlov?
What is an Unconditioned Stimulus?
What is an Unconditioned Stimulus?
What is an Unconditional Response?
What is an Unconditional Response?
What is a Conditioned Stimulus?
What is a Conditioned Stimulus?
What is a Conditioned Response?
What is a Conditioned Response?
What is Little Albert?
What is Little Albert?
Who are Watson & Raynor?
Who are Watson & Raynor?
What does Generalisation refer to?
What does Generalisation refer to?
What does Discrimination mean in this context?
What does Discrimination mean in this context?
What is Extinction?
What is Extinction?
What is Operant Conditioning?
What is Operant Conditioning?
Who is Skinner?
Who is Skinner?
What is a Consequence?
What is a Consequence?
What is Reinforcement?
What is Reinforcement?
What is Positive Reinforcement?
What is Positive Reinforcement?
What is Negative Reinforcement?
What is Negative Reinforcement?
What is Positive Punishment?
What is Positive Punishment?
What is Negative Punishment?
What is Negative Punishment?
What is a Skinner Box?
What is a Skinner Box?
What is a Reward?
What is a Reward?
What is Observational Learning?
What is Observational Learning?
Who is Bandura?
Who is Bandura?
What is a Model in the context of learning?
What is a Model in the context of learning?
What is Observation?
What is Observation?
What does Identification mean in this context?
What does Identification mean in this context?
What is Imitation?
What is Imitation?
What is Gender Role?
What is Gender Role?
Study Notes
Learning Theories
- Learning involves acquiring new knowledge or skills.
- Cognition encompasses all mental processes, including thinking, learning, and memory.
- Behaviour refers to the actions or reactions of an individual.
Classical Conditioning
- Classical conditioning is described as learning through association.
- A stimulus is an event that triggers a response.
- A response follows a stimulus and occurs naturally in reflex actions.
- Reflex actions are automatic responses to stimuli.
Key Figures in Classical Conditioning
- Ivan Pavlov is known for his experiments with dogs, conditioning them to salivate at the sound of a bell.
- Unconditioned stimuli yield natural, involuntary responses, termed unconditioned responses.
- Conditioned stimuli develop associations with unconditioned stimuli, leading to conditioned responses.
Little Albert Experiment
- The Little Albert study illustrated the principles of classical conditioning in fear responses.
- John Watson and Rosalie Raynor conducted the study to demonstrate how emotions can be conditioned.
Conditioning Outcomes
- Generalization occurs when conditioned responses extend to similar stimuli.
- Discrimination involves recognizing differences between the conditioned stimulus and other similar stimuli.
- Extinction happens when a conditioned response fades upon repeated presentation of the conditioned stimulus without reinforcement.
Operant Conditioning
- Operant conditioning focuses on learning through consequences and reinforcement.
- B.F. Skinner is recognized for studying operant conditioning and developing the Skinner box to observe animal behavior.
- Consequence refers to the outcomes resulting from a behavior.
Reinforcement and Punishment
- Reinforcement increases the likelihood that a behavior will be repeated.
- Positive reinforcement involves presenting a pleasant stimulus to encourage a behavior.
- Negative reinforcement entails removing an unpleasant stimulus to promote behavior repetition.
- Positive punishment introduces an unpleasant stimulus to diminish behavior.
- Negative punishment removes a pleasant stimulus as a means to reduce behavior.
Observational Learning
- Observational learning occurs when individuals learn by watching and imitating others.
- Albert Bandura studied Social Learning Theory and conducted the Bobo doll experiment, demonstrating that children can learn aggressive behaviors through observation.
- A model is an admired figure whose behaviors may be emulated by others.
Additional Concepts in Learning
- Identification arises when an individual adopts traits from a model they respect.
- Imitation involves directly copying the behavior of others.
- Gender roles affect expectations for behavior based on one's sex, influencing societal norms and personal development.
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Description
This quiz focuses on key concepts in learning theories within psychology. Explore terms related to cognition, behavior, and conditioning to enhance your understanding of how we learn. Use these flashcards to test your knowledge and recall essential definitions.