Podcast
Questions and Answers
According to Eysenck’s theory, which statement correctly describes the differences between introverts and extraverts?
According to Eysenck’s theory, which statement correctly describes the differences between introverts and extraverts?
- Introverts prefer more social interaction due to lower cortical arousal.
- Extraverts have higher cortical arousal than introverts, leading to avoidance of social situations.
- Introverts have higher cortical arousal, causing them to seek less stimulation and avoid social interaction. (correct)
- Extraverts are naturally quieter and prefer solitary activities.
According to laboratory studies, which of the following statements about introverts and extraverts are true regarding their performance on vigilance tasks?
According to laboratory studies, which of the following statements about introverts and extraverts are true regarding their performance on vigilance tasks?
- Introverts miss fewer specific stimuli compared to extraverts. (correct)
- Extraverts perform better than introverts on slowly changing visual displays.
- Introverts require more of a stimulant drug to achieve the same level of arousal as extraverts.
- Extraverts are more alert in tasks that require monitoring for specific stimuli.
What did Eysenck propose as the neural basis for neuroticism?
What did Eysenck propose as the neural basis for neuroticism?
- High emotional arousal intensifies behavior manifestations (correct)
- Personality is solely determined by environmental factors
- Neuroticism has no relation to brain function
- Emotional arousal does not affect extraversion or introversion
What is one way in which a basic approach system may influence personality according to recent theorists?
What is one way in which a basic approach system may influence personality according to recent theorists?
What does the incentive approach system emphasize in psychology?
What does the incentive approach system emphasize in psychology?
Which of the following terms refers to the set of brain structures involved in approaching incentives and seeking rewards?
Which of the following terms refers to the set of brain structures involved in approaching incentives and seeking rewards?
What does the Behavioral Activation System (BAS) primarily engage in?
What does the Behavioral Activation System (BAS) primarily engage in?
Which method has been used to study brain activity in relation to positive emotions like hope, eagerness, and excitement?
Which method has been used to study brain activity in relation to positive emotions like hope, eagerness, and excitement?
Which area of the brain is associated with positive emotions and the pursuit of rewards, according to various studies?
Which area of the brain is associated with positive emotions and the pursuit of rewards, according to various studies?
What brain region has been found to be larger in extraverts, indicative of traits associated with approach?
What brain region has been found to be larger in extraverts, indicative of traits associated with approach?
According to recent evidence, what underlies left-prefrontal activation?
According to recent evidence, what underlies left-prefrontal activation?
According to the study by Zinbarg & Mohlman (1998), how did BAS sensitivity predict learning outcomes?
According to the study by Zinbarg & Mohlman (1998), how did BAS sensitivity predict learning outcomes?
Which of the following statements best describes the evidence for social incentive systems in relationships?
Which of the following statements best describes the evidence for social incentive systems in relationships?
For example, suppose two people have tickets to an upcoming concert by a band they like. Melanie gets excited just thinking about the concert (although it isn’t until next week). Every time she does, she’s ready to jump in the car. Melanie is very high in incentive reactivity, BAS sensitivity. Barbara, on the other hand, is more calm - Which of the following statements best describes the difference between Melanie and Barbara regarding incentive reactivity?
For example, suppose two people have tickets to an upcoming concert by a band they like. Melanie gets excited just thinking about the concert (although it isn’t until next week). Every time she does, she’s ready to jump in the car. Melanie is very high in incentive reactivity, BAS sensitivity. Barbara, on the other hand, is more calm - Which of the following statements best describes the difference between Melanie and Barbara regarding incentive reactivity?
Which neurotransmitter has been linked to the approach system in the brain?
Which neurotransmitter has been linked to the approach system in the brain?
Which of the following statements is true regarding dopamine function and its relation to emotionality and personality traits?
Which of the following statements is true regarding dopamine function and its relation to emotionality and personality traits?
What is the relationship between high dopamine levels and goal shifting according to the studies mentioned?
What is the relationship between high dopamine levels and goal shifting according to the studies mentioned?
What role does dopamine play in reward-based learning?
What role does dopamine play in reward-based learning?
What role does dopamine primarily play according to the studies reviewed?
