Psychology: Emerging Adulthood (18-25)
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Questions and Answers

What is a common feature of emerging adulthood?

  • Permanent residency in one location
  • Identity exploration (correct)
  • Settling down in a long-term job
  • Increased reliance on parental support

Which age range represents the period of emerging adulthood?

  • 22 to 30 years
  • 18 to 25 years (correct)
  • 26 to 35 years
  • 15 to 20 years

What is a common health risk for emerging adults?

  • Increased rate of obesity (correct)
  • Lower incidence of chronic illnesses
  • Lower mortality rates compared to adolescents
  • Reduced mental health issues

Which of the following is a marker of becoming an adult?

<p>Economic independence (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factor is linked to obesity among emerging adults?

<p>Excessive screen time (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What psychological disorder is characterized by frequent binge eating without compensatory behavior?

<p>Binge Eating Disorder (BED) (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which exercise strategy can aid in weight loss maintenance?

<p>Regular daily weigh-ins (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the peak age for physical performance in early adulthood?

<p>19 to 26 years (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What behavior is associated with binge drinking?

<p>Drinking five or more drinks in a row within two weeks (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about casual sexual relationships in emerging adulthood is true?

<p>Alcohol decreases the likelihood of discussing risks among partners (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What has been a recent trend in the usage of cigarettes among young adults?

<p>Increased use of e-cigarettes (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does socioeconomic status influence casual sexual behavior in emerging adulthood?

<p>Lower socioeconomic status correlates with more casual partners (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which group is found to have more permissive sexual attitudes?

<p>African American males compared to non-Latino white males (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is considered a stable sexual orientation among individuals?

<p>Bisexuality (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following sexually transmitted infections is viral in nature?

<p>Genital herpes (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common psychological effect experienced by victims of rape?

<p>Substance use (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which mindset suggests that one's qualities are fixed and cannot be changed?

<p>Fixed mindset (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factor is NOT commonly considered a determination of sexual orientation?

<p>Subconscious desires (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does 'grit' refer to in the context of achieving long-term goals?

<p>Passion and persistence (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do most people perceive their occupational outlook in relation to hard work?

<p>It can lead to status and security (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which emotional state is NOT typically a stage in postformal thought?

<p>Stable thinking (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Among college freshmen, what proportion report experiencing date rape or attempted date rape?

<p>Two-thirds (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary cause of sexually transmitted infections (STIs)?

<p>Sexual contact (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How often is the U.S. Government Occupational Outlook Handbook revised?

<p>Every two years (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of extrinsic motivation?

<p>Completing tasks for a reward (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following characterizes alcohol's relationship to rape incidents?

<p>It increases the likelihood of rape (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characteristic is associated with both creativity and productivity in adulthood?

<p>Peaked performance in the forties (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key characteristic of individuals with a secure attachment style?

<p>They find it easy to get close to others. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the matching hypothesis influence partner selection?

<p>People tend to choose partners similar to their own attractiveness level. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What outcome is associated with the failure to achieve intimacy in early adulthood?

<p>Increased feelings of social isolation. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What defines passionate love as described in the content?

<p>An intense emotional experience coupled with strong sexual desire. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of love is characterized by a desire to be close to another person and deep caring affection?

<p>Affectionate love. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What term is used to describe individuals aged 100 years and older?

<p>Centenarians (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which theory suggests aging is caused by the accumulation of damage from unstable oxygen molecules?

<p>Free-radical theory (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary leading cause of death for adults aged 75 and older?

<p>Cardiovascular disease (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which group of older adults is most vulnerable to osteoporosis?

<p>Women aged 65 and older (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'allostatic load' refer to?

<p>The total stress an individual maintains over time (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which brain region shrinks the most with aging and is linked to reduced working memory?

<p>Prefrontal cortex (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common eye problem affecting older adults that causes cloudy vision?

<p>Cataracts (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following theories fails to account for cultural influences on aging?

