Psychology Exam 2 Flashcards
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Questions and Answers

Dante is most likely to want to help Jed study after he has:

  • Unsuccessfully tried to repair a flat tire on his car.
  • Heard that a friend was involved in an automobile accident.
  • Received an A on his psychology test. (correct)
  • Been caught cheating on a math test.

    • During the last 50 years, the buying power of Americans has ________ and their self-reported personal happiness has ________.

    increased; remained almost unchanged

    People are likely to experience higher levels of ________ if they seek to contribute to their communities rather than simply strive for personal wealth and power.

  • Facial feedback
  • Relative deprivation
  • Catharsis
  • Subjective well-being (correct)

    • Relative deprivation refers to the tendency for our personal happiness to be heavily influenced by:

    <p>Others' success</p> Signup and view all the answers

    An understanding of how stress affects our resistance to disease is the central focus of the field of:

    <p>Psychoneuroimmunology</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Research on stressful life events indicates that:

    <p>Those who have been recently widowed, fired, or divorced are more vulnerable to disease.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Avoiding stress is LEAST likely to inhibit the progression of ________ in humans.

    <p>Advanced cancer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The three successive phases of the general adaptation syndrome are:

    <p>Alarm reaction, resistance, and exhaustion.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A Harvard School of Public Health research team studied men over a 10-year period. They found that ________ were more than twice as likely as ________ to develop heart disease.

    <p>Pessimists; optimists</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Attempting to alleviate stress directly by changing the stressor is known as:

    <p>Problem-focused coping</p> Signup and view all the answers

    To alleviate the stress of losing her job, Alicia enrolled in a work retraining program. Her behavior best illustrates:

    <p>Problem-focused coping</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Vanessa alleviated stress by engaging in her work more actively after her husband's death. Her response best illustrates:

    <p>Emotion-focused coping</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Elderly nursing home residents tend to decline faster and die sooner without:

    <p>Perceived control</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Alex experiences little stress because he expects things to work out well. This best illustrates the value of:

    <p>Optimism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Spearman's g factor refers to:

    <p>A general intelligence that underlies successful performance on various tasks</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who would have been most enthusiastic about a single intelligence test score as an index of individual mental capacities?

    <p>Charles Spearman</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Professor Jenkins believes intelligence cannot be measured by a single score, but rather through seven primary abilities. His view closely resembles that of:

    <p>L.L. Thurstone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    People with savant syndrome are best described as those who demonstrate:

    <p>An exceptional specific skill</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Robert Sternberg distinguished among analytical, practical, and ________ intelligence.

    <p>Creative</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which person best illustrates Sternberg's concept of practical intelligence?

    <p>Shelley, a newspaper reporter with a large network of sources</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When Professor McGuire asks students to answer questions, she quickly tells from their expressions whether they are happy to participate. Her skill best illustrates:

    <p>Emotional intelligence</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Binet and Simon designed a test to:

    <p>Identify children likely to have difficulty in school</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The distribution of intelligence test scores should form a bell-shaped pattern, called:

    <p>A normal curve</p> Signup and view all the answers

    To assess mental age, Binet and Simon measured children's:

    <p>Reasoning skills</p> Signup and view all the answers

    If a test is standardized, this means that:

    <p>A person's performance can be compared with a representative group</p> Signup and view all the answers

    If a road test for a driver's license adequately samples tasks a driver faces, the test is said to have:

    <p>Content validity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    For the original version of the Stanford-Binet, IQ was defined as:

    <p>Mental age divided by chronological age and multiplied by 100</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Achievement tests are designed to:

    <p>Assess learned knowledge or skills</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In addition to an overall intelligence score, the WAIS provides separate scores for skills such as:

    <p>Working memory</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Block design puzzles are used in one of the subtests of the:

    <p>WAIS</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A test that measures what it is supposed to is said to have a high degree of:

    <p>Validity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    It would be reasonable to suggest that the Flynn effect is due in part to:

    <p>Increasingly improved childhood health</p> Signup and view all the answers

    If a test yields consistent results every time it is used, it has a high degree of:

    <p>Reliability</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Your psychology professor announced that the next test will assess understanding of sensation and perception. If the test questions relate to other topics, you would be most concerned about the ________ of the test.

    <p>Validity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Cross-sectional research indicated that during early and middle adulthood, aging is associated with ________ levels of intelligence. Longitudinal research indicated that during this period, aging is associated with ________ levels of intelligence.