What role does dopamine primarily play according to the studies reviewed?
According to Schultz (2000, 2006), how do dopaminergic neurons respond to unexpected rewards?
According to Schultz (2000, 2006), how do dopaminergic neurons respond to unexpected rewards?
What is the name commonly given to the system in the brain that reacts to punishments and threats?
What is the name commonly given to the system in the brain that reacts to punishments and threats?
What feelings are associated with the avoidance system in Eysenck's theory?
What feelings are associated with the avoidance system in Eysenck's theory?
What does research indicate about the activity of the left and right prefrontal cortex in relation to emotions?
What does research indicate about the activity of the left and right prefrontal cortex in relation to emotions?
Which research findings suggest that sensitivity to threats relates to learning cues of punishment rather than rewards?
Which research findings suggest that sensitivity to threats relates to learning cues of punishment rather than rewards?
Which of the following statements best summarizes the influence of anxiety proneness on emotional reactions in the context of a psychology test?
Which of the following statements best summarizes the influence of anxiety proneness on emotional reactions in the context of a psychology test?
Which of the following best exemplifies the relationship between approach sensitivity and avoidance sensitivity?
Which of the following best exemplifies the relationship between approach sensitivity and avoidance sensitivity?
Which neurotransmitter has been linked to anxiety or threat sensitivity, though the view has been challenged?
Which neurotransmitter has been linked to anxiety or threat sensitivity, though the view has been challenged?
What is the relationship between GABA and panic disorder according to the research?
What is the relationship between GABA and panic disorder according to the research?
What is the link between norepinephrine and anxiety disorders according to the research?
What is the link between norepinephrine and anxiety disorders according to the research?
Which brain system is associated with managing approach towards incentives and generating excitement?
Which brain system is associated with managing approach towards incentives and generating excitement?
What is the relationship between neuroticism and threat sensitivity according to the findings of Larsen and Ketelaar (1991) and Carver and White (1994)?
What is the relationship between neuroticism and threat sensitivity according to the findings of Larsen and Ketelaar (1991) and Carver and White (1994)?
Which of the following characteristics are commonly associated with extraversion? (Select all that apply)
Which of the following characteristics are commonly associated with extraversion? (Select all that apply)
What relationship has been established between extraversion and brain areas associated with approach behavior?
What relationship has been established between extraversion and brain areas associated with approach behavior?
Which of the following qualities are associated with extraversion according to theorists in Table 7.1? (Select all that apply)
Which of the following qualities are associated with extraversion according to theorists in Table 7.1? (Select all that apply)
According to the discussed theories, which of the following best describes the relationship between BAS sensitivity and sociability?
According to the discussed theories, which of the following best describes the relationship between BAS sensitivity and sociability?
According to research mentioned in Chapter 4, what is suggested to be the core of extraversion?
According to research mentioned in Chapter 4, what is suggested to be the core of extraversion?
Which statement best summarizes the differing views on impulsivity in relation to extraversion as discussed by Gray, Eysenck, and Depue & Collins?
Which statement best summarizes the differing views on impulsivity in relation to extraversion as discussed by Gray, Eysenck, and Depue & Collins?
Based on the studies by Zelenski and Larsen (1999) and Fairbanks (2001), where does impulsivity belong in relation to extraversion?
Based on the studies by Zelenski and Larsen (1999) and Fairbanks (2001), where does impulsivity belong in relation to extraversion?
How does the assumption of a third basic system in personality relate to variation in restraint versus impulsiveness?
How does the assumption of a third basic system in personality relate to variation in restraint versus impulsiveness?
Which of the following behaviors are associated with individuals high in sensation seeking? (Select all that apply)
Which of the following behaviors are associated with individuals high in sensation seeking? (Select all that apply)
What is one potential function of high sensation seeking according to Zuckerman's theory?
What is one potential function of high sensation seeking according to Zuckerman's theory?
What does Zuckerman (1991, 1993) refer to as impulsive unsocialized sensation seeking (IUSS)?
What does Zuckerman (1991, 1993) refer to as impulsive unsocialized sensation seeking (IUSS)?
