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Questions and Answers
Why did Freud drop self-preservation as one of his drives?
Why did Freud drop self-preservation as one of his drives?
What does the Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) help identify?
What does the Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) help identify?
Which of the following is NOT a primary drive?
Which of the following is NOT a primary drive?
What two primary motivations are necessary for reproduction and survival, according to evolutionary psychologists?
What two primary motivations are necessary for reproduction and survival, according to evolutionary psychologists?
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What are the two phases of metabolism?
What are the two phases of metabolism?
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Why did Freud adopt aggression as a basic drive?
Why did Freud adopt aggression as a basic drive?
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What is the purpose of the Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)?
What is the purpose of the Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)?
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What are the primary drives, according to Freud?
What are the primary drives, according to Freud?
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What is the driving force behind behaviour that leads us to pursue some things and avoid others?
What is the driving force behind behaviour that leads us to pursue some things and avoid others?
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What is an evaluative response that typically includes physiological arousal, subjective experience, and behavioural or emotional expression?
What is an evaluative response that typically includes physiological arousal, subjective experience, and behavioural or emotional expression?
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What are the two components of motivation?
What are the two components of motivation?
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According to Freud, what are internal tension states that build up until they are satisfied?
According to Freud, what are internal tension states that build up until they are satisfied?
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What is a representation of a desired state that is associated with arousal?
What is a representation of a desired state that is associated with arousal?
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What is an external stimulus or reward that can have motivational consequences?
What is an external stimulus or reward that can have motivational consequences?
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What theory proposes that conscious goals regulate much of human behaviour, especially performance on work tasks?
What theory proposes that conscious goals regulate much of human behaviour, especially performance on work tasks?
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What type of motivation refers to participating in an activity for one's own enjoyment?
What type of motivation refers to participating in an activity for one's own enjoyment?
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What type of motives can be activated and expressed outside awareness?
What type of motives can be activated and expressed outside awareness?
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What is the name of the test that consists of a series of ambiguous pictures about which participants make up a story?
What is the name of the test that consists of a series of ambiguous pictures about which participants make up a story?
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What are implicit motives according to Jonathan Bargh?
What are implicit motives according to Jonathan Bargh?
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What approach to motivation did Abraham Maslow propose?
What approach to motivation did Abraham Maslow propose?
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According to a study, which ethnic group of women were found to be heavier than their white counterparts but reported greater satisfaction with their weight?
According to a study, which ethnic group of women were found to be heavier than their white counterparts but reported greater satisfaction with their weight?
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What is the correct order of needs according to Maslow's hierarchy?
What is the correct order of needs according to Maslow's hierarchy?
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Which of the following is NOT one of the phases of the sexual response cycle?
Which of the following is NOT one of the phases of the sexual response cycle?
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What is the term for the desire for physical and psychological closeness to another person?
What is the term for the desire for physical and psychological closeness to another person?
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What does ERG theory condense Maslow's hierarchy of needs into?
What does ERG theory condense Maslow's hierarchy of needs into?
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What refers to patterns of behaviour that are relatively fixed and exist without having been learned?
What refers to patterns of behaviour that are relatively fixed and exist without having been learned?
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A genetic male who develops female genitalia is considered to be suffering from which syndrome?
A genetic male who develops female genitalia is considered to be suffering from which syndrome?
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What is the estimated heritability of homosexuality in males?
What is the estimated heritability of homosexuality in males?
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Which cultures place a high premium on family and parents?
Which cultures place a high premium on family and parents?
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What is the process by which the body transforms food into energy?
What is the process by which the body transforms food into energy?
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Masters and Johnson argued that the sexual response cycle involves:
Masters and Johnson argued that the sexual response cycle involves:
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What is the energy used by the body to move muscles and to operate and maintain the body?
What is the energy used by the body to move muscles and to operate and maintain the body?
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Persons who have a high need for achievement will tend to attribute their successes to ______ and their failures to ______.
Persons who have a high need for achievement will tend to attribute their successes to ______ and their failures to ______.
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What is the term for a special kind of closeness characterized by self-disclosure, warmth, and mutual caring?
What is the term for a special kind of closeness characterized by self-disclosure, warmth, and mutual caring?
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What are the two internal tension states identified by Freud that build up until they are satisfied?
What are the two internal tension states identified by Freud that build up until they are satisfied?
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Which of the following is a social motive characterized by desire for interaction with friends or acquaintances?
Which of the following is a social motive characterized by desire for interaction with friends or acquaintances?
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What is thought to be the reason why individuals are motivated to mate with individuals who are not relatives?
What is thought to be the reason why individuals are motivated to mate with individuals who are not relatives?
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What is the sequence of physical and emotional changes that occur as a person becomes sexually aroused?
What is the sequence of physical and emotional changes that occur as a person becomes sexually aroused?
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What is the primary function of emotions according to the evolutionary perspective?
What is the primary function of emotions according to the evolutionary perspective?
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In a study on sexual infidelity, what was the findings regarding distress levels in males and females?
In a study on sexual infidelity, what was the findings regarding distress levels in males and females?
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Which theory argues that emotion-inducing stimuli simultaneously elicit both an emotional experience and bodily responses?
Which theory argues that emotion-inducing stimuli simultaneously elicit both an emotional experience and bodily responses?
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What is a key aspect of the Schachter-Singer theory of emotion?
What is a key aspect of the Schachter-Singer theory of emotion?
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What is a consequence of stressful emotional experiences on brain structure?
What is a consequence of stressful emotional experiences on brain structure?
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What is the basis of motivation according to the psychodynamic perspective?
What is the basis of motivation according to the psychodynamic perspective?
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What do implicit motives reflect, according to the psychodynamic perspective?
