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Questions and Answers
In classical conditioning, what is the role of the unconditioned stimulus?
In classical conditioning, what is the role of the unconditioned stimulus?
- To initially evoke a response without any prior learning or experience. (correct)
- To trigger a learned response after being paired with a neutral stimulus.
- To decrease the likelihood of a behavior reoccurring.
- To remain neutral and have no impact on behavior.
A researcher sounds a tone, then immediately presents a dog with food. After several repetitions, the dog starts salivating to the tone alone. According to classical conditioning principles, what is the conditioned stimulus?
A researcher sounds a tone, then immediately presents a dog with food. After several repetitions, the dog starts salivating to the tone alone. According to classical conditioning principles, what is the conditioned stimulus?
- The salivation to the food
- The tone (correct)
- The food
- The salivation to the tone
Which of the following scenarios best illustrates negative reinforcement?
Which of the following scenarios best illustrates negative reinforcement?
- A driver speeds and receives a ticket.
- A dog is given a treat for sitting on command.
- A child receives a sticker for completing their homework.
- A student is excused from a chore for getting a good grade. (correct)
What is the key difference between classical and operant conditioning?
What is the key difference between classical and operant conditioning?
A rat is trained to press a lever when a green light is on to receive food. Over time, the rat also begins to press the lever when a yellow light is on, even though it only receives food for pressing during the green light. Which principle does this illustrate?
A rat is trained to press a lever when a green light is on to receive food. Over time, the rat also begins to press the lever when a yellow light is on, even though it only receives food for pressing during the green light. Which principle does this illustrate?
In classical conditioning, what occurs during extinction?
In classical conditioning, what occurs during extinction?
After successfully extinguishing a dog's conditioned response to a bell, the response suddenly reappears a few days later. What is this phenomenon called?
After successfully extinguishing a dog's conditioned response to a bell, the response suddenly reappears a few days later. What is this phenomenon called?
A parent wants to stop their child from throwing tantrums in the store. Which of the following strategies represents positive punishment?
A parent wants to stop their child from throwing tantrums in the store. Which of the following strategies represents positive punishment?
Flashcards
Classical Conditioning
Classical Conditioning
Learning through associations between stimuli and responses; involuntary and automatic.
Neutral Stimulus
Neutral Stimulus
A stimulus that initially doesn't trigger a response until paired with an unconditioned stimulus.
Unconditioned Stimulus
Unconditioned Stimulus
Stimulus that naturally and automatically triggers a response without any learning needed.
Unconditioned Response
Unconditioned Response
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Conditioned Stimulus
Conditioned Stimulus
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Conditioned Response
Conditioned Response
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Positive Reinforcement
Positive Reinforcement
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Stimulus Generalization
Stimulus Generalization
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Study Notes
- Behaviors are learned by connecting a neutral stimulus with a positive one in classical conditioning
- Classical conditioning is an unconscious, automatic type of learning
- Neutral stimulus does not evoke a response
- Unconditioned stimulus causes a response without any prior experience
- Unconditioned response is a response to a stimulus that requires no previous experience
- Conditioned stimulus is a neutral stimulus that, via pairing unconditioned stimulus, causes a learned response
- Conditioned response is a learned response after pairing neutral stimulus with unconditioned stimulus
Classical vs Operant Conditioning
- Classical conditioning's behavior is determined by what precedes it and is involuntary
- Operant conditioning's behavior is determined by the anticipation of what follows it and is voluntary
- Classical conditioning example: a dog salivates after a tone
- Operant conditioning example: a dog sits in anticipation of getting a treat
Reinforcement vs Punishment
- Positive reinforcement: something is added to increase the likelihood of a behavior
- Negative reinforcement: something is removed to increase the likelihood of a behavior
- Positive punishment: something is added to decrease the likelihood of a behavior
- Negative punishment: something is removed to decrease the likelihood of a behavior
Principles of Classical Conditioning
- Extinction is the weakening of a learned response by repeatedly presenting the conditioned stimulus without the unconditional response
- Spontaneous recovery is the return of a learned response after apparent extinction
- Extinction occurs in classical conditioning when a conditioned response (CR) no longer occurs when the conditioned stimulus (CS) is presented
- Example of extinction: a dog stops salivating after a while when Pavlov rang the bell and did not present the food
Principles of Reinforcement and Punishment
- Operant stimulus generalization is the tendency to respond to stimuli similar to those that preceded reinforcement
- Examples include children learning to associate "dog" with a particular animal and generalizing the word to other types and breeds of dogs
- A child frightened by a man with a beard might not be able to discriminate between bearded men and generalize that all men with beards are to be feared
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Description
Explore the basics of classical and operant conditioning. Understand how behaviors are learned through association and reinforcement. Contrast involuntary responses in classical conditioning with voluntary actions in operant conditioning.
