Questions and Answers
What is Aristotle's law of association by contiguity?
To associate two items together when they occur frequently.
What is learning?
A process by which something that happens at one time alters behavior at a later time.
What is operationalism?
Using methods to validate a scientific finding with observable or precisely defined elements.
What is an operational definition?
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What did operationalism do for non-behaviorists?
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What did operationalism do for behaviorists?
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What is classical conditioning?
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What was Pavlov's first experiment?
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What was Pavlov's second experiment?
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What was the unconditioned stimulus in Pavlov's classic experiment?
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What was the neutral stimulus in Pavlov's experiment?
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What was the conditioned stimulus in Pavlov's experiment?
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What was the unconditioned response in Pavlov's experiment?
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What was the conditioned response in Pavlov's experiment?
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What is extinction in classical conditioning?
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What causes extinction?
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What causes recovery?
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What causes generalization?
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What is discrimination training?
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What is a conditioned emotional response?
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What was Watson's experiment?
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What was Thorndike's law of effect?
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What is operant conditioning?
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Why is Skinner's box more efficient than the puzzle box?
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What did Skinner not believe in?
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What does a reinforcer do in operant conditioning?
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What does a punisher do?
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Study Notes
Aristotle's Law of Association
- Association by contiguity: associating two items together when they frequently occur together, like picturing a goose when hearing the word "goose."
Learning
- Defined as a process where an event influences future behavior, mediated by the nervous system rather than immediate responses.
Operationalism
- A methodological approach that validates scientific findings through observable phenomena, requiring precise definitions.
Operational Definition
- Describes how a study's validation is conducted, allowing independent measurement or testing by others.
Impact of Operationalism on Non-Behaviorists
- Opened pathways for the scientific study of the mind and mental activities.
Impact of Operationalism on Behaviorists
- Limited their focus to non-mental aspects, as the concept of studying mental processes appeared irrelevant.
Classical Conditioning
- Involves learning where a previously neutral stimulus comes to elicit a response, such as reflex actions.
Pavlov's First Experiment
- Presented dogs with food, resulting in drooling behavior.
Pavlov's Second Experiment
- Introduced a bell before giving food repeatedly, leading to dogs salivating to the bell alone after sufficient trials.
Unconditioned Stimulus in Pavlov's Experiment
- Food was the unconditioned stimulus that naturally caused a response.
Neutral Stimulus in Pavlov's Experiment
- The bell represented a neutral stimulus before conditioning.
Conditioned Stimulus in Pavlov's Experiment
- The bell became the conditioned stimulus after learning.
Unconditioned Response in Pavlov's Experiment
- Drooling was the unconditioned response triggered by food.
Conditioned Response in Pavlov's Experiment
- Drooling in response to the bell became the conditioned response.
Extinction in Classical Conditioning
- Occurs when a conditioned response no longer follows the conditioned stimulus.
Causes of Extinction
- Each instance of the conditioned stimulus without the unconditioned stimulus weakens the conditioned response until it eventually disappears.
Recovery in Classical Conditioning
- Refers to the reappearance of a conditioned response after it has been extinguished.
Generalization in Classical Conditioning
- Involves responding to stimuli similar to the conditioned stimulus, triggering the same response.
Discrimination Training
- A process where responses to the conditioned stimulus are reinforced while similar stimuli are not, helping the subject distinguish between them.
Conditioned Emotional Response
- A natural fear reflex seen in infants, observable when a loud noise is made near them, provoking a reaction.
Watson's Experiment
- Demonstrated conditioned emotional response by repeatedly presenting a fuzzy rat alongside a loud noise, resulting in the baby developing a fear of the rat.
Thorndike's Law of Effect
- States that responses followed by pleasurable outcomes are more likely to be repeated, while responses followed by unpleasant outcomes are less likely.
Operant Conditioning
- A learning process where the consequences of behavior shape future responses, either encouraging or discouraging them.
Efficiency of Skinner's Box
- Allows for multiple responses from the animal without requiring intervention from the experimenter, increasing efficiency.
Skinner's Views on Psychology Terms
- Rejected the concepts of memory, attention, thinking, and awareness as useful in psychological research.
Role of Reinforcers in Operant Conditioning
- Reinforcers increase the frequency of operant responses, shaping behavior positively.
Role of Punishers in Operant Conditioning
- Punishers decrease the frequency of operant responses, discouraging certain behaviors.
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Description
This quiz features essential terms and concepts in psychology including Aristotle's law of association by contiguity and the definition of learning. Test your knowledge on how these concepts relate to human behavior and cognitive processes. Perfect for students seeking to deepen their understanding of psychological theories.