Psychology: Freud's Basic Drives

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Questions and Answers

Why did Freud drop self-preservation as one of his drives?

Sex was found to be a more important drive

Living through and witnessing World War I (correct)

Empirical evidence revealed it to be insignificant

Pressure from other psychologists

What does the Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) help identify?

Cultural influence

Sexual orientation

Self-esteem

Unconscious motives (correct)

Which of the following is NOT a primary drive?

Sex

Social approval (correct)

Thirst

Hunger

What two primary motivations are necessary for reproduction and survival, according to evolutionary psychologists?

Power and love Signup and view all the answers

What are the two phases of metabolism?

Absorptive and fasting Signup and view all the answers

Why did Freud adopt aggression as a basic drive?

Witnessing World War I Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)?

To identify unconscious motives Signup and view all the answers

What are the primary drives, according to Freud?

Sex, hunger, and thirst Signup and view all the answers

What is the driving force behind behaviour that leads us to pursue some things and avoid others?

Motivation Signup and view all the answers

What is an evaluative response that typically includes physiological arousal, subjective experience, and behavioural or emotional expression?

Emotion Signup and view all the answers

What are the two components of motivation?

What people want to do and how strongly they want to do it Signup and view all the answers

According to Freud, what are internal tension states that build up until they are satisfied?

Drives Signup and view all the answers

What is a representation of a desired state that is associated with arousal?

Wish Signup and view all the answers

What is an external stimulus or reward that can have motivational consequences?

Incentive Signup and view all the answers

What theory proposes that conscious goals regulate much of human behaviour, especially performance on work tasks?

Goal-setting theory Signup and view all the answers

What type of motivation refers to participating in an activity for one's own enjoyment?

Intrinsic motivation Signup and view all the answers

What type of motives can be activated and expressed outside awareness?

Implicit motives Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the test that consists of a series of ambiguous pictures about which participants make up a story?

TAT Signup and view all the answers

What are implicit motives according to Jonathan Bargh?

Motives that can be activated and expressed outside of awareness Signup and view all the answers

What approach to motivation did Abraham Maslow propose?

Hierarchy of needs Signup and view all the answers

According to a study, which ethnic group of women were found to be heavier than their white counterparts but reported greater satisfaction with their weight?

African-American Signup and view all the answers

What is the correct order of needs according to Maslow's hierarchy?

Physiological, safety, belongingness, esteem, self-actualisation Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT one of the phases of the sexual response cycle?

All are phases Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the desire for physical and psychological closeness to another person?

Attachment motivation Signup and view all the answers

What does ERG theory condense Maslow's hierarchy of needs into?

Three distinct levels: existence, relatedness and growth Signup and view all the answers

What refers to patterns of behaviour that are relatively fixed and exist without having been learned?

Instincts Signup and view all the answers

A genetic male who develops female genitalia is considered to be suffering from which syndrome?

Androgen insensitivity syndrome Signup and view all the answers

What is the estimated heritability of homosexuality in males?

Between .31 and .74 Signup and view all the answers

Which cultures place a high premium on family and parents?

Non-Western cultures Signup and view all the answers

What is the process by which the body transforms food into energy?

Metabolism Signup and view all the answers

Masters and Johnson argued that the sexual response cycle involves:

Similar physiological changes between men and women during sex Signup and view all the answers

What is the energy used by the body to move muscles and to operate and maintain the body?

Glucose Signup and view all the answers

Persons who have a high need for achievement will tend to attribute their successes to and their failures to .

Their abilities; forces beyond their control Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for a special kind of closeness characterized by self-disclosure, warmth, and mutual caring?

Intimacy Signup and view all the answers

What are the two internal tension states identified by Freud that build up until they are satisfied?

Sex and aggression Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a social motive characterized by desire for interaction with friends or acquaintances?

Affiliation Signup and view all the answers

What is thought to be the reason why individuals are motivated to mate with individuals who are not relatives?

Pheromones Signup and view all the answers

What is the sequence of physical and emotional changes that occur as a person becomes sexually aroused?

Sexual response cycle Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of emotions according to the evolutionary perspective?

to serve an adaptive function Signup and view all the answers

In a study on sexual infidelity, what was the findings regarding distress levels in males and females?

males showed greater distress than females Signup and view all the answers

Which theory argues that emotion-inducing stimuli simultaneously elicit both an emotional experience and bodily responses?