    <p>Declining; stable</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Ian Deary and his colleagues retested 80-year-old Scots using an intelligence test they had taken as 11-year-olds. The procedure used in this research best illustrates a:

    <p>Longitudinal study</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Professor Juarez intends to measure the difference in spatial ability between people of different ages. He will be conducting:

    <p>A cross-sectional study</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In terms of age, ______________ intelligence peaks in the 20s and ___________ intelligence increases through the 70s.

    <p>fluid; crystallized</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The type of basic intelligence that makes learning quick and thorough is referred to as ______ intelligence.

    <p>fluid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Psychologists define learning as the process of?

    <p>Acquiring new information or relatively enduring behaviors.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The acquisition of mental information by observing events, watching others, or through language is called?

    <p>Cognitive learning.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following processes accounts for Natacha becoming fearful every time she smells rubbing alcohol?

    <p>Classical conditioning.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In classical conditioning, a stimulus that elicits no response before conditioning is called a(n)?

    <p>Neutral stimulus.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In Pavlov's experiments, what was the unconditioned stimulus (US)?

    <p>The presentation of food in the dog's mouth.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for a dog salivating to the sound of a tone that has been associated with food?

    <p>Conditioned stimulus.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The stage in which a flatworm's contraction response to light is established is called?

    <p>Acquisition.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A geometric figure is most likely to trigger sexual arousal if presented shortly?

    <p>Before an appropriate unconditioned stimulus.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Makayla developed an intense fear of flying five years ago. What indicates her fear has undergone?

    <p>Extinction.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The reappearance of an extinguished conditioned response after a time lapse is called?

    <p>Spontaneous recovery.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Toddlers taught to fear speeding cars may also begin to fear speeding trucks and motorcycles. This best illustrates?

    <p>Generalization.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    After learning to fear a white rat, Little Albert responded with fear to the sight of a rabbit. This illustrates the process of?

    <p>Generalization.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Laurie's thumbsucking has become habitual because she feels less anxious when she sucks her thumb. This illustrates the process of?

    <p>Operant conditioning.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    An event that strengthens the behavior it follows is called?

    <p>Reinforcement.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Shaping is a(n) ________ procedure.

    <p>operant conditioning</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Every Saturday, Arnold quickly washes the dishes so that his father will allow him to wash his car. In this instance, washing the car is a(n)?

    <p>Positive reinforcer.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Receiving delicious food is to escaping electric shock as ________ is to ________.

    <p>Positive reinforcer; negative reinforcer.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Any stimulus that, when removed after a response, strengthens the response is called a(n)?

    <p>Negative reinforcer.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Primary reinforcers could best be described as?

    <p>Innately satisfying stimuli.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Alex was paid $100 for eight hours of work. The money was a(n)?

    <p>Conditioned reinforcer.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Blake prefers working on a ________ schedule of reinforcement.

    <p>Fixed-ratio.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Paul is paid for every five calls he makes; Michael is paid for every subscription he sells. Paul's telephoning is reinforced on a ________ schedule, while Michael's is reinforced on a ________ schedule.

    <p>Fixed-ratio; variable-ratio.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Purchasing state lottery tickets is reinforced with monetary winnings on a ________ schedule.

    <p>Variable-ratio.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Taking away the driver's license of a reckless teen driver is intended to serve as a?

    <p>Negative punishment.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Administering an aversive stimulus following an operant response is?

    <p>Positive punishment.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Garcia and Koelling's studies of taste aversion in rats demonstrated that classical conditioning is constrained by?

    <p>Biological predispositions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    It's easier to train a pigeon to peck a disk for a food reward than to flap its wings for a food reward. This illustrates the importance of?

    <p>Biological predispositions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    After pigs learned to pick up and deposit wooden coins in a piggy bank, they subsequently dropped the coins repeatedly. This best illustrates the issue of?

    <p>Instinctual drift.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    After a week at college, Su-Chuan has formed a mental representation of the layout of the campus. What has she developed?

    <p>Cognitive map.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The fact that learning can occur without reinforcement is most clearly demonstrated by studies of?

    <p>Latent learning.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Dan and Joel, both 4-year-olds, have been watching reruns of 'Superman' on television. What best accounts for their behavior when standing on a roof?

    <p>Observational learning.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Jeremy wears his baseball cap backward because he noticed that his older brother does so. This illustrates the importance of?

    <p>Modeling.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In a well-known experiment, preschool children pounded and kicked a large inflated Bobo doll that an adult had just beaten on. This illustrates the importance of?

    <p>Observational learning.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The tendency to engage in behaviors that we observe others rewarded for performing best illustrates the influence of?

    <p>Vicarious reinforcement.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Mirror neurons are believed by some scientists to provide a biological basis for?

    <p>Observational learning.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    It has been suggested that ________ are activated when a monkey moves a peanut into its mouth and when it observes other monkeys moving a peanut into their mouths.