How does IUSS relate to the five-factor model and Eysenck's model?
How does IUSS relate to the five-factor model and Eysenck's model?
Which statement is true about effortful control as a temperament?
Which statement is true about effortful control as a temperament?
What distinct higher-order trait did Depue and Collins (1999) identify reflecting impulse versus constraint in their review of personality inventories?
What distinct higher-order trait did Depue and Collins (1999) identify reflecting impulse versus constraint in their review of personality inventories?
In the context of approach and avoidance systems, what outcome is likely for a person with strong appetites and little fear?
In the context of approach and avoidance systems, what outcome is likely for a person with strong appetites and little fear?
What role does effortful control play in decision-making according to the provided text?
What role does effortful control play in decision-making according to the provided text?
Which brain chemical is suggested to be related to impulse versus constraint according to Zuckerman's research?
Which brain chemical is suggested to be related to impulse versus constraint according to Zuckerman's research?
What has research indicated about the relationship between serotonergic function and impulsivity?
What has research indicated about the relationship between serotonergic function and impulsivity?
How do researchers measure neurotransmitter functions in research participants?
How do researchers measure neurotransmitter functions in research participants?
If someone has a chronically low serotonin level (call him Eddie), the receptors will adjust to become more sensitive. If someone has a chronically high serotonin level (call him Phil), the receptors will adjust to become less sensitive. Because Eddie’s receptors are now very sensitive, they can do their work with relatively little serotonin. Because Phil’s receptors are now relatively insensitive, they will respond less to the same amount of serotonin. Phil needs more serotonin to have the same processing effect. Eddie has very responsive serotonin functioning, whereas Phil’s functioning is less responsive.Based on the information provided about serotonin levels and receptor sensitivity, who requires more serotonin to achieve the same processing effect?
If someone has a chronically low serotonin level (call him Eddie), the receptors will adjust to become more sensitive. If someone has a chronically high serotonin level (call him Phil), the receptors will adjust to become less sensitive. Because Eddie’s receptors are now very sensitive, they can do their work with relatively little serotonin. Because Phil’s receptors are now relatively insensitive, they will respond less to the same amount of serotonin. Phil needs more serotonin to have the same processing effect. Eddie has very responsive serotonin functioning, whereas Phil’s functioning is less responsive.Based on the information provided about serotonin levels and receptor sensitivity, who requires more serotonin to achieve the same processing effect?
What is one way to assess the responsiveness of a neurotransmitter system in humans?
What is one way to assess the responsiveness of a neurotransmitter system in humans?
What does a large rise in prolactin indicate about the serotonin system?
What does a large rise in prolactin indicate about the serotonin system?
What do the studies by Cleare & Bond (1995) and Bjork et al. (2000) suggest about the relationship between serotonin levels and aggressiveness?
What do the studies by Cleare & Bond (1995) and Bjork et al. (2000) suggest about the relationship between serotonin levels and aggressiveness?
What do researchers commonly relate lower serotonergic function to?
What do researchers commonly relate lower serotonergic function to?
What did early studies by Cleare & Bond (1997), Depue (1995), and others find about low serotonergic function?
What did early studies by Cleare & Bond (1997), Depue (1995), and others find about low serotonergic function?
Based on Manuck et al. (1998), which of the following statements about serotonergic function is true?
Based on Manuck et al. (1998), which of the following statements about serotonergic function is true?
What did Zald and Depue (2001) find regarding serotonergic function and emotional affect?
What did Zald and Depue (2001) find regarding serotonergic function and emotional affect?
What do the studies by Depue et al. suggest regarding serotonergic pathways?
What do the studies by Depue et al. suggest regarding serotonergic pathways?
What influence do testosterone and oxytocin have on personality?
What influence do testosterone and oxytocin have on personality?
What is one reason researchers believe sex hormones influence behavior?
What is one reason researchers believe sex hormones influence behavior?
According to Breedlove (1994), what is the outcome of a genetic male not being exposed to androgen hormones during critical points in development?
According to Breedlove (1994), what is the outcome of a genetic male not being exposed to androgen hormones during critical points in development?
How do the brains of gay men structurally compare to those of heterosexual men, according to research?
