Psychology Fundamentals Quiz

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Questions and Answers

What does the term 'structuralism' refer to in psychology?

The analysis of complex mental processes

The study of behavior in social contexts

The examination of the basic elements and structures of the mind (correct)

The exploration of emotional responses to stimuli

What was the primary goal of Wilhelm Wundt when establishing the first psychological lab?

To scientifically study the components of experience and the mind (correct)

To prove the superiority of nature over nurture

To understand how social influences affect behavior

To create a comprehensive theory of the mind

What was one significant discovery made by Wundt's research regarding sensory perception?

Sound should be played after the image for optimal effect

Humans want sound to precede the image in animations (correct)

Humans prefer visual stimuli over auditory stimuli

Auditory stimuli have no influence on visual perception

Which dilemma involves the debate over whether behavior is determined by genetics or experiences?

Nature versus nurture Signup and view all the answers

What method of research did Edward Titchener utilize in his studies?

Introspection Signup and view all the answers

Which term refers to the body's adaptation to a substance, requiring more of it to achieve the same effect?

Tolerance Signup and view all the answers

What symptom is NOT commonly associated with alcohol withdrawal?

Euphoria Signup and view all the answers

What does psychological dependence primarily relate to in terms of addiction?

Neurochemical changes in the brain Signup and view all the answers

In the context of addiction, what does the term 'reward' refer to?

The positive reinforcement of using the substance Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following represents a method for reducing nicotine dependence?

Nicotine replacement therapies Signup and view all the answers

What does color constancy rely on besides wavelengths of light?

Surrounding colors and ambient lighting Signup and view all the answers

What does the retinex theory of color vision emphasize?

Expectations and anticipation of visual information Signup and view all the answers

How do Gestalt Psychologists view psychological phenomena?

As structured wholes rather than parts Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of innate responses?

They are produced without thought Signup and view all the answers

Which of these is considered a type of taxis?

Phototropism, moving towards light Signup and view all the answers

What is the main focus of behaviorism in psychology?

Observing observable stimulus-response relationships Signup and view all the answers

What differentiates instincts from reflexes?

Instincts are specific to species and do not vary Signup and view all the answers

Which reflex is typically considered an innate response?

Babinski reflex Signup and view all the answers

What role does the somatosensory system play?

Provides feedback about the environment and internal state Signup and view all the answers

In which area are the laws/principles of perception commonly applied?

Understanding optical illusions Signup and view all the answers

What does the primacy effect suggest about how we remember information about others?

The first information learned is remembered most. Signup and view all the answers

In the context of self-fulfilling prophecies, what effect does a person's expectation have on their behavior?

It changes their behavior to increase the likelihood of the predicted event. Signup and view all the answers

What was the main finding of the phone conversation study by Snyder, Tanke, and Berscheid regarding attractiveness?

Male participants interacted in a more flirtatious manner with women they perceived as attractive. Signup and view all the answers

What is a stereotype?

An over-generalized belief about a category of people. Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between stereotypes, prejudice, and discrimination?

Discrimination occurs when stereotypes lead to unfair treatment. Signup and view all the answers

What defines an internal attribution in explaining behavior?

Assigning causes based on the person's internal characteristics. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following scenarios illustrates external attribution?

An employee performs poorly due to unclear instructions from a manager. Signup and view all the answers

What was Jane Elliott's approach in the Eye of the Storm exercise?

Dividing students based on eye color and promoting superiority of one group. Signup and view all the answers

How can accurate stereotypes be beneficial?

They help in understanding general group characteristics. Signup and view all the answers

What is a key difference between internal and external attributions?

Internal attributions focus on personal characteristics, while external attributions focus on situational factors. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of Freud's psychosexual stages of development?

Sexual drive and trauma Signup and view all the answers

Which Freudian stage is characterized by fixation on mouth-centered activities?

Oral stage Signup and view all the answers

According to Freud, a significant developmental challenge during the phallic stage includes which of the following?

Castration anxiety Signup and view all the answers

What key concept did Carl Jung introduce that differs from Freud's theories?

Collective unconscious Signup and view all the answers

What does Adler's Superiority Theory emphasize as the main motivator behind human behavior?

