Psychology Eysenck Theory Quiz w4 ch 7
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Questions and Answers

According to Eysenck’s theory, which statement correctly describes the differences between introverts and extraverts?

  • Introverts prefer more social interaction due to lower cortical arousal.
  • Extraverts have higher cortical arousal than introverts, leading to avoidance of social situations.
  • Introverts have higher cortical arousal, causing them to seek less stimulation and avoid social interaction. (correct)
  • Extraverts are naturally quieter and prefer solitary activities.

    • According to laboratory studies, which of the following statements about introverts and extraverts are true regarding their performance on vigilance tasks?

  • Introverts miss fewer specific stimuli compared to extraverts. (correct)
  • Extraverts perform better than introverts on slowly changing visual displays.
  • Introverts require more of a stimulant drug to achieve the same level of arousal as extraverts.
  • Extraverts are more alert in tasks that require monitoring for specific stimuli.

    • What did Eysenck propose as the neural basis for neuroticism?

  • High emotional arousal intensifies behavior manifestations (correct)
  • Personality is solely determined by environmental factors
  • Neuroticism has no relation to brain function
  • Emotional arousal does not affect extraversion or introversion

    • What is one way in which a basic approach system may influence personality according to recent theorists?

    <p>It connects specific brain functions to behaviors linked to personality.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the incentive approach system emphasize in psychology?

    <p>Extrinsic rewards and incentives</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following terms refers to the set of brain structures involved in approaching incentives and seeking rewards?

    <p>Activation system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the Behavioral Activation System (BAS) primarily engage in?

    <p>Pursuit of incentives like food, sex, or shelter</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which method has been used to study brain activity in relation to positive emotions like hope, eagerness, and excitement?

    <p>Electroencephalography (EEG)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which area of the brain is associated with positive emotions and the pursuit of rewards, according to various studies?

    <p>Left prefrontal cortex</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What brain region has been found to be larger in extraverts, indicative of traits associated with approach?

    <p>Medial orbitofrontal cortex</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to recent evidence, what underlies left-prefrontal activation?

    <p>The approach process itself</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the study by Zinbarg & Mohlman (1998), how did BAS sensitivity predict learning outcomes?

    <p>BAS sensitivity predicted speed at learning cues of reward.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements best describes the evidence for social incentive systems in relationships?

    <p>Social incentive systems overlap partially with general approach systems.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    For example, suppose two people have tickets to an upcoming concert by a band they like. Melanie gets excited just thinking about the concert (although it isn’t until next week). Every time she does, she’s ready to jump in the car. Melanie is very high in incentive reactivity, BAS sensitivity. Barbara, on the other hand, is more calm - Which of the following statements best describes the difference between Melanie and Barbara regarding incentive reactivity?

    <p>Melanie has high incentive reactivity, while Barbara has lower incentive reactivity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which neurotransmitter has been linked to the approach system in the brain?

    <p>Dopamine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements is true regarding dopamine function and its relation to emotionality and personality traits?

    <p>Dopamine function has been linked to novelty seeking.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between high dopamine levels and goal shifting according to the studies mentioned?

    <p>High dopamine levels are linked to distractibility.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does dopamine play in reward-based learning?

    <p>It increases approach responses when rewards are received.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does dopamine primarily play according to the studies reviewed?

    <p>Dopamine is mainly about motivation and seeking rewards.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to Schultz (2000, 2006), how do dopaminergic neurons respond to unexpected rewards?

    <p>They respond more to unexpected rewards and less to expected ones.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name commonly given to the system in the brain that reacts to punishments and threats?

    <p>Avoidance or withdrawal system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What feelings are associated with the avoidance system in Eysenck's theory?

    <p>Anxiety and fear</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does research indicate about the activity of the left and right prefrontal cortex in relation to emotions?

    <p>Higher resting levels in the right prefrontal area predict negative feelings.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which research findings suggest that sensitivity to threats relates to learning cues of punishment rather than rewards?

    <p>Both A and B</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements best summarizes the influence of anxiety proneness on emotional reactions in the context of a psychology test?

    <p>Randy, being anxiety-prone, experiences heightened emotional distress compared to Jessica.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best exemplifies the relationship between approach sensitivity and avoidance sensitivity?

    <p>A person can be both sociable and shy.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which neurotransmitter has been linked to anxiety or threat sensitivity, though the view has been challenged?

    <p>Serotonin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between GABA and panic disorder according to the research?

    <p>Increasing GABA levels reduces symptoms of panic disorder.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the link between norepinephrine and anxiety disorders according to the research?