    <p>Mirror neurons.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Recognizing that one of your friends is feeling angry and another is feeling sad illustrates an ability known as?

    <p>Theory of mind.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the ________, you would be able to experience emotion even without sympathetic nervous system arousal.

    <p>Cannon-Bard theory.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Research has shown that neck-level spinal cord injuries reduce the intensity of certain emotional experiences. This finding supports the?

    <p>James-Lange theory.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the two-factor theory (Schacter-Singer), the two basic components of emotions are?

    <p>A cognitive label; physical arousal.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Evidence that people can develop an emotional preference for stimuli to which they have been unknowingly exposed has convinced Robert Zajonc that?

    <p>Sometimes emotion precedes cognition.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Unlike the low-road brain pathway, the high road for emotional responses extends through the?

    <p>Cortex.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    As her professor distributed the mathematics test, Blair's heart started to pound. These physiological reactions were activated by her ________ nervous system.

    <p>Sympathetic.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which division of the nervous system calms the body after an emergency has passed?

    <p>Parasympathetic.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Boyd, a suspect in a criminal investigation, has agreed to take a lie detector test. The machine used in this test is most likely to measure his?

    <p>Perspiration levels.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The guilty knowledge test is typically used to?

    <p>Assess a suspect's responses to details of a crime.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Activation of the sympathetic nervous system?

    <p>Increases salivation and increases blood pressure.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    As you are waiting to be interviewed for a job, which nervous system is activated that causes your heart rate, body temperature, and breathing rate to increase?

    <p>Sympathetic.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    People from different cultures are most likely to differ with respect to?

    <p>How they interpret hand gestures such as the 'A - OK' sign.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Botox paralysis of the frowning facial muscles ________ people's reading of sadness-related sentences and ________ activity in emotion-related brain circuits.

    <p>Slows; slows.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The tendency of facial muscle states to trigger corresponding feelings such as fear or happiness is called?

    <p>The facial feedback effect.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Reducing one's anger through aggressive action or fantasy is called?

    <p>Catharsis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The feel-good, do-good phenomenon refers to the fact that when people feel happy, they?

    <p>Are more willing to help others.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During the last 50 years, the buying power of Americans has ________ and their self-reported personal happiness has ________.

    <p>Increased; remained almost unchanged.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    People are likely to experience higher levels of ________ if they seek to contribute to their communities rather than simply strive for personal wealth and power.

    <p>Subjective well-being.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Relative deprivation refers to the tendency for our personal happiness to be heavily influenced by?

    <p>Others' success.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    People tend to describe their experienced emotions along the two dimensions of?

    <p>Valence and arousal.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Reducing one's anger through aggressive action or fantasy is called?

    <p>Catharsis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Reduced feelings of tension following aggressive outbursts contribute to?

    <p>The reinforcement of aggression.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Relative deprivation refers to the tendency for our personal happiness to be heavily influenced by?

    <p>Others' success.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Learning Processes

    • Learning is defined as acquiring new information or relatively enduring behaviors.
    • Cognitive learning involves acquiring mental information through observation, language, or events.

    Classical Conditioning

    • Classical conditioning occurs when a neutral stimulus, such as rubbing alcohol, becomes associated with a fear response after pairings with an unconditioned stimulus (painful injection).
    • A neutral stimulus elicits no response before conditioning, and becomes a conditioned stimulus (CS) when it elicits a response after being paired with the unconditioned stimulus (US), the presentation of food in Pavlov's experiments.
    • Acquisition is the stage in classical conditioning where the response to the CS is established, while generalization occurs when a response is triggered by stimuli similar to the CS.

    Operant Conditioning

    • Operant conditioning involves behaviors strengthened by reinforcement (positive or negative).
    • Reinforcers can be primary (innately satisfying stimuli) or conditioned (stimuli that gain reinforcing power through association).
    • Shaping is an operant conditioning procedure that reinforces closer approximations of desired behavior.
    • Positive reinforcement involves adding a favorable outcome, while negative reinforcement involves removing an aversive stimulus after a response.

    Schedules of Reinforcement

    • Fixed-ratio schedules provide reinforcement after a specific number of responses, while variable-ratio schedules provide reinforcement after an unpredictable number of responses.
    • Fixed-interval schedules provide reinforcement after a specific time has passed, while variable-interval schedules provide reinforcement at random intervals.

    Fear and Emotion

    • Extinction occurs when the conditioned response (fear) diminishes after repeated presentations of the CS without the US.
    • Spontaneous recovery is the reappearance of an extinguished response after a time lapse.
    • The two-factor theory suggests emotions arise from both physiological arousal and cognitive appraisal.