Striving for superiority Signup and view all the answers

Which term describes an exaggerated feeling of weakness according to Alfred Adler?

Inferiority complex Signup and view all the answers

In humanistic psychology, which concept refers to the person one believes they can become?

Ideal self Signup and view all the answers

What is the main assumption of the social cognitive model of personality?

Learning shapes personality through social interactions Signup and view all the answers

Who is known for the delay of gratification experiments often referred to as the marshmallow experiment?

Walter Mischel Signup and view all the answers

Which Freudian stage comes immediately after the latency stage?

Genital stage Signup and view all the answers

Carl Rogers is associated with which psychological approach?

Humanistic psychology Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following concepts refers to the psychological patterns shared by the collective unconscious according to Jung?

Archetypes Signup and view all the answers

What theory emphasizes the importance of both conscious and unconscious processes in personality development according to Jung?

Analytical psychology Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of rods in vision?

Motion detection in dim light Signup and view all the answers

Which type of psychoactive drug is characterized as a GABA agonist?

Alcohol Signup and view all the answers

What does the Young-Helmholtz Trichromatic Theory of Color Vision explain?

The presence of three cell types sensitive to different color frequencies Signup and view all the answers

What is the major effect of hallucinogens like LSD?

Increased energy and anxiety Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the ecological approach to visual perception?

Perception is derived directly from environmental stimuli Signup and view all the answers

What term is used to describe drugs that prevent neurotransmitter reuptake?

Reuptake inhibitors Signup and view all the answers

Cones are primarily responsible for which type of vision?

Color vision and daylight vision Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following drugs is classified as a narcotic?

Opiates Signup and view all the answers

What defines the role of an antagonist in neurotransmitter function?

It blocks neurotransmitter receptors Signup and view all the answers

What phenomenon explains why we do not see our nose in our visual field?

Perceptual suppression Signup and view all the answers

What structures make up the central nervous system?

Brain, midbrain, hindbrain, and spinal cord Signup and view all the answers

Which lobe is primarily associated with planning and organization?

Frontal lobe Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of Wernicke's area in the brain?

Understanding and forming thoughts about language Signup and view all the answers

Which method was used by Penfield in his quest to locate the engram?

Electrical stimulation Signup and view all the answers

What fundamental difference separates sensation from perception?

Sensation is the conversion of environmental energy into neural signals, while perception is the interpretation of those signals Signup and view all the answers

What determines the brightness of light detected by the human eye?

Amplitude of the light wave Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the lens in the eye?

Adjust and focus the image for clarity Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes Broca's area in terms of language processing?

Involved in producing and articulating speech Signup and view all the answers

Which imaging technique uses radioactive isotopes to assess brain function?

Positron emission tomography (PET) scan Signup and view all the answers

Which type of energy does the human visual system primarily detect?

Electromagnetic energy Signup and view all the answers

What does personality primarily consist of according to trait theory?

Combination of traits Signup and view all the answers

What does the fundamental attribution error describe?

The inclination to attribute others' behavior to their character rather than situational factors. Signup and view all the answers

Which trait reflects a person's tendency to be outgoing and sociable?

Extraversion Signup and view all the answers

How did Gordon Allport contribute to the field of personality psychology?

By classifying and measuring personality traits Signup and view all the answers

In the Castro essay study, what did participants do when asked about their opinions on Castro?

They based their opinions on the type of essay they were assigned. Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the criticisms of the Big 5 personality traits model?

It may not cover all aspects of personality. Signup and view all the answers

What is the actor-observer effect?

The tendency to explain others' behaviors with external factors while attributing our own to internal ones. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes neuroticism in the Big 5 model?

Anxious and moody Signup and view all the answers

What does self-serving bias refer to?

Attributing our successes to luck and failures to external circumstances. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following factors is NOT associated with attraction?

Conflict avoidance Signup and view all the answers

What approach did Allport initially take in his research?

Examining healthy individuals and individual differences Signup and view all the answers

From where did Allport derive many personality-related words during his research?

Dictionaries of the English language Signup and view all the answers

When seeking a male-identifying partner, which characteristic is typically prioritized?

Physical attractiveness Signup and view all the answers

What does the 'C' in the Big 5 (OCEAN) represent?