    <p>Norepinephrine is produced in response to stress.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which brain system is associated with managing approach towards incentives and generating excitement?

    <p>The system managing approach towards incentives</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between neuroticism and threat sensitivity according to the findings of Larsen and Ketelaar (1991) and Carver and White (1994)?

    <p>Neuroticism predicts susceptibility to anxiety manipulation, which also relates to threat sensitivity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following characteristics are commonly associated with extraversion? (Select all that apply)

    <p>Preference for being with others</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What relationship has been established between extraversion and brain areas associated with approach behavior?

    <p>Extraversion relates to the volume of brain areas like the medial orbitofrontal cortex.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following qualities are associated with extraversion according to theorists in Table 7.1? (Select all that apply)

    <p>Sociability</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the discussed theories, which of the following best describes the relationship between BAS sensitivity and sociability?

    <p>BAS sensitivity includes sensitivity to social incentives.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to research mentioned in Chapter 4, what is suggested to be the core of extraversion?

    <p>Reward sensitivity and positive affect</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement best summarizes the differing views on impulsivity in relation to extraversion as discussed by Gray, Eysenck, and Depue & Collins?

    <p>Gray viewed impulsivity as approach sensitivity and Eysenck linked it to psychoticism.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Based on the studies by Zelenski and Larsen (1999) and Fairbanks (2001), where does impulsivity belong in relation to extraversion?

    <p>It belongs to a factor independent of extraversion.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the assumption of a third basic system in personality relate to variation in restraint versus impulsiveness?

    <p>It indicates that there is a biologically based dimension tied to planfulness and impulsivity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following behaviors are associated with individuals high in sensation seeking? (Select all that apply)

    <p>Faster driving</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one potential function of high sensation seeking according to Zuckerman's theory?

    <p>To thrive in overstimulating conditions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does Zuckerman (1991, 1993) refer to as impulsive unsocialized sensation seeking (IUSS)?

    <p>A deficit in the capacity to inhibit behavior for social adaptation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does IUSS relate to the five-factor model and Eysenck's model?

    <p>IUSS is inversely related to agreeableness and conscientiousness.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement is true about effortful control as a temperament?

    <p>Effortful control is closely related to executive functions managed by the prefrontal cortex.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinct higher-order trait did Depue and Collins (1999) identify reflecting impulse versus constraint in their review of personality inventories?

    <p>Impulsivity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of approach and avoidance systems, what outcome is likely for a person with strong appetites and little fear?

    <p>They will approach impulsively.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does effortful control play in decision-making according to the provided text?

    <p>It helps individuals balance between approach and avoidance.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which brain chemical is suggested to be related to impulse versus constraint according to Zuckerman's research?

    <p>Monoamine oxidase (MAO)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What has research indicated about the relationship between serotonergic function and impulsivity?

    <p>Low serotonergic function is linked to impulsivity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do researchers measure neurotransmitter functions in research participants?

    <p>By assessing the activity and utilization of neurotransmitters</p> Signup and view all the answers

    If someone has a chronically low serotonin level (call him Eddie), the receptors will adjust to become more sensitive. If someone has a chronically high serotonin level (call him Phil), the receptors will adjust to become less sensitive. Because Eddie’s receptors are now very sensitive, they can do their work with relatively little serotonin. Because Phil’s receptors are now relatively insensitive, they will respond less to the same amount of serotonin. Phil needs more serotonin to have the same processing effect. Eddie has very responsive serotonin functioning, whereas Phil’s functioning is less responsive.Based on the information provided about serotonin levels and receptor sensitivity, who requires more serotonin to achieve the same processing effect?

    <p>Phil</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one way to assess the responsiveness of a neurotransmitter system in humans?

    <p>By giving a drug that disrupts the system's stable state and observing the response</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does a large rise in prolactin indicate about the serotonin system?

    <p>It indicates a sensitive or responsive serotonin system.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do the studies by Cleare & Bond (1995) and Bjork et al. (2000) suggest about the relationship between serotonin levels and aggressiveness?

    <p>Low serotonin increases aggression in individuals with high aggressive tendencies.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do researchers commonly relate lower serotonergic function to?

    <p>History of fighting and assault</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did early studies by Cleare & Bond (1997), Depue (1995), and others find about low serotonergic function?

    <p>It is linked to elevated aggression-hostility traits.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Based on Manuck et al. (1998), which of the following statements about serotonergic function is true?

    <p>Low serotonergic function is related to greater life history of aggression and impulsiveness.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Zald and Depue (2001) find regarding serotonergic function and emotional affect?