How do the brains of gay men structurally compare to those of heterosexual men, according to research?
How might differences in the nervous system relate to personality traits due to androgen exposure?
How might differences in the nervous system relate to personality traits due to androgen exposure?
What was the focus of the early study conducted by Reinisch in 1981 regarding hormone exposure?
What was the focus of the early study conducted by Reinisch in 1981 regarding hormone exposure?
What was the main focus of the self-report measure completed by the children after 11 years?
What was the main focus of the self-report measure completed by the children after 11 years?
What were the two main effects observed in the study regarding physical aggression as a response to conflict?
What were the two main effects observed in the study regarding physical aggression as a response to conflict?
What was the main finding of the study by Reinisch (1981) regarding the influence of synthetic hormones on aggression scores in childhood?
What was the main finding of the study by Reinisch (1981) regarding the influence of synthetic hormones on aggression scores in childhood?
What was the main finding of Berenbaum and Hines (1992) regarding androgen-exposed girls?
What was the main finding of Berenbaum and Hines (1992) regarding androgen-exposed girls?
What was the primary focus of the study comparing the playtime of girls exposed to masculinizing hormones and those who were not?
What was the primary focus of the study comparing the playtime of girls exposed to masculinizing hormones and those who were not?
Which of the following behaviors has been linked to high levels of natural androgens in girls?
Which of the following behaviors has been linked to high levels of natural androgens in girls?
What role does testosterone play in personality according to James Dabbs and his research?
What role does testosterone play in personality according to James Dabbs and his research?
What behavioral effects have been primarily associated with high levels of testosterone in inmates according to the studies mentioned?
What behavioral effects have been primarily associated with high levels of testosterone in inmates according to the studies mentioned?
According to the study by Dabbs & Morris (1990), which of the following behaviors were more likely in men with higher testosterone levels?
According to the study by Dabbs & Morris (1990), which of the following behaviors were more likely in men with higher testosterone levels?
What are cultural expectations of men's bodies reflected in popular media, such as Playgirl photos, according to Leit, Pope, & Gray (2001)?
What are cultural expectations of men's bodies reflected in popular media, such as Playgirl photos, according to Leit, Pope, & Gray (2001)?
What is the primary reason people use anabolic steroids?
What is the primary reason people use anabolic steroids?
What is a potential consequence of using steroids for muscle building?
What is a potential consequence of using steroids for muscle building?
What physical effects can men experience from taking steroids?
What physical effects can men experience from taking steroids?
What percentage of women users reported manic symptoms during steroid use according to Gruber & Pope (2000)?
What percentage of women users reported manic symptoms during steroid use according to Gruber & Pope (2000)?
What is a potential outcome of combining bodybuilding with the use of steroids in individuals with an aggressive personality?
What is a potential outcome of combining bodybuilding with the use of steroids in individuals with an aggressive personality?
How does high testosterone influence a man's socioeconomic status (SES) according to Dabbs (1992a)?
How does high testosterone influence a man's socioeconomic status (SES) according to Dabbs (1992a)?
Which occupation is associated with higher levels of testosterone according to research?
Which occupation is associated with higher levels of testosterone according to research?
According to Dabbs et al. (1990), what is a key difference between actors and ministers in their roles?
According to Dabbs et al. (1990), what is a key difference between actors and ministers in their roles?
Which of the following statements is true regarding the effects of testosterone on social behavior?
Which of the following statements is true regarding the effects of testosterone on social behavior?
What is the outcome for individuals with low testosterone when placed in high-status positions, according to the study by Josephs, Sellers, Newman, & Mehta (2006)?
What is the outcome for individuals with low testosterone when placed in high-status positions, according to the study by Josephs, Sellers, Newman, & Mehta (2006)?
According to Booth and Dabbs (1993), which of the following statements is true regarding men with higher levels of testosterone?
According to Booth and Dabbs (1993), which of the following statements is true regarding men with higher levels of testosterone?
Which of the following personality traits were identified in studies relating testosterone to personality?
Which of the following personality traits were identified in studies relating testosterone to personality?
What is the relationship between testosterone levels and social situations according to Dabbs (1992b)?