Conscientiousness Signup and view all the answers

What does the psychodynamic theory suggest about personality?

It is based on the interplay of conflicting forces within the individual. Signup and view all the answers

Which psychological perspective was historically associated with mental health issues in ancient cultures?

Demonic possession Signup and view all the answers

Which term refers to the conscious force that seeks to balance id and superego's desires?

Ego Signup and view all the answers

What was one method used in ancient Egyptian treatments for mental illness?

Opium use Signup and view all the answers

What psychological technique involves discussing thoughts and dreams without filtering?

Free association Signup and view all the answers

Which waist-to-hip ratio is typically associated with good reproductive genes in females?

0.7 Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements reflects a key challenge to Allport’s trait theory?

Individuals have unique combinations of traits. Signup and view all the answers

The idea that personality traits have a biological basis aligns with which of the following theories?

Genetic inheritance theory Signup and view all the answers

What can be suggested by averaging out faces in a study on attractiveness?

It enhances physical attractiveness. Signup and view all the answers

What is meant by 'merely exposure effect' in the context of attraction?

The preference for familiar stimuli over unfamiliar ones. Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'anchoring effects' refer to in the context of personality traits?

Influences from social interactions Signup and view all the answers

What aspect of traits did Allport explore in depth?

The measurement of traits Signup and view all the answers

What do Freud's concepts of the id, ego, and superego represent?

Conflicting forces within the psyche. Signup and view all the answers

What is the main reason for the historical popularity of Freud's theories?

They offered new insights into the unconscious mind. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is true about the relationship between neuroticism and extraversion?

Negative correlation Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes an anxious/resistant attachment in infants?

The infant displays mixed responses of happiness and anger towards the mother. Signup and view all the answers

Which developmental level corresponds to children aged 9 and younger, according to Kohlberg's theory?

Level 1 Signup and view all the answers

What does developmental psychology primarily study?

How and why the mind changes throughout the lifespan Signup and view all the answers

What is the approximate capacity of short-term memory?

7 ± 2 items Signup and view all the answers

What is one implication of the snowflake analogy in development?

Each person's development is unique yet somewhat predictable. Signup and view all the answers

Which type of long-term memory includes knowing the capital of France?

Semantic memory Signup and view all the answers

Which hormone initiates puberty by being sent from the hypothalamus to the gonads?

Luteinizing hormone (LH) Signup and view all the answers

What is heritability an estimate of?

Variance within a psychological concept due to genetics Signup and view all the answers

What is the recency effect?

Better recall of information at the end of a list Signup and view all the answers

Which type of twin studies provides the most accurate estimate of heritability?

Identical twin studies Signup and view all the answers

What theory posits that mental health issues stem from physical causes?

Somatogenic theory Signup and view all the answers

What is proactive interference?

New material is lost due to old material Signup and view all the answers

In the study by Bouchard, Jim Lewis and Jim Springer demonstrated similarities in which of the following?

Employment history and lifestyle choices Signup and view all the answers

What was Philippe Pinel's significant belief regarding mental illness?

Mental illness can be cured with humane treatment. Signup and view all the answers

What does the method of loci refer to?

Recalling items by visualizing them in familiar locations Signup and view all the answers

In which Piaget stage is an individual likely to engage in logical reasoning and systematic planning?

Formal operational stage Signup and view all the answers

What was a primary issue with the mental health 'hospitals' during Philippe Pinel's time?

They lacked basic amenities and were overcrowded. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is considered a critical infant reflex?

Grasping reflex Signup and view all the answers

How did the DSM aim to improve mental health diagnostics?

By introducing uniform definitions and standards for diagnoses. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of Erik Erikson's stages of development?

Psychosocial conflicts and resolutions Signup and view all the answers

What factor can precipitate precocious puberty?

Nutritional factors and stress Signup and view all the answers

Which type of memory allows individuals to demonstrate skills like riding a bicycle?

Nondeclarative (procedural) memory Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about social perception is true?

Imagined social contexts can influence how we perceive others. Signup and view all the answers

What is a major limitation of the DSM mentioned in the content?

It categorizes individuals without considering their unique symptoms. Signup and view all the answers

What does the Apgar scale assess in newborns?