<p>Evolutionary theory of aging (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is characterized by the generation of new neurons?

<p>Neurogenesis (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is associated with increased risks when combined with multiple medications in older adults?

<p>Binge drinking (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of love is characterized by the presence of passion, intimacy, and commitment?

<p>Consummate love (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What concept refers to the belief that the birth of a child will save a failing marriage?

<p>Parenting myth (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What term describes the communication style historically preferred by men, often focused on delivering information?

<p>Report talk (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is characterized by hypertension, obesity, and insulin resistance often leading to diabetes?

<p>Metabolic syndrome (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During middle adulthood, which type of intelligence typically continues to increase?

<p>Crystallized intelligence (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the midlife transition where fertility declines in both men and women?

<p>Climacteric (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factor is NOT a component of Erikson's stage of generativity versus stagnation?

<p>Maternal instinct (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which psychological concept refers to the likelihood of men engaging in aggressive or socially withdrawn behaviors during stress?

<p>Fight-or-flight (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What typically characterizes the empty nest syndrome experienced by parents?

<p>Decrease in marital satisfaction (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which stage of adulthood does fluid intelligence often begin to decline?

<p>Middle adulthood (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which characteristic is often associated with the lesbian population regarding sexual partners?

<p>Desire for long-term committed relationships (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What health issue affects about 50% of men aged 40 to 70 years?

<p>Erectile dysfunction (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common misconception regarding parenting?

<p>All children will mirror their parents' behavior (A), Parenting doesn't require training (B), Having a child ensures happiness (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main component of spirituality in adult lives?

<p>Experiencing transcendence (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is meant by cognitive mechanics in late adulthood?

<p>The neurophysiological architecture of the brain (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of memory is most likely to decline as a person ages?

<p>Episodic memory (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is active euthanasia?

<p>Inducing death deliberately (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What phenomenon describes the situation when an individual cannot retrieve information despite feeling they should be able to?

<p>Tip-of-the-tongue (TOT) phenomenon (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is true regarding depression in older adults?

<p>It is more likely to be chronic when it does occur (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the definition of hospice care?

<p>Care that provides pain relief and supports dignity in death (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of attention involves planning and monitoring progress during tasks?

<p>Executive attention (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which is a characteristic of dementia?

<p>Irreversible decline in mental functions (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What primarily contributes to the reminiscence bump in older adults?

<p>Memories from early adulthood being more vivid (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of palliative care?

<p>Reducing pain and suffering (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which stage of development do children begin to understand the irreversibility of death?

<p>Early childhood (4-5 years) (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What factor is least likely to contribute to determining a person's sexual orientation?

<p>Dietary habits (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What cognitive aspect is considered to improve with age, despite the decline of cognitive mechanics?

<p>Language comprehension (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What kind of stressors does the dual-process model of coping with bereavement emphasize?

<p>Loss-oriented and restoration-oriented stressors (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which sexually transmitted infection is caused by a virus?

<p>HIV (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which condition is characterized by muscle tremors and slowing of movement, often linked to dementia?

<p>Parkinson disease (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a prevalent psychological effect experienced by victims of rape?

<p>Post-traumatic stress disorder (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What term describes the belief that one can master a situation to achieve favorable outcomes?

<p>Self-efficacy (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which mindset encourages personal growth and improvement through effort?

<p>Growth mindset (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes 'grit'?

<p>Persistent effort towards long-term goals (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one impact of intoxication on the risk of rape?

<p>Increased risk of aggression (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which aspect of creativity typically peaks in adulthood?

<p>Artistic productivity (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characteristic is associated with male perpetrators of sexual aggression?

<p>Sexual narcissism (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does ‘delay of gratification’ involve?

<p>Refusal to settle for less valuable outcomes (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factor is said to affect the occupational outlook over time?

<p>Changing economic conditions (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is often a barrier to achieving long-term career goals for individuals?