    <p>Higher serotonergic function correlates with decreased positive feelings.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do the studies by Depue et al. suggest regarding serotonergic pathways?

    <p>They are involved in impulse control.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What influence do testosterone and oxytocin have on personality?

    <p>Testosterone can increase aggression while oxytocin promotes bonding and trust.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one reason researchers believe sex hormones influence behavior?

    <p>Hormonal differences affect physical development.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to Breedlove (1994), what is the outcome of a genetic male not being exposed to androgen hormones during critical points in development?

    <p>The body develops a female exterior</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do the brains of gay men structurally compare to those of heterosexual men, according to research?

    <p>They structurally resemble those of women.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How might differences in the nervous system relate to personality traits due to androgen exposure?

    <p>They could influence levels of aggression and risk-taking.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the focus of the early study conducted by Reinisch in 1981 regarding hormone exposure?

    <p>The influence of prenatal synthetic hormone exposure on behavior</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the main focus of the self-report measure completed by the children after 11 years?

    <p>The likelihood of responding with physical aggression</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What were the two main effects observed in the study regarding physical aggression as a response to conflict?

    <p>Boys chose physical aggression more than girls.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the main finding of the study by Reinisch (1981) regarding the influence of synthetic hormones on aggression scores in childhood?

    <p>Both boys and girls showed elevated aggression scores due to hormone exposure.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the main finding of Berenbaum and Hines (1992) regarding androgen-exposed girls?

    <p>They displayed a preference pattern more similar to boys than to unexposed girls.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the primary focus of the study comparing the playtime of girls exposed to masculinizing hormones and those who were not?

    <p>Both the amount of time with boys' toys and girls' toys</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following behaviors has been linked to high levels of natural androgens in girls?

    <p>Greater involvement in rough body contact sports</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does testosterone play in personality according to James Dabbs and his research?

    <p>It regulates important qualities of behavior.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What behavioral effects have been primarily associated with high levels of testosterone in inmates according to the studies mentioned?

    <p>Increased likelihood of committing violent crimes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the study by Dabbs & Morris (1990), which of the following behaviors were more likely in men with higher testosterone levels?

    <p>Higher number of sexual partners</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are cultural expectations of men's bodies reflected in popular media, such as Playgirl photos, according to Leit, Pope, & Gray (2001)?

    <p>Dense and muscular bodies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason people use anabolic steroids?

    <p>To improve athletic performance beyond natural limits.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential consequence of using steroids for muscle building?

    <p>Unintended and unpleasant side effects</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What physical effects can men experience from taking steroids?

    <p>Decreased sex drive</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of women users reported manic symptoms during steroid use according to Gruber & Pope (2000)?

    <p>56%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential outcome of combining bodybuilding with the use of steroids in individuals with an aggressive personality?

    <p>Potential for serious violence</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does high testosterone influence a man's socioeconomic status (SES) according to Dabbs (1992a)?

    <p>It promotes antisocial behavior, leading to lower SES</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which occupation is associated with higher levels of testosterone according to research?

    <p>Trial lawyers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to Dabbs et al. (1990), what is a key difference between actors and ministers in their roles?

    <p>Actors must be dominant constantly, while ministers can tolerate variability.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements is true regarding the effects of testosterone on social behavior?

    <p>Higher testosterone levels are correlated with increased independence and confidence.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the outcome for individuals with low testosterone when placed in high-status positions, according to the study by Josephs, Sellers, Newman, & Mehta (2006)?

    <p>They feel upset and perform poorly.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to Booth and Dabbs (1993), which of the following statements is true regarding men with higher levels of testosterone?

    <p>They are more likely to divorce.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following personality traits were identified in studies relating testosterone to personality?

    <p>Cynical</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between testosterone levels and social situations according to Dabbs (1992b)?

    <p>Testosterone levels shift in response to social situations and can influence behavior.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following scenarios is associated with an increase in testosterone levels?

    <p>Winning a competitive event</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are some effects of increased testosterone on behavior according to the studies mentioned?

    <p>Increased sexual activity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key concept in evolutionary psychology related to gender differences in mate selection?

    <p>Females are believed to be choosy about mates due to greater investment in offspring.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between aggression and testosterone levels in male monkeys, according to the study referenced?

    <p>Aggression facilitates displays of dominance and increases testosterone levels when threatened.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do the findings about testosterone levels after being insulted suggest about cultural differences between men from the American South and the North?

    <p>There is a stronger culture of honor in the South that impacts the reaction to insults.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What negative impact can overt aggressiveness have on females, according to the text?

    <p>It can disrupt important activities like childbearing.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to Dabbs (1992b, 1998), how has the role of testosterone in defining male success changed from prehistory to today?