Physical and mental development Signup and view all the answers

What represents the primacy effect?

Enhanced recall of initial items in a list Signup and view all the answers

What characteristic defines the Barnum Effect?

The acceptance of general personality statements as personally relevant. Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for recalling information more effectively when in the same context as when it was learned?

State-dependent memory Signup and view all the answers

What does reliability in psychological testing refer to?

The consistency of a measure in producing similar results. Signup and view all the answers

Which statement best represents the focus of early developmental psychologists?

Tracking typical development patterns and their triggers Signup and view all the answers

Which psychological approach emphasizes understanding the purpose behind mental actions rather than focusing on the structure of the mind?

Functionalism Signup and view all the answers

Which concept refers to the tendency to add incorrect information when reconstructing memories?

The reconstruction effect Signup and view all the answers

Which personality inventory is used most widely in clinical settings?

Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory Signup and view all the answers

What does retroactive interference imply?

New material prevents the retention of old material Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a limitation of the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI)?

It categorizes individuals into fixed personality types. Signup and view all the answers

What concept did Sigmund Freud introduce that significantly impacted the field of psychology?

Psychoanalysis Signup and view all the answers

In Mary Ainsworth’s 'Strange Situation Study', which type of attachment is characterized by using the caregiver as a secure base for exploration?

Secure attachment Signup and view all the answers

What was the primary focus of behaviorism in psychology during the 1920s?

Observing observable behaviors Signup and view all the answers

What is a criticism of the early mental health treatment approaches listed?

They included various forms of torture and inhumane practices. Signup and view all the answers

What was one result of the bio-psycho-social perspective?

It merged biological, psychological, and social factors into one comprehensive view. Signup and view all the answers

Which term refers to the all-or-none signal propagated along the axon of a neuron?

Action potential Signup and view all the answers

What element enhances memory retention according to the levels of processing theory?

Broad connections and deep understanding Signup and view all the answers

What role do neurotransmitters play in neuron communication?

They transmit chemical signals between neurons. Signup and view all the answers

In what year was the DSM first published?

1952 Signup and view all the answers

In the context of neurons, what is a synapse?

The gap between two neurons where communication occurs. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of the NEO Personality Inventory-Revised?

To measure general personality traits. Signup and view all the answers

What is a major contribution of Ramon Y Cajal to neuroscience?

Neuron doctrine Signup and view all the answers

Which neurotransmitter is primarily associated with motivations and feelings of reward?

Dopamine Signup and view all the answers

What does 'reuptake' refer to in the context of neurotransmitter action?

The recycling of neurotransmitters back into the presynaptic neuron. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a characteristic of glial cells?

They provide structural support for neurons. Signup and view all the answers

Which approach to psychology arose in response to the limitations of behaviorism?

Cognitive psychology Signup and view all the answers

What is a common misconception about the neuron count in the human body?

Humans have significantly more neurons than other animals. Signup and view all the answers

What psychological trend in the 1970s utilized new technologies like EEG and fMRI?

Cognitive Revolution Signup and view all the answers

What was the primary concern of humoral theories related to personality?

The balance of bodily fluids affecting temperament Signup and view all the answers

What is a defining feature of panic disorder?

Recurrent panic attacks Signup and view all the answers

Which statement best describes the prevalence of panic disorder?

Approximately 3% of the population is diagnosed at any time Signup and view all the answers

Which treatment is commonly used for panic disorder?

Antidepressants and behavioral therapy Signup and view all the answers

What is considered a specific phobia?

An irrational fear that disrupts daily activities Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best illustrates the diathesis-stress model related to phobias?

Individuals with a genetic predisposition developing fears after stressful events Signup and view all the answers

What is a common treatment method for specific phobias?

Behavioral therapy Signup and view all the answers

How is depression commonly characterized?

Negative mood and lethargic behavior Signup and view all the answers

Which group has a higher incidence rate of diagnosed depression?

Women Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant risk factor for developing depression?

Familial environmental influences Signup and view all the answers

Which substance usage disorder symptom indicates a person cannot control their substance use?

Taking larger amounts than intended Signup and view all the answers

What wave of the opioid epidemic began in 2010?

Wave of heroin overdose deaths Signup and view all the answers

What is a psychological symptom of substance use disorder?