<p>The career mystique belief (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of young people have a clear vision of their life goals?

<p>20% (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What contributes to the instability often experienced during emerging adulthood?

<p>Transitioning between educational institutions (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which is a significant health-related behavior that emerging adults are more likely to engage in?

<p>Health-compromising behaviors (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the critical roles parents play in preparing adolescents for emerging adulthood?

<p>Offer guidance and constructive feedback (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What physical change typically begins to occur around age 30?

<p>Decline in muscle tone and strength (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What peak collectively influences the likelihood of binge drinking among emerging adults?

<p>Age and social settings (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which approach has shown effectiveness in weight loss maintenance for emerging adults?

<p>Diet-plus-exercise programs (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common psychological outcome associated with adolescents who begin sexual activity at an earlier age?

<p>Increased engagement in risky sexual behaviors (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What term refers to casual sexual relationships characterized by a friendship aspect?

<p>Friends-with-benefits (FWB) (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factor is associated with increased risk of developing obesity during emerging adulthood?

<p>Hereditary predisposition (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the average level of physical performance typically reached by early adulthood?

<p>Between 19 and 26 years of age (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a prominent psychological disorder related to frequent binge eating without compensatory actions?

<p>Binge Eating Disorder (BED) (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factor underpins the significant rise in cigarette use among young adults?

<p>Increased stress levels (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a major mental health issue more prevalent among emerging adults compared to adolescents?

<p>Increased likelihood of mental disorders (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Feeling 'in-between' during emerging adulthood typically reflects which aspect of development?

<p>Transitioning personal and professional identities (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Sexual Orientation

A continuum of sexual attractions, ranging from exclusive male-female relationships to exclusive same-sex relationships.

Bisexuality

Sexual attraction to both males and females.

Sexual Orientation Factors

A combination of genetic, hormonal, cognitive, and environmental influences determine sexual orientation.

STIs

Sexually transmitted infections, spread primarily through sexual contact.

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HIV

A virus that destroys the immune system, leading to AIDS.

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AIDS

Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, a devastating disease caused by HIV.

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Rape

Forcible sexual intercourse without consent.

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Date Rape

Coercive sexual activity involving someone known to the perpetrator.

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Postformal Thought

A stage of thinking characterized by reflectivity, relativism, and context.

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Creativity Peak

Creativity often peaks in adulthood, sometimes in the forties.

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Self-Efficacy

Belief in one's ability to master a situation and produce favorable outcomes.

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Growth Mindset

The belief that one can improve through effort.

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Extrinsic Motivation

Motivation to do something for an external reward.

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Intrinsic Motivation

Motivation to do something for its inherent satisfaction.

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Grit

Passion and persistence in achieving long-term goals.

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Emerging Adulthood

The transition from adolescence to adulthood, occurring roughly between ages 18 and 25, characterized by experimentation and exploration, particularly in love and work.

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Markers of Adulthood

Indicators of becoming an adult, often including things like holding a full-time job, economic independence, and taking personal responsibility.

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Top-dog Phenomenon

The experience of being the top student in high school, but then facing new challenges and competition when transitioning to higher education.

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Peak Physical Performance

Usually occurs before age 30, often between 19 and 26, although different athletes have peak times.

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Obesity in Emerging Adulthood

Increased risk of health problems (hypertension, diabetes, heart disease) and mental health issues (like depression). Increased availability of food and decreasing activity contribute.

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Obesity Factors

Combination of heredity, environmental factors (food availability, physical activity levels).

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Effective Weight Loss

Involves exercise and diet planning, including considerations like meal planning and weigh-ins.

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Binge Eating Disorder (BED)

Frequent bing eating without compensatory behaviors like purging.

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Addiction

Overwhelming involvement with a substance and preoccupation with obtaining it.

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Binge Drinking

Having five or more drinks in a row at least once in the last two weeks.

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Alcoholism

Long-term, repeated, uncontrolled, compulsive and excessive alcohol use impairing the user's health and relationships.