Cannon-Bard theory Signup and view all the answers

What is a key aspect of the Schachter-Singer theory of emotion?

emotion involves two factors: physiological arousal and cognitive interpretation Signup and view all the answers

What is a consequence of stressful emotional experiences on brain structure?

a reduction in the number of cells in the hippocampus Signup and view all the answers

What is the basis of motivation according to the psychodynamic perspective?

biology Signup and view all the answers

What do implicit motives reflect, according to the psychodynamic perspective?

unconscious desires and drives Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary need that people have, in addition to seeking intimate relationships?

affiliation Signup and view all the answers

What does goal-setting theory propose about human behavior?

conscious goals regulate human behavior Signup and view all the answers

What is the motivation that drives people to choose moderately difficult tasks?

achievement Signup and view all the answers

What do self-reports reflect, according to the psychodynamic perspective?

conscious motives and goals Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between physiological arousal and emotional experience according to the Cannon-Bard theory?

physiological arousal and emotional experience are independent responses to an emotion-arousing stimulus Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following emotions is NOT recognized universally across cultures?

none of the above Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the patterns of emotional expression considered appropriate within a culture or subculture?

display rules Signup and view all the answers

What is the estimated heritability of positive affect?

0.40 Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following emotions is neither a positive nor a negative affect?

anger Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for people who consider themselves to be happy and healthy, but have early memories that are filled with unpleasant emotions?

illusory mental health Signup and view all the answers

Who believed that reason must rein in the passions, which otherwise distort rational thinking?

Plato Signup and view all the answers

Who proposed the mere exposure effect, where people become more positive about stimuli the more they are exposed to them?

Robert Zajonc Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the cultural variation in the extent to which emotions are elaborated and distinguished?

emotional heterogeneity Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Freud's Drives

Freud initially had self-preservation as one of his drives, but dropped it after witnessing World War I, adopting aggression as a basic motivational force instead.
He proposed two drives: sex and aggression.

Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)

The TAT is used to identify unconscious motives.
It consists of a series of ambiguous pictures, and participants make up a story about each picture.
The stories are then coded for motivational themes.

Primary and Secondary Drives

Primary drives are innate (e.g., hunger, thirst, sex).
Social approval is a secondary drive, learned through conditioning and other mechanisms.

Evolutionary Psychology

Power and love are primary motivations necessary for reproduction and survival.
Power allows animals to dominate potential rivals, establish status, and protect their territory, while love is involved in caring for offspring, mates, kin, and friends.

Metabolism

Metabolism has two phases: absorptive and fasting.
In the absorptive phase, food is ingested and stored in short-term and long-term reservoirs.
In the fasting phase, the body converts stored energy into usable energy.

Motivation

Motivation is the driving force behind behavior that leads us to pursue some things and avoid others.
It has two components: what people want to do (goals) and how strongly they want to do it.

Emotion

Emotion is an evaluative response that typically includes physiological arousal, subjective experience, and behavioral or emotional expression.
A wish is a representation of a desired state associated with arousal, while a fear is a representation of an undesired state associated with unpleasant feelings.

goal-setting theory

Goal-setting theory proposes that conscious goals regulate much of human behavior, especially performance on work tasks.

Intrinsic Motivation

Intrinsic motivation refers to participating in an activity for one's own enjoyment.

Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs

Maslow proposed a hierarchy of needs, from basic physiological needs to self-actualization.
ERG theory condenses Maslow's hierarchy into three distinct levels: existence, relatedness, and growth.

Instincts

Instincts are relatively fixed patterns of behavior that exist without having been learned.

Metabolism and Energy

Metabolism is the process by which the body transforms food into energy.
Glucose is the energy used by the body to move muscles and maintain bodily functions.

Sexual Motivation

Sexual motivation is driven by the brain, which is the primary sexual organ.
The sexual response cycle involves four phases: excitement, plateau, orgasm, and resolution.

Attachment Motivation

Attachment motivation is the desire for physical and psychological closeness to another person.
Intimacy is related to attachment motivation and involves self-disclosure, warmth, and mutual caring.

Achievement Motivation

Achievement motivation is the desire to do well, succeed, and avoid failure.
People high in achievement motivation tend to choose moderately difficult tasks and take pleasure in accomplishing difficult tasks.### Motivation and Neuroscience
An increase in the levels of inhibitory neurotransmitters can have a significant impact on behavior and motivation.

The Traumatised Brain

In one study, monkeys exposed to an emotionally threatening encounter showed a reduction in neural cells in the hippocampus compared to monkeys in the control condition.

Psychodynamic Perspective on Motivation

According to Freud, internal states (drives) that build up until they are satisfied are the basis of motivation.
Examples of drives include the sex drive, which is essential for reproduction of the species.

Measuring Motives

The TAT (Thematic Apperception Test) taps implicit motives, which are unconscious motives that are expressed over time without conscious effort or awareness.
Self-reports, on the other hand, reflect explicit motives, which are conscious, more flexible, and controllable than implicit motives.

Goal-Setting Theory

Goal-setting theory, from the cognitive approach to motivation, proposes that conscious goals regulate much of human behavior, especially performance on work tasks.
Goals represent desired outcomes that differ from a person's current situation, activating previously successful solutions and encouraging efforts to allocate new solutions if old ones fail.

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Description

This quiz explores the reasons behind Sigmund Freud's abandonment of self-preservation as one of his drives. Learn about Freud's two basic drives and their significance in psychology.