Questions and Answers
What psychological theory focuses on the role of unconscious influences on behavior?
Which psychologist is known for introducing the concept of client-centered therapy?
What type of conditioning involves learning through the association of a stimulus with a response?
What is the primary focus of Maslow's hierarchy of needs?
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Which psychologist is associated with the study of attachment styles in children?
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What defense mechanism involves pushing distressing thoughts into the unconscious?
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Which of the following describes BF Skinner's concept of operant conditioning?
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What is the primary focus of Wolfgang Kohler's systematic desensitization?
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Which psychologist is credited with pioneering the concept of learned helplessness?
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Which theory emphasizes the importance of social influences and culture in shaping behavior?
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Study Notes
Behaviorism
- Wilhelm Wundt and William James are acknowledged as founding fathers of psychology.
- Ivan Pavlov is known for classical conditioning, demonstrated through experiments with dogs responding to bell sounds associated with food.
- John Watson further developed classical conditioning and introduced the concept of modeling, controversially making a baby cry during an experiment.
- Classical conditioning involves learned responses triggered by environmental stimuli encountered in daily life.
- B.F. Skinner is associated with operant conditioning, highlighting the role of reinforcement in behavior.
- Positive reinforcement, such as complimenting someone's hairstyle, encourages the repetition of that behavior.
- Negative reinforcement is exemplified by a beeping sound that ceases only when a seatbelt is fastened.
- Aversive conditioning is designed to discourage unwanted behavior, such as receiving tickets for speeding.
- Wolfgang Kohler contributed to behavioral psychology through systematic desensitization.
Psychoanalysis
- Founded by Sigmund Freud in the 1920s, psychoanalysis emphasizes unconscious influences on behavior.
- Techniques like free association aim to uncover patterns in the unconscious mind through word association.
- Freud's structural model of the psyche includes the id (instincts), ego (reality), and superego (morality).
- Various defense mechanisms include repression, regression, displacement, projection, and reaction formation.
- Psychoanalysis focuses on neurosis and anxiety, exploring childhood experiences and the unconscious through techniques like dream analysis and therapy.
- Play therapy allows children to express feelings and resolve issues using creative activities.
Cognitive Psychology
- Jean Piaget developed theories on cognitive development in children, identifying four stages aimed at enhancing educational practices.
Humanistic Psychology
- Carl Rogers, a key figure in humanistic psychology, emphasized client-centered therapy to provide equality and a non-judgmental space for clients.
- Abraham Maslow, Rogers’ student, introduced the hierarchy of needs, outlining five levels: physiological, safety, love/belonging, self-esteem, and self-actualization.
- Role models highlighted include Lisa Shannon and Ben Carson.
Socio-Cultural Perspectives
- Carl Jung introduced concepts of archetypes and personality traits like introversion and extraversion, with a focus on spirituality.
- Alfred Adler explored personality development, emphasizing the inferiority and superiority complexes.
- Francis Sumner was the first African American psychologist, working to counteract racism through social psychology.
- Kenneth Clark and Mamie Phipps conducted doll studies revealing societal biases towards race, demonstrating preference for white dolls.
Additional Influential Figures
- Philip Zimbardo led the Stanford prison experiment, exploring the darker aspects of human behavior highlighted in "The Lucifer Effect."
- Eleanor Gibson contributed to perceptual learning research, finding visual learning to be more effective than physical interaction.
- Martin Seligman is recognized as the father of positive psychology, studying pessimism, learned helplessness, and its links to depression.
- Dorothea Dix advocated for mental health reform in the United States and established the first American mental asylum.
- Karen Horney challenged Freud's ideas, focusing on neurotic needs and addressing gender-related envy.
- Elizabeth Loftus studied memory distortion and the misinformation effect, significantly impacting legal practices.
- Mary Ainsworth identified three styles of attachment: secure, avoidant, and resistant.
- Erik Erikson developed eight stages of psychological development.
- Carol Gilligan contributed to developmental psychology, emphasizing concepts of care and empathy.
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Description
Explore the foundational concepts of behaviorism introduced by key figures such as Wilhelm Wundt, William James, Ivan Pavlov, and John Watson. This quiz covers the principles of classical conditioning and operant conditioning as well as the impact of environmental effects on behavior. Test your knowledge on these pivotal psychological theories.