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Casual Sex

Non-relationship sexual activity, ranging from kissing to intercourse.

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Hooking Up

Casual sex, ranging from kissing to intercourse.

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Risky Heterosexual Behavior

Factors like male tendencies, lower educational levels, and alcohol use increase risk of casual, unprotected sex, particularly in emerging adulthood.

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Secure Attachment Style

Adults with a secure attachment style have positive views of relationships, find it easy to get close to others, and aren't overly worried about their romantic relationships.

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Avoidant Attachment Style

Adults with an avoidant attachment style are hesitant about getting involved in romantic relationships and tend to distance themselves from their partner once in a relationship.

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Anxious Attachment Style

Adults with an anxious attachment style demand closeness, are less trusting, and are more emotional, jealous, and possessive.

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Matching Hypothesis

While we may prefer more attractive people in general, we tend to choose partners who are similar to us in terms of attractiveness.

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Consensual Validation

Our own attitudes and behaviors are supported and validated when someone else's attitudes and behaviors are similar to ours.

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Key Features of Emerging Adulthood

Characterized by identity exploration, instability, self-focus, feeling in-between, and a sense of possibility.

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Health in Emerging Adulthood

Characterized by a higher mortality rate than adolescence, more chronic health problems, and increased health-compromising behaviors.

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Factors Contributing to Obesity

Heredity and environmental factors like increased food availability and decreased physical activity play a role.

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Casual Sex in Emerging Adulthood

More common than in previous generations, with practices like hooking up and friends-with-benefits relationships.

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Predictors of Risky Heterosexual Behavior

Factors like being male, early sexual activity, lower educational levels, and alcohol use increase the likelihood of casual and unprotected sex.

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Sexual Orientation Continuum

A spectrum representing the range of sexual attractions, from exclusive attraction to the opposite sex to exclusive attraction to the same sex.

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What influences sexual orientation?

A combination of genetic, hormonal, cognitive, and environmental factors likely contribute to a person's sexual orientation.

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Can you change sexual orientation?

No, a person's sexual orientation is not something they can change or be talked out of.

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Sexually Transmitted Infections (STIs)

Diseases primarily spread through sexual contact.

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Prevalent Bacterial STIs

Common bacterial STIs include gonorrhea, syphilis, and chlamydia.

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Prevalent Viral STIs

Common viral STIs include genital herpes, genital warts, and HIV.

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HIV/AIDS

HIV, the human immunodeficiency virus, destroys the body's immune system, leading to AIDS, acquired immune deficiency syndrome.

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Life Expectancy

The average number of years a person born in a particular year is expected to live.

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Latino Health Paradox

Latinos live longer than non-Latino whites despite lower income and education, a surprising trend.

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Centenarian

A person who has reached the age of 100 years or older.

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Supercentenarian

A person who has reached the age of 110 years or older.

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Young-Old

People aged 65 to 84.

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Oldest-Old

People aged 85 or older.

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Evolutionary Theory of Aging

Aging is caused by natural selection not removing harmful traits as they appear later in life, after reproduction.

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Cellular Clock Theory

Human cells can only divide a limited number of times (about 75-80), causing aging.

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Free-Radical Theory

Aging is caused by damage from unstable oxygen molecules that damage cells and DNA.

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Mitochondrial Theory

Aging is caused by the decline of mitochondria, the 'powerhouses' of our cells.

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Consummate Love

A type of love characterized by a balanced combination of passion, intimacy, and commitment.

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Infatuation

A state of intense passion without intimacy or commitment.

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Affectionate Love

A love based on intimacy and commitment, but lacking passion.

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Fatuous Love

A love characterized by passion and commitment, but lacking intimacy.

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Metabolic Syndrome

A cluster of conditions that increase the risk of heart disease, stroke, and type 2 diabetes.

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Chronic Disorders

Conditions that develop gradually and last for a long time.