What is the relationship between testosterone levels and social situations according to Dabbs (1992b)?
Which of the following scenarios is associated with an increase in testosterone levels?
Which of the following scenarios is associated with an increase in testosterone levels?
What are some effects of increased testosterone on behavior according to the studies mentioned?
What are some effects of increased testosterone on behavior according to the studies mentioned?
What is a key concept in evolutionary psychology related to gender differences in mate selection?
What is a key concept in evolutionary psychology related to gender differences in mate selection?
What is the relationship between aggression and testosterone levels in male monkeys, according to the study referenced?
What is the relationship between aggression and testosterone levels in male monkeys, according to the study referenced?
What do the findings about testosterone levels after being insulted suggest about cultural differences between men from the American South and the North?
What do the findings about testosterone levels after being insulted suggest about cultural differences between men from the American South and the North?
What negative impact can overt aggressiveness have on females, according to the text?
What negative impact can overt aggressiveness have on females, according to the text?
According to Dabbs (1992b, 1998), how has the role of testosterone in defining male success changed from prehistory to today?
According to Dabbs (1992b, 1998), how has the role of testosterone in defining male success changed from prehistory to today?
What does the term 'fight-or-flight response' refer to?
What does the term 'fight-or-flight response' refer to?
What alternative response to threat do Taylor and her colleagues propose is important, especially in females?
What alternative response to threat do Taylor and her colleagues propose is important, especially in females?
What phrase do Taylor et al. (2000) use to describe the responses that are stronger in females than in males?
What phrase do Taylor et al. (2000) use to describe the responses that are stronger in females than in males?
According to Taylor (2002), what benefits does befriending provide in terms of safety and support?
According to Taylor (2002), what benefits does befriending provide in terms of safety and support?
Which of the following statements accurately reflects the biological mechanism believed to create attachment between an infant and their caregiver?
Which of the following statements accurately reflects the biological mechanism believed to create attachment between an infant and their caregiver?
Which hormone is involved in relaxing and sedating effects, reducing fear, and enhancing mother-infant bonding?
Which hormone is involved in relaxing and sedating effects, reducing fear, and enhancing mother-infant bonding?
What role does oxytocin play in social bonding according to the studies mentioned?
What role does oxytocin play in social bonding according to the studies mentioned?
What has recent research indicated about the relationship between oxytocin and personality traits?
What has recent research indicated about the relationship between oxytocin and personality traits?
Which of the following correctly describes the challenges of using biological methods for assessing personality?
Which of the following correctly describes the challenges of using biological methods for assessing personality?
What is an electroencephalogram (EEG) used for?
What is an electroencephalogram (EEG) used for?
Which of the following statements about EEGs and personality is true?
Which of the following statements about EEGs and personality is true?
What is the primary purpose of positron emission tomography (PET) in brain research?
What is the primary purpose of positron emission tomography (PET) in brain research?
Which of the following statements about magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is true?
Which of the following statements about magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is true?
What is one primary use of functional MRI (fMRI) in brain studies?
What is one primary use of functional MRI (fMRI) in brain studies?
What is one of the main advantages of using fMRI in psychological research?
What is one of the main advantages of using fMRI in psychological research?
How might biological processes influence anxiety problems and antisocial behavior?
How might biological processes influence anxiety problems and antisocial behavior?
What do the motivational systems in the brain manage according to the basic assumption of the models?
What do the motivational systems in the brain manage according to the basic assumption of the models?
What is the relationship between a sensitive threat system and anxiety disorders?
What is the relationship between a sensitive threat system and anxiety disorders?
According to some researchers, depression can be viewed as a variant of anxiety that reflects what type of system?
According to some researchers, depression can be viewed as a variant of anxiety that reflects what type of system?
What is likely to worsen anxiety and depression according to Carver et al. (2008)?
What is likely to worsen anxiety and depression according to Carver et al. (2008)?
What is often argued about individuals with antisocial personality regarding their behavioral systems?
What is often argued about individuals with antisocial personality regarding their behavioral systems?
What is the main reason proposed for the failure to learn from punishment according to the referenced authors?
