Questions and Answers
In an experimental design, the _________ variable is manipulated by the researcher, with the goal of eliciting a significant response.
independent
Researchers measured the __________ variable by asking subjects to assess pleasantness _________ for each syllable.
dependent, rating
In both the individual and published results, ___________ word pairings had the highest pleasantness rating.
positive
The lowest pleasantness ratings were given to the ____________ word pairings.
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Based on classical conditioning principles, you would expect pleasantness ratings to be highest for which pairing?
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Which pairing would have the lowest pleasantness rating?
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Which pairing would have intermediate pleasantness ratings?
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Which graph best represents the results based on the pairings QUG - happy, LAJ - poison, WUH - cart?
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When advertisers associate their brand with an athlete, which concept are they utilizing?
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What is one shortcoming of the idea that pairing an athlete with a product will build a positive image?
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Effect on perceptions of Johanna when she runs an ad without mentioning her opponent?
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Effect on perceptions of her opponent when Johanna highlights her policies without mentioning him?
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Effect on perceptions of Johanna when she pairs her policies with her opponent's scowling face?
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Effect on perceptions of her opponent with the same advertising tactic?
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One potential flaw in the experiment is that the syllables may be inherently __________ or difficult to say.
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All of the following are possible fixes for the experimental flaw EXCEPT:
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Study Notes
Experimental Design and Variables
- Independent variable: manipulated by the researcher to elicit responses.
- Dependent variable: measured by assessing pleasantness ratings for each syllable.
Pleasantness Ratings and Word Pairings
- Positive word pairings yield highest pleasantness ratings.
- Negative word pairings result in the lowest pleasantness ratings.
- Intermediate ratings appear for neutral word types.
Classical Conditioning Expectations
- Highest pleasantness rating expected for YOF (beauty).
- Lowest pleasantness expected for XEH (thief).
- GIW (sand) rated at an intermediate level.
Graphical Representation
- Higher pleasantness scores indicate greater pleasantness.
- Graph A: QUG (happy) is rated high, WUH (cart) mid-range, and LAJ (poison) rated low.
Advertising and Classical Conditioning
- Brands can act as a conditioned stimulus, forming positive associations in consumers' minds.
- Advertisers leverage classical conditioning to connect their brand with positive emotions elicited by athletes.
Association Strategies in Advertising
- Associating a food product with Olympic athletes aims to build a positive emotional connection with the brand.
- Advertisers seek to evoke positive feelings related to athletes to enhance brand image, especially when the product is otherwise viewed negatively.
Shortcomings of Athlete Pairing
- The effectiveness of pairing an athlete with a product depends heavily on the audience’s likeability toward the athlete.
Campaign Strategies and Outcomes
- Campaigns that avoid direct mentions of opponents can improve candidate images without harming the opponent’s perception.
- Negative associations using opponent’s images can enhance the candidate’s image while harming the opponent's perception.
Potential Experimental Flaws
- Syllables themselves may bias pleasantness ratings due to inherent unpleasantness or enunciation difficulty.
- Possible fixes for reported flaws include:
- Ensuring syllables are similar in pronunciation and ease.
- Utilizing distinct sounds before showing words.
- Avoiding pairing syllables with negative words.
- Incorporating different modalities (e.g., shapes or colors) instead of syllables.
- Pairing nonsense syllables with only positive words is not a valid fix; it does not address the inherent flaw in syllable ratings.
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Description
Explore key concepts from Chapter 6 of the Psychology Lab series focusing on classical conditioning. This quiz covers the independent and dependent variables crucial to understanding experimental design. Test your knowledge on how these variables affect pleasantness ratings in psychological research.