Craving or strong urge to use Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of projective techniques in psychological assessment?

To encourage personal exploration through ambiguous stimuli Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes addiction?

Continued use of a substance despite problems caused by it Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following accurately describes the Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)?

A projective test consisting of 30 black and white pictures Signup and view all the answers

How did observation influence fear according to Susan Mineka’s research?

Lab monkeys developed fear by observing wild monkeys Signup and view all the answers

What is a common characteristic of mood disorders?

Long-term negative impact on emotions Signup and view all the answers

What does the diathesis-stress model suggest regarding mental disorders?

Both biological predispositions and environmental stressors are necessary for the manifestation of disorders Signup and view all the answers

In psychotherapy, what is the primary focus of the cognitive-behavioral approach (CBT)?

To address the interplay of cognitions, emotions, and actions Signup and view all the answers

Which treatment modality is associated with the historical approaches of psychosurgery?

Electro-convulsive shock therapy (ECT) Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the main goals of person-centered therapy as developed by Carl Rogers?

To provide total acceptance and unconditional positive regard Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of generalized anxiety disorder?

A free-floating anxiety persisting for at least 6 months Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a traditional treatment approach mentioned for mental health issues?

Long-term psychoanalysis focusing solely on dreams Signup and view all the answers

What is a common benefit associated with medications for mental health disorders?

They offer quick results and powerful symptom reduction Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes the behavioral approach from other psychotherapy approaches?

It begins with clear, actionable goals and learning mechanisms Signup and view all the answers

What type of anxiety disorder is characterized by experiencing panic attacks without a clear source of fear?

Panic disorder Signup and view all the answers

In the context of mental health approaches, which statement best describes integrative psychotherapy?

It incorporates a variety of therapeutic techniques tailored to the client Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a potential drawback of medication as a treatment for mental disorders?

It may lead to overmedication and tolerance effects Signup and view all the answers

What is a common symptom of panic disorder?

Acute episodes of fear experienced without warning Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes the humanistic approach in psychotherapy from other methods?

It believes clients can identify their path to self-actualization Signup and view all the answers

What is radical behaviorism primarily concerned with?

Observable behaviors resulting from stimuli and responses Signup and view all the answers

Which type of conditioning is characterized by learning the consequences of actions?

Operant conditioning Signup and view all the answers

What is an unconditioned stimulus (UCS) in classical conditioning?

A stimulus that automatically elicits a response Signup and view all the answers

Which phrase best describes the phenomenon of spontaneous recovery?

The sudden return of a conditioned response after a pause Signup and view all the answers

Who is primarily credited with the concept of classical conditioning?

Ivan Pavlov Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'generalization' refer to in classical conditioning?

Responding to a new stimulus as if it were the same as the conditioned stimulus Signup and view all the answers

What did Hermann Ebbinghaus's research primarily focus on?

The acquisition and forgetting of information Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT one of the three main steps involved in displaying memory?

Inspection Signup and view all the answers

How long does sensory memory typically last?

A fraction of a second Signup and view all the answers

What type of memory test involves recalling information without any cues?

Free recall test Signup and view all the answers

What is meant by 'forgetting curves' in memory studies?

The decline of memory retention over time Signup and view all the answers

What happens during the encoding process in memory?

Information is converted into a retrievable form Signup and view all the answers

Which type of conditioning involves the neutral stimulus being presented after the unconditioned stimulus?

Backwards conditioning Signup and view all the answers

In Ebbinghaus's memory studies, what concept did he discover regarding memory capacity?

Memory capacity is around 7±2 items Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Psychology Study Notes

Psychology Definition: The scientific study of the human mind and its functions, focusing on how these affect behavior in specific contexts.

Historical Roots of Psychology

Philosophy and Biology: Psychology's origins lie in both philosophy and biology.
Mind-Body-Brain Problem: A fundamental question: Are the mind, brain, and body independent entities?
Free Will vs. Determinism: Do we have conscious control over our actions, or are they determined by brain processes and environmental stimuli?
Nature vs. Nurture: Do genetics or experience primarily shape our personalities?