What is the main reason proposed for the failure to learn from punishment according to the referenced authors?
What percentage of the male birth cohort with low MAO alleles and severe maltreatment developed some sort of antisocial behavior?
What percentage of the male birth cohort with low MAO alleles and severe maltreatment developed some sort of antisocial behavior?
What is the relationship between testosterone and antisocial behavior as discussed in the provided text?
What is the relationship between testosterone and antisocial behavior as discussed in the provided text?
What is the term used for treatments that involve administering drugs to change biological functions in therapy?
What is the term used for treatments that involve administering drugs to change biological functions in therapy?
What percentage of people with bipolar disorder respond to lithium treatment according to Depue (1979)?
What percentage of people with bipolar disorder respond to lithium treatment according to Depue (1979)?
What hypothesis suggests that symptoms of schizophrenia are related to dopamine levels?
What hypothesis suggests that symptoms of schizophrenia are related to dopamine levels?
What does the research suggest about the treatment of schizophrenia?
What does the research suggest about the treatment of schizophrenia?
Which class of medications is specifically mentioned as being prescribed for moderate to mild depression?
Which class of medications is specifically mentioned as being prescribed for moderate to mild depression?
According to Kramer (1993), what is one of the significant changes in personality that people experience when taking certain medications?
According to Kramer (1993), what is one of the significant changes in personality that people experience when taking certain medications?
Based on Eysenck's theory, what does personality potentially consist of?
Based on Eysenck's theory, what does personality potentially consist of?
According to the studies mentioned, what effects did SSRIs have on individuals without a disorder?
According to the studies mentioned, what effects did SSRIs have on individuals without a disorder?
What are some of the ethical questions raised by the availability of drugs that affect personality?
What are some of the ethical questions raised by the availability of drugs that affect personality?
What is the main effect of low-frequency transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) on brain activity?
What is the main effect of low-frequency transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) on brain activity?
What are the main areas targeted by TMS in the treatment of depression?
What are the main areas targeted by TMS in the treatment of depression?
How does progress in the biological process approach to personality depend on advances in other fields?
How does progress in the biological process approach to personality depend on advances in other fields?
What do many psychologists agree is an important focal point for biological theory building?
What do many psychologists agree is an important focal point for biological theory building?
What is a major challenge in understanding the nervous system's effects on personality?
What is a major challenge in understanding the nervous system's effects on personality?
According to Eysenck's theory, what distinguishes introverts from extraverts?
According to Eysenck's theory, what distinguishes introverts from extraverts?
Flashcards
Introversion vs. Extraversion (Eysenck)
Introversion vs. Extraversion (Eysenck)
Introverts have higher cortical arousal, leading them to seek less stimulation and avoid social interaction. Extraverts, conversely, have lower cortical arousal and are more drawn to social interaction and stimulation.
Introvert Vigilance Performance
Introvert Vigilance Performance
In vigilance tasks, introverts typically miss fewer specific stimuli compared to extraverts.
Neuroticism Neural Basis (Eysenck)
Neuroticism Neural Basis (Eysenck)
Eysenck proposed that high emotional arousal intensifies the manifestation of neurotic behaviors.
Behavioral Activation System (BAS)
Behavioral Activation System (BAS)
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Incentive Approach System
Incentive Approach System
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Activation System
Activation System
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BAS and Incentive Reactivity
BAS and Incentive Reactivity
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Incentive Reactivity
Incentive Reactivity
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Neurotransmitter linked to Approach System
Neurotransmitter linked to Approach System
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Dopamine and Goal Shifting
Dopamine and Goal Shifting
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Dopamine and Reward-Based Learning
Dopamine and Reward-Based Learning
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Avoidance System
Avoidance System
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Avoidance System and Feelings
Avoidance System and Feelings
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Prefrontal Cortex and Emotions
Prefrontal Cortex and Emotions
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Neuroticism and Threat Sensitivity
Neuroticism and Threat Sensitivity
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Extraversion and Approach Behavior
Extraversion and Approach Behavior
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BAS Sensitivity and Sociability
BAS Sensitivity and Sociability
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Core of Extraversion
Core of Extraversion
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