What do implicit motives reflect, according to the psychodynamic perspective?
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What is the primary need that people have, in addition to seeking intimate relationships?
What is the primary need that people have, in addition to seeking intimate relationships?
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What does goal-setting theory propose about human behavior?
What does goal-setting theory propose about human behavior?
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What is the motivation that drives people to choose moderately difficult tasks?
What is the motivation that drives people to choose moderately difficult tasks?
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What do self-reports reflect, according to the psychodynamic perspective?
What do self-reports reflect, according to the psychodynamic perspective?
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What is the relationship between physiological arousal and emotional experience according to the Cannon-Bard theory?
What is the relationship between physiological arousal and emotional experience according to the Cannon-Bard theory?
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Which of the following emotions is NOT recognized universally across cultures?
Which of the following emotions is NOT recognized universally across cultures?
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What is the term for the patterns of emotional expression considered appropriate within a culture or subculture?
What is the term for the patterns of emotional expression considered appropriate within a culture or subculture?
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What is the estimated heritability of positive affect?
What is the estimated heritability of positive affect?
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Which of the following emotions is neither a positive nor a negative affect?
Which of the following emotions is neither a positive nor a negative affect?
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What is the term for people who consider themselves to be happy and healthy, but have early memories that are filled with unpleasant emotions?
What is the term for people who consider themselves to be happy and healthy, but have early memories that are filled with unpleasant emotions?
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Who believed that reason must rein in the passions, which otherwise distort rational thinking?
Who believed that reason must rein in the passions, which otherwise distort rational thinking?
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Who proposed the mere exposure effect, where people become more positive about stimuli the more they are exposed to them?
Who proposed the mere exposure effect, where people become more positive about stimuli the more they are exposed to them?
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What is the term for the cultural variation in the extent to which emotions are elaborated and distinguished?
What is the term for the cultural variation in the extent to which emotions are elaborated and distinguished?
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Study Notes
Freud's Drives
- Freud initially had self-preservation as one of his drives, but dropped it after witnessing World War I, adopting aggression as a basic motivational force instead.
- He proposed two drives: sex and aggression.
Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)
- The TAT is used to identify unconscious motives.
- It consists of a series of ambiguous pictures, and participants make up a story about each picture.
- The stories are then coded for motivational themes.
Primary and Secondary Drives
- Primary drives are innate (e.g., hunger, thirst, sex).
- Social approval is a secondary drive, learned through conditioning and other mechanisms.
Evolutionary Psychology
- Power and love are primary motivations necessary for reproduction and survival.
- Power allows animals to dominate potential rivals, establish status, and protect their territory, while love is involved in caring for offspring, mates, kin, and friends.
Metabolism
- Metabolism has two phases: absorptive and fasting.
- In the absorptive phase, food is ingested and stored in short-term and long-term reservoirs.
- In the fasting phase, the body converts stored energy into usable energy.
Motivation
- Motivation is the driving force behind behavior that leads us to pursue some things and avoid others.
- It has two components: what people want to do (goals) and how strongly they want to do it.
Emotion
- Emotion is an evaluative response that typically includes physiological arousal, subjective experience, and behavioral or emotional expression.
- A wish is a representation of a desired state associated with arousal, while a fear is a representation of an undesired state associated with unpleasant feelings.
goal-setting theory
- Goal-setting theory proposes that conscious goals regulate much of human behavior, especially performance on work tasks.
Intrinsic Motivation
- Intrinsic motivation refers to participating in an activity for one's own enjoyment.
Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs
- Maslow proposed a hierarchy of needs, from basic physiological needs to self-actualization.
- ERG theory condenses Maslow's hierarchy into three distinct levels: existence, relatedness, and growth.
Instincts
- Instincts are relatively fixed patterns of behavior that exist without having been learned.
Metabolism and Energy
- Metabolism is the process by which the body transforms food into energy.
- Glucose is the energy used by the body to move muscles and maintain bodily functions.
Sexual Motivation
- Sexual motivation is driven by the brain, which is the primary sexual organ.
- The sexual response cycle involves four phases: excitement, plateau, orgasm, and resolution.
Attachment Motivation
- Attachment motivation is the desire for physical and psychological closeness to another person.
- Intimacy is related to attachment motivation and involves self-disclosure, warmth, and mutual caring.
Achievement Motivation
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Achievement motivation is the desire to do well, succeed, and avoid failure.
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People high in achievement motivation tend to choose moderately difficult tasks and take pleasure in accomplishing difficult tasks.### Motivation and Neuroscience
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An increase in the levels of inhibitory neurotransmitters can have a significant impact on behavior and motivation.
The Traumatised Brain
- In one study, monkeys exposed to an emotionally threatening encounter showed a reduction in neural cells in the hippocampus compared to monkeys in the control condition.
Psychodynamic Perspective on Motivation
- According to Freud, internal states (drives) that build up until they are satisfied are the basis of motivation.
- Examples of drives include the sex drive, which is essential for reproduction of the species.
Measuring Motives
- The TAT (Thematic Apperception Test) taps implicit motives, which are unconscious motives that are expressed over time without conscious effort or awareness.
- Self-reports, on the other hand, reflect explicit motives, which are conscious, more flexible, and controllable than implicit motives.
Goal-Setting Theory
- Goal-setting theory, from the cognitive approach to motivation, proposes that conscious goals regulate much of human behavior, especially performance on work tasks.
- Goals represent desired outcomes that differ from a person's current situation, activating previously successful solutions and encouraging efforts to allocate new solutions if old ones fail.
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Description
This quiz explores the reasons behind Sigmund Freud's abandonment of self-preservation as one of his drives. Learn about Freud's two basic drives and their significance in psychology.