    Emotion Theories

    • The Cannon-Bard theory posits that emotion-arousing stimuli trigger reactions in both the cortex and sympathetic nervous system simultaneously.
    • The James-Lange theory asserts that physiological arousal precedes emotional experience.
    • The two-factor theory emphasizes the role of cognitive labels in experiencing emotions.

    Nervous System & Emotions

    • The sympathetic nervous system prepares the body for stress responses, while the parasympathetic system calms the body afterward.
    • Physiological reactions such as increased heart rate and perspiration are linked to emotional responses.

    Social Influence on Happiness

    • Happiness is relative and influenced by others' successes; this is known as relative deprivation.
    • Subjective well-being is higher among individuals contributing to their communities rather than pursuing personal wealth.
    • The feel-good, do-good phenomenon suggests that happy people are more likely to help others.

    Psychoneuroimmunology

    • This field studies how stress affects resistance to disease and overall health.
    • Stressful life events, like loss or divorce, can increase vulnerability to health problems.

    Stress and Health Vulnerability

    • Individuals recently experiencing widowhood, unemployment, or divorce face increased susceptibility to disease.
    • Advanced cancer progression is least inhibited by stress avoidance compared to other conditions like bacterial or viral infections and coronary heart disease.

    General Adaptation Syndrome

    • Comprises three phases: alarm reaction, resistance, and exhaustion.
    • Understanding this model helps in recognizing stress responses.

    Heart Disease Risk Factors

    • A 10-year study showed pessimists over double the likelihood of developing heart disease compared to optimists.
    • Demonstrates the influence of mindset on physical health outcomes.

    Coping Strategies

    • Problem-focused coping directly addresses stressors to relieve stress.
    • Emotion-focused coping involves managing emotions rather than changing the stressor itself.

    Importance of Control in Elderly

    • Lack of perceived control in elderly nursing home residents correlates with faster decline and earlier mortality.
    • Highlights the psychological aspect of health and longevity.

    Optimism and Stress

    • Expecting positive outcomes, as exemplified by Alex, can significantly reduce stress levels.
    • Optimism is linked to better coping mechanisms and health resilience.

    Intelligence Theories

    • Spearman's g factor refers to a general intelligence that supports performance across various tasks.
    • Charles Spearman advocates for using a single intelligence test score as an indicator of mental capacity.

    Alternative Intelligence Models

    • L.L. Thurstone proposed that intelligence consists of seven distinct clusters, opposing the single-score perspective.
    • Howard Gardner introduced multiple intelligences, broadening the definition of cognitive capabilities.

    Savant Syndrome

    • Characterized by individuals displaying exceptional specific skills despite limitations in other areas; underscores the diversity of intelligence manifestations.

    Sternberg's Intelligence Categories

    • Sternberg differentiates between analytical, practical, and creative intelligence, with practical intelligence focusing on real-world application.

    Emotional Intelligence

    • Reflects the ability to understand and manage one's emotions and recognize them in others.
    • Important for personal and professional interactions, as shown by Professor McGuire’s perceptual skills.

    Binet and Simon's Contributions

    • Developed an intelligence test to identify children at risk of academic difficulties, setting the stage for educational psychology.

    Intelligence Testing Standards

    • A standardized test has comparative validity against a representative group.
    • Content validity ensures a test accurately measures what it intends to assess, such as driving skills in a road test.

    Intelligence Quotient (IQ) Definition

    • Originally calculated by dividing mental age by chronological age and multiplying by 100.

    Achievement vs. Aptitude Tests

    • Achievement tests assess learned knowledge and skills, while aptitude tests gauge potential and capacity to succeed in future challenges.

    WAIS Test Features

    • WAIS (Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale) provides an overall intelligence score along with specific scores for working memory and other cognitive skills.

    Validity and Reliability in Testing

    • Validity assesses a test's accuracy in measuring what it intends to, while reliability ensures consistent results over time.
    • The Flynn effect suggests rising IQ scores over generations may stem from improved childhood health.
    • Cross-sectional research shows declining intelligence levels during early to middle adulthood while longitudinal studies indicate stability in that period.
    • Fluid intelligence peaks in early adulthood, while crystallized intelligence continues to grow into older age.

    Research Methodologies

    • Longitudinal studies track changes within the same individuals over time, while cross-sectional studies compare different age groups at one point.
    • Understanding these methodologies can influence how intelligence studies are designed and interpreted.

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    Test your knowledge with these flashcards for Psychology Exam 2. This quiz covers key concepts related to learning theories and the acquisition of mental information. Perfect for review before your exam!

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