AP Psychology - Motivation and Emotion Flashcards

Questions and Answers

What is motivation?

A complex behavior that is learned

An instinct that directs behavior

A need or desire that energizes and directs behavior (correct)

A resting state of energy expenditure

What does instinct refer to?

A complex behavior that is rigidly patterned throughout a species and is unlearned

What is drive-reduction theory?

The idea that a physiological need creates an aroused tension state (a drive) that motivates an organism to satisfy the need

Define homeostasis.

A tendency to maintain a balanced or constant internal state Signup and view all the answers

What is an incentive?

A positive or negative environmental stimulus that motivates behavior Signup and view all the answers

What is Maslow's hierarchy of needs?

A pyramid of human needs, starting with physiological needs and moving to safety and psychological needs Signup and view all the answers

What is glucose?

The form of sugar that circulates in the blood and provides the major source of energy for body tissues Signup and view all the answers

What does set point refer to?

The weight at which an individual's 'thermostat' is supposedly set Signup and view all the answers

Define basal metabolic rate.

The body's resting rate of energy expenditure Signup and view all the answers

What is anorexia nervosa?

An eating disorder in which a person diets and becomes significantly underweight while feeling fat Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes bulimia nervosa?

Episodes of overeating followed by vomiting, laxative use, fasting, or excessive exercise Signup and view all the answers

What is binge-eating disorder?

Significant binge-eating episodes followed by distress, without compensatory purging Signup and view all the answers

What are the stages of the sexual response cycle?

Excitement, plateau, orgasm, and resolution Signup and view all the answers

What is a refractory period?

A resting period after orgasm during which a man cannot achieve another orgasm Signup and view all the answers

What role do estrogens play?

They are sex hormones secreted in greater amounts by females and contribute to female sex characteristics Signup and view all the answers

What is testosterone?

The most important male sex hormone that stimulates growth of male sex organs and characteristics Signup and view all the answers

Define sexual orientation.

An enduring sexual attraction toward members of either one's own sex or the other sex Signup and view all the answers

What is emotion?

A response of the whole organism involving physiological arousal, expressive behaviors, and conscious experience Signup and view all the answers

What does the James-Lange theory propose?

That our experience of emotion is our awareness of our physiological responses to emotional stimuli Signup and view all the answers

What does the cannon-bard theory state?

An emotion-arousing stimulus simultaneously triggers psychological responses and the subjective experience of emotion Signup and view all the answers

What is the two-factor theory?

The Schachter-Singer theory that to experience emotion one must be physically aroused and cognitively label the arousal Signup and view all the answers

What is a polygraph?

A machine used to detect lies by measuring several physiological responses accompanying emotion Signup and view all the answers

What is facial feedback?

The effect of facial expressions on experienced emotions Signup and view all the answers

Define catharsis.

Emotional release; the act of releasing aggressive energy to relieve urges. Signup and view all the answers

What is the feel-good, do-good phenomenon?

People's tendency to be helpful when already in a good mood Signup and view all the answers

What does well-being refer to?

Self-perceived happiness Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Motivation

Defined as a need or desire that energizes and directs behavior.
Drives human actions and decisions towards goal fulfillment.

Instinct

A complex and unlearned behavior, consistently patterned among species.

Drive-Reduction Theory

Proposes that physiological needs create an aroused tension state, or drive, leading to behaviors aimed at satisfying those needs.

Homeostasis

The body's natural tendency to maintain a stable internal environment, regulating variables like blood glucose.

Incentive

Refers to environmental stimuli that can be positive or negative, motivating individuals to act.

Hierarchy of Needs

Maslow's model categorizes human needs into a pyramid, with basic physiological needs at the base, followed by safety, then psychological needs.

Glucose

A primary form of sugar in the blood, serving as the main energy source for body tissues. Low levels trigger feelings of hunger.

Set Point

The predetermined body weight that the body tries to maintain through mechanisms that increase hunger and lower metabolism if weight is lost.

Basal Metabolic Rate

Indicates the resting rate of energy expenditure by the body when at rest, crucial for understanding energy balance.

Anorexia Nervosa

An eating disorder characterized by extreme weight loss (15% or more underweight) due to self-starvation paired with a distorted body image.

Bulimia Nervosa

Involves episodes of excessive eating followed by purging behaviors such as vomiting or excessive exercise to avoid weight gain.

Binge-Eating Disorder

Characterized by significant binge-eating episodes accompanied by feelings of distress but without compensatory purging behaviors.

Sexual Response Cycle

Describes four stages of sexual arousal: excitement, plateau, orgasm, and resolution, as outlined by Masters and Johnson.

Refractory Period

A time following orgasm during which a male cannot achieve another orgasm.

Estrogens

Female sex hormones like estradiol that are predominant in females and play roles in female sexual characteristics and reproductive cycles.

Testosterone

The principal male sex hormone that promotes male physical development and characteristics.

Sexual Orientation

Represents an enduring sexual attraction towards one’s own sex (homosexual) or the opposite sex (heterosexual).

Emotion

A comprehensive response involving physiological arousal, expressive behaviors, and conscious experiences.

James-Lange Theory

Suggests that emotions arise from awareness of physiological responses to stimuli.

Cannon-Bard Theory

Posits that emotion-arousing stimuli trigger both psychological responses and subjective emotional experiences simultaneously.

Two-Factor Theory

Schachter-Singer’s model states that experiencing emotion requires both physical arousal and cognitive labeling of that arousal.

Polygraph

A machine that measures physiological responses, such as heart rate and perspiration, to detect lies and emotional states.

Facial Feedback

Highlights how facial expressions can enhance or intensify emotional experiences, linking physical expressions with feelings.

Catharsis

Refers to emotional release, suggesting that expressing aggressive feelings can alleviate urges to act aggressively.

Feel-Good, Do-Good Phenomenon

The tendency for individuals to be more helpful when they are in a positive mood.

Well-Being

Associated with self-perceived happiness and overall satisfaction with life.

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Test your knowledge on the key concepts of motivation and emotion in AP Psychology with these flashcards. Each card covers important terms and definitions to help solidify your understanding of psychological theories and terms related to motivation. Perfect for exam preparation!