Early Psychology

Wilhelm Wundt: Established the first psychological laboratory in Leipzig, Germany. Sought to scientifically study the basic components of experience and the mind. Used introspection and measured sensory/physiological responses.
Edward Titchener: Wundt's student; introduced structuralism, which focused on the basic elements and structures of the mind through introspection (e.g., analyzing the perception of an orange).
William James: Introduced functionalism, examining the purpose of mental processes (e.g., how memory works) instead of their structure. Published the influential Principles of Psychology.

Psychodynamic Approach

Sigmund Freud: His theories popularized psychology, introducing concepts like the subconscious, repression, and psychoanalysis. The Interpretation of Dreams is a key work.
Move to Behaviorism (1920s): Shifting focus from the mind to observable behavior, due to the perceived limitations in studying the mind and a desire for scientific rigor.
Cognitive Revolution (1970s): A reaction against behaviorism to address gaps like motivation, memory distortions, and clinical psychology. New brain-measuring methods like EEG and fMRI influenced progress.

Levels of Examining the Mind

Parts: Cells, structures (such as lobes of the brain)
Individual: Thoughts, emotions, motivations
Group: Environments, events, society

Neurons

Neuron Doctrine (Cajal): The mind is based on interacting cells (neurons) throughout the body.
Neuron Structures: Nucleus, dendrites (receive info), axon hillock, axon (transmit info), terminal buttons
Neuron Communication: Synapse (gap between neurons), neurotransmitters (chemical messengers)
Action Potential: Electrical signal traveling down the axon.
Neurotransmitters: Excitatory (increase response) or inhibitory (decrease response) effects.
Glia (Glial Cells): Support cells that play roles in waste removal, synchronizing activity, and myelination

Studying the Brain

Neurotransmitters: Dopamine (reward, motivation; linked to schizophrenia and Parkinson's), Serotonin (well-being, mood).
Nervous System: Central nervous system (CNS: brain, spinal cord), Peripheral nervous system (PNS: nerves.)
Brain Regions: Parietal (touch), occipital (vision), frontal (planning, Prefrontal cortex), temporal (auditory, language).
Studying the Brain Through Methods: Animal research, Case studies (e.g., Phineas Gage, language impairment cases), electrical stimulation, EEG (temporal resolution) , PET scans (activity over minutes), MRI (structure).

Sensation and the Eye

Light's properties: Wavelength (hue), amplitude (intensity).
Eye Structures: Pupil, iris, cornea, lens (focuses light), retina (receptor layers).
Retina's Cells: Rods (dim light, motion), cones (color vision, detail).
Visual Processing: Light is inverted by the eye but is processed appropriately by the brain.

Psychoactive Drugs

Drug Types: Antagonists (block neurotransmitters), reuptake inhibitors (prevent reuptake).
Examples: Depressants (alcohol, tranquilizers), Narcotics (opiates), Hallucinogens (LSD, mushrooms), marijuana (affects anandamide/2-AG)

Visual Perception

Constructivism vs. Ecological Approaches: Constructivism (top-down—expectations influence perception) versus ecological (bottom-up—stimuli characteristics determine perception).
Young-Helmholtz Trichromatic Theory: Three types of cones (S, M, L) perceive color via their ratios of response.
Opponent-Process Theory: Opponent pairs (red-green, blue-yellow, black-white) help form color perception.
Color Constancy: Our perception of color is corrected for ambient lighting to make it more accurate.
Retinex Theory: Perception of color is affected by our expectations and surrounding colors.
Gestalt Principles: Perception relies on organizing wholes rather than individual parts (e.g., grouping, closure).

Responses to Stimuli

Behaviorism: Focuses on observable cause-and-effect between stimuli and responses to study behavior.
Innate Responses: Reflexes (e.g. rooting, sucking, knee-jerk), taxis (responses to stimuli), instincts (e.g., imprinting, herding behavior)

Classical Conditioning

Pavlov's Experiment: Dogs salivated to a conditioned stimulus (previously neutral stimulus) that was associated with food (unconditioned stimulus).
Key terms: Unconditioned stimulus (UCS), unconditioned response (UCR), conditioned stimulus (CS), conditioned response (CR) Neutral stimulus (NS)
Learning Types: Trace, delayed, simultaneous, and backward conditioning.
Generalization and Discrimination: Generalization (respond to similar stimuli), discrimination (respond differently to stimuli).

