Psychology Learning Concepts Quiz

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Questions and Answers

What is the effect of stimulus generalization?

Only the original conditioned stimulus produces the response.

Responses to stimuli identical to the conditioned stimulus are diminished.

Different stimuli elicit completely different responses.

Similar stimuli elicit the same conditioned response. (correct)

Which principle of operant conditioning involves removing a bad element as a form of reward?

Positive punishment

Positive reinforcement

Negative reinforcement (correct)

Negative punishment

What is a characteristic of partial reinforcement on a variable schedule?

Reinforcement occurs randomly in terms of time and behavior. (correct)

Reinforcement occurs after a fixed number of successful actions.

Reinforcement occurs after a consistent time period.

Reinforcement occurs after a specific number of behaviors.

In which learning theory are mirror neurons particularly significant?

Observational learning Signup and view all the answers

What type of learning involves a decrease in response due to becoming familiar with a stimulus?

Habituation Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes vicarious learning?

Understanding consequences by witnessing them on others. Signup and view all the answers

Which strategy is an example of second order conditioning?

A dog learns to associate a bell with food presentation, then learns to associate a light with the bell. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following correctly describes spontaneous recovery in classical conditioning?

Weakening the conditioned response due to a break after extinction Signup and view all the answers

In classical conditioning, what is the conditioned stimulus?

A previously neutral stimulus that elicits a response after conditioning Signup and view all the answers

What best describes latent learning?

Learning that occurs without any awareness of behavioral change. Signup and view all the answers

What does the law of effect state in operant conditioning?

Behaviors followed by favorable consequences are likely to be repeated. Signup and view all the answers

What is a key difference between sensitization and desensitization?

Sensitization occurs due to strong responses, while desensitization results from repeated exposure. Signup and view all the answers

What does the principle of stimulus generalization refer to?

The likelihood of responding similarly to stimuli that are alike Signup and view all the answers

Which statement is true about the neutral stimulus in classical conditioning?

It becomes a conditioned stimulus after learning takes place. Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the acquisition of conditioning as the time interval between the unconditioned stimulus and unconditioned response increases?

It weakens the acquisition of conditioning. Signup and view all the answers

In the context of behaviorism, what aspect of learning are behaviorists primarily concerned with?

Measurable changes in behavior resulting from experiences Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Learning

Learning is any permanent change in behavior caused by experience or consequence.
Learning in humans is complex compared to other animals' learning.
Behaviorists focus on behavioral changes from experience.
Learning can be classified into nonassociative, associative, and observational.

Nonassociative Learning

This type of learning involves a change in response after repeated exposure to a stimulus.
Habituation: A decrease in response to a familiar stimulus. This is a basic form of learning where we get used to something.
Dishabituation: An increase in response to a change in a familiar stimulus. A change in a familiar stimulus causes us to react.

Associative Learning (Conditioning)

This type of learning involves linking two stimuli or events together.
Classical Conditioning: Linking a neutral stimulus with a stimulus that naturally triggers a response.
- Preconditioning (instinctive): Stimulus-response that is already in place, no learning needed
- Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS): A stimulus that naturally triggers a response. (Ex: food)
- Unconditioned Response (UCR): The naturally occurring response to the UCS. (Ex: salivation)
- Conditioned Stimulus (CS): A neutral stimulus that, after learning, triggers a learned response. It does not have a response associated with it before learning.
- Conditioned Response (CR): The learned response to the CS. (similar to the UCR)
- Neutral Stimulus: Something that initially does not elicit a response. Can become the CS.
- Sensitization: A strong response to a stimulus, often forming a phobia.
- Desensitization: Repeated exposure to a stimulus to decrease the response over time.
Principles of Classical Conditioning
- Time between UCS and UCR weakens conditioning over time.
- After a neutral stimulus becomes a conditioned stimulus, learning has taken place.
- Spontaneous recovery: When a conditioned response reappears after a break, though weakened. Learning isn't fully lost.
- Stimulus generalization: Responding to similar stimuli.
- Stimulus discrimination: Differentiating between similar stimuli; the CS causing a greater response than the similar stimulus.
Minimal Track Learning (MTL): Phobias are learned rather than inherent.
- Second-order conditioning: A CS is associated with another CS
- Long delays in pairing stimuli prevent associations.
- Applications of Classical Conditioning Examples of real-world applications such as preventing food sickness during chemotherapy.
Operant Conditioning: Learning through consequences.
- Law of Effect: We learn by the consequences of our actions.
Principles of Operant Conditioning
- Positive reinforcement: Adding a desirable stimulus to increase behavior. (Ex: allowance)
- Negative reinforcement: Removing an undesirable stimulus to increase behavior. (Ex: taking away unpleasant nagging).
- Positive punishment: Adding an undesirable stimulus to decrease behavior.
- Negative punishment: Removing a desirable stimulus to decrease behavior

Observational Learning

Learning by observing others' behaviors.
Partial Reinforcement:
- Ratio schedule: Reinforcement after a certain number of behaviors.
- Interval schedule: Reinforcement after a certain amount of time.
- Fixed schedule: Reinforcement after a fixed number of behaviors or a fixed amount of time.
- Variable schedule: Random numbers or times of reinforcement. This is the best for maintaining learned behavior.
Latent learning: Learning without immediate reinforcement (cognitive maps)
Principles of Observational Learning: -Acquisition: Attention, retention, reproduction, motivation
Vicarious learning: Learning through observing others' consequences.
Mirror neurons: Neuroscience link to empathy

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Description

Test your understanding of the various learning concepts in psychology. This quiz covers nonassociative learning including habituation and dishabituation, as well as associative learning such as classical conditioning. Explore how these learning processes differ in humans compared to other animals.