    <p>Socioeconomic status has become more important than physical dominance.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the term 'fight-or-flight response' refer to?

    <p>The choice to face a challenge or avoid it</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What alternative response to threat do Taylor and her colleagues propose is important, especially in females?

    <p>Affiliation with other women</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What phrase do Taylor et al. (2000) use to describe the responses that are stronger in females than in males?

    <p>Tend and Befriend</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to Taylor (2002), what benefits does befriending provide in terms of safety and support?

    <p>It reduces certain kinds of risk through affiliation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements accurately reflects the biological mechanism believed to create attachment between an infant and their caregiver?

    <p>Attachment involves a complex biological mechanism and is researched from both perspectives.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormone is involved in relaxing and sedating effects, reducing fear, and enhancing mother-infant bonding?

    <p>Oxytocin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does oxytocin play in social bonding according to the studies mentioned?

    <p>It plays a key role in adult pair bonding and increases trust.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What has recent research indicated about the relationship between oxytocin and personality traits?

    <p>There is limited evidence connecting oxytocin to personality traits.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following correctly describes the challenges of using biological methods for assessing personality?

    <p>Both B and C are correct.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an electroencephalogram (EEG) used for?

    <p>To record electrical activity from the scalp</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about EEGs and personality is true?

    <p>EEGs can help identify psychological states by mapping brain activity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of positron emission tomography (PET) in brain research?

    <p>To derive a picture of brain functioning from metabolic activity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is true?

    <p>MRI relies on the magnetic fields created by nerve cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one primary use of functional MRI (fMRI) in brain studies?

    <p>To assess levels of activation in various brain regions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the main advantages of using fMRI in psychological research?

    <p>It can show precise locations of increases and decreases in neural activity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How might biological processes influence anxiety problems and antisocial behavior?

    <p>They can lead to genetic predispositions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do the motivational systems in the brain manage according to the basic assumption of the models?

    <p>The approach of rewards and avoidance of pain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between a sensitive threat system and anxiety disorders?

    <p>It causes high anxiety responses and contributes to anxiety disorders.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to some researchers, depression can be viewed as a variant of anxiety that reflects what type of system?

    <p>Oversensitive avoidance system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is likely to worsen anxiety and depression according to Carver et al. (2008)?

    <p>Deficits in the system that corresponds to constraint or effortful control</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is often argued about individuals with antisocial personality regarding their behavioral systems?

    <p>They have an overactive Behavioral Activation System (BAS).</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main reason proposed for the failure to learn from punishment according to the referenced authors?

    <p>Failure to stop and think before pursuing incentives</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of the male birth cohort with low MAO alleles and severe maltreatment developed some sort of antisocial behavior?

    <p>85%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between testosterone and antisocial behavior as discussed in the provided text?

    <p>High levels of testosterone are associated with increased violent and antisocial behavior.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used for treatments that involve administering drugs to change biological functions in therapy?

    <p>Pharmacotherapy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of people with bipolar disorder respond to lithium treatment according to Depue (1979)?

    <p>80%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What hypothesis suggests that symptoms of schizophrenia are related to dopamine levels?

    <p>Too much dopamine leading to overly easy transmission</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the research suggest about the treatment of schizophrenia?

    <p>The effectiveness of drugs is related to their ability to block dopamine use.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which class of medications is specifically mentioned as being prescribed for moderate to mild depression?

    <p>Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to Kramer (1993), what is one of the significant changes in personality that people experience when taking certain medications?

    <p>They become more confident and resilient</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Based on Eysenck's theory, what does personality potentially consist of?

    <p>Both biological functioning and experiences</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the studies mentioned, what effects did SSRIs have on individuals without a disorder?

    <p>Increased positive social behavior</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are some of the ethical questions raised by the availability of drugs that affect personality?

    <p>Should medications be prescribed to everyone regardless of severity of their problems?</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main effect of low-frequency transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) on brain activity?

    <p>Decrease activity in the targeted area</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the main areas targeted by TMS in the treatment of depression?

    <p>Left frontal brain areas to increase activity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does progress in the biological process approach to personality depend on advances in other fields?

    <p>It is influenced by continuous advancements in various sciences.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do many psychologists agree is an important focal point for biological theory building?

    <p>Approach and avoidance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a major challenge in understanding the nervous system's effects on personality?

    <p>Tracing neural pathways is difficult and cannot be done in human subjects.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to Eysenck's theory, what distinguishes introverts from extraverts?

    <p>Introverts are more aroused cortically than extraverts.</p> Signup and view all the answers

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