Memory

Memory Processes: Encoding, storage, retrieval.
Memory Capacity (Ebbinghaus): Hypothetical limitation.
Memory Types: Sensory memory, short-term memory, long-term memory.
Declarative Memory: Episodic (personal experiences), semantic (facts).
Nondeclarative Memory: Procedural (skills), priming, conditioning.
Memory Errors: Interference, reconstruction.
Improving Memory: Levels of processing (deeper processing), spacing of rehearsal, retrieval cues, mnemonics.

Memory Issues

Serial Position Effects: Primacy (recall beginning items easily), recency (recall the end items easily).
Interference Effects: Proactive (old memories interfere with new), retroactive (new memories interfere with old).
Reconstruction Errors: Memory is prone to inaccuracies (misinformation effects).

Developmental Psychology

Piaget's Stages: Sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, formal operational.
Vygotsky's Sociocultural Theory: Emphasis on social interaction and "zone of proximal development" (ZPD).
Erikson's Stages: Eight psychosocial stages of life from infancy to old age.
Marcia's Identity Status Theory: Exploration of identity.
Bowlby's Attachment Theory: Predisposition to form attachments.
Ainsworth's Strange Situation: Measuring attachment styles.
Kohlberg's Moral Reasoning Stages: Levels and stages of moral development.
Heritability: The contribution of genetics to variation in a psychological trait.
Gene Studies: MZ and DZ twins, sibling studies, adopted children.

Primacy Effect: Initial impressions affect subsequent judgments.
Self-Fulfilling Prophecy: Expectations influence behavior, causing the expectation to become reality.
Stereotypes: Overgeneralized beliefs about groups.
Prejudice and Discrimination: Negative attitudes and behaviors towards groups.
Attributions: Assigning causes to behaviors (internal vs. external).
Fundamental Attribution Error: Overestimating internal factors in others' behavior.
Actor-Observer Effect: Attributing own actions to external factors, others' to internal.
Self-Serving Bias: Attributing successes to internal factors, failures to external.

(No specific details provided here)

Interpersonal Relationships

Attraction: Factors influencing attraction to others. (Proximity, exposure, similarity, physical attractiveness)
Relationship factors: Marriage, having children, the impact of these topics on relationships

Personality

Trait Theories: Focus on enduring characteristics.
Big Five Model: Extraversion, agreeableness, conscientiousness, neuroticism, openness.
Objective/Projective Personality Tests: Methods for assessing personality and psychological factors.

Defining Clinical Psychology

Historical Perspectives: Early treatments (trepanation, religious rituals).
Somatogenic vs. Psychogenic Views: Different ideas about the cause of mental illness.
Pinel's Impact: Advocating for humane treatment and medicalizing mental illness.
Biopsychosocial Model: Biological, psychological, and social factors interact to influence mental health.
Diathesis-Stress Model: Predisposition + Stress = Disorder.
Clinical Psychology Approaches: Biological, Psychological, Psychotherapy.
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM): A tool for diagnosing mental disorders.

Anxiety and Mood Disorders

Anxiety Disorders: Generalized anxiety disorder, panic disorder, phobias, PTSD (not explicitly listed but implied in the context).
Mood Disorders: Depression, seasonal affective disorder, persistent depressive disorder, bipolar disorder.
Treatment Options: Medication (antidepressants), psychotherapy (CBT, psychoanalysis, humanistic approaches).

Substance Abuse

Addiction and Key Terms: Addiction, tolerance, withdrawal, dependence.
Substance Use Disorders (DSM-V): Diagnostic criteria.
Symptoms and Diagnosis: Impaired control, social impairment. Risk use. Pharmacological effects, physical and psychological dependence.
Causes: Genetic and environmental factors, incentive sensitization, neurochemical mechanisms like the dopamine system.
Addiction Treatments: Varies depending on the substance (e.g., nicotine replacement therapies).

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Description

Test your knowledge on key concepts in psychology, including structuralism, research methods, and the effects of addiction. This quiz covers important figures like Wilhelm Wundt and Edward Titchener, as well as critical psychological terms and their implications. See how well you understand the foundational ideas that shape psychological science.