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Climacteric

The midlife transition in which fertility declines for both women and men.

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Menopause

The cessation of a woman's menstrual periods, typically occurring in their late 40s or early 50s.

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Crystallized Intelligence

The knowledge and skills acquired throughout life.

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Fluid Intelligence

The ability to reason abstractly and solve new problems.

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Generativity

A desire to leave a positive legacy for future generations.

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Fight-or-Flight

A stress response that involves either confronting the stressor or escaping it.

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Tend-and-Befriend

A stress response that involves seeking social support and nurturing others.

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Empty Nest Syndrome

A feeling of sadness or loss when children leave home.

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Cognitive Mechanics

The hardware of the mind, referring to the brain's underlying neurophysiological architecture, including speed and accuracy of cognitive processes.

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Cognitive Pragmatics

The culture-based software of the mind, encompassing skills, knowledge, and strategies learned through experience and education, enabling us to adapt to life's challenges.

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Selective Attention

The ability to focus on a specific aspect of an experience while ignoring irrelevant distractions.

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Divided Attention

The capability to concentrate on more than one activity simultaneously.

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Sustained Attention

Maintained focused engagement over extended periods.

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Executive Attention

The control center of our cognitive processes, managing planning, error detection, and adapting to challenging situations.

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Explicit Memory

Consciously retrieved knowledge of facts and events.

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Implicit Memory

Unconsciously accessed memories, including skills and routines.

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Episodic Memory

Memories of specific events, including the time and place of their occurrence.

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Semantic Memory

General knowledge about the world, including facts, concepts, and vocabulary.

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Tip-of-the-Tongue Phenomenon

The inability to retrieve a specific word or piece of information, despite feeling like it's on the verge of being recalled.

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Wisdom

Expert knowledge about the practical aspects of life, leading to excellent judgment in important matters.

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Dementia

A general term for a group of neurological disorders causing irreversible decline in mental function severe enough to interfere with daily living.

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Alzheimer Disease

A progressive, irreversible brain disorder characterized by a gradual deterioration of memory, reasoning, language, and eventually physical function.

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Brain Death

The complete cessation of all electrical activity in the brain, signifying neurological death.

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Study Notes

Emerging Adulthood (18-25)

  • Characterized by exploration and experimentation, particularly in love and work.
  • Marked by instability, self-focus, and a feeling of being "in-between."
  • Parents can guide and prepare adolescents for this stage by providing opportunities for contributions, constructive feedback, and positive adult connections.

Becoming an Adult

  • Markers include holding a full-time job, economic independence, and responsibility for oneself.
  • Transitioning from high school to college can be challenging, involving increased academic pressure and interactions with diverse peers.

Physical Development

  • Peak physical performance is typically reached before age 30 (often between 19-26).
  • Muscle tone and strength decline around age 30.
  • Physical health issues increase compared to adolescence.

Health Concerns in Emerging Adulthood

  • Mortality rate is higher than in adolescence.
  • More chronic health problems emerge.
  • More engagement in health-compromising behaviors (obesity, mental disorders).

Eating and Weight

  • Obesity is linked to various health issues (hypertension, diabetes, cardiovascular disease) and mental health problems (depression).
  • Factors include heredity and environmental factors (food availability, physical activity).
  • Effective weight management programs involve exercise, planning meals, and daily weigh-ins.
  • Binge eating disorder (BED) is more common in females and involves frequent binge eating without compensatory behaviors.

Exercise

  • Prevents chronic disorders and improves both physical and mental health (reduces anxiety and depression).
  • Strategies include reducing screen time, charting progress, eliminating excuses, and visualizing the benefits of maintaining health.

Substance Abuse

  • Addiction involves overwhelming involvement with a drug and preoccupation with securing its supply.
  • Alcohol abuse, including binge drinking (5+ drinks in a row), extreme binge drinking (10-15+ drinks), and pre-gaming, is prevalent and often peaks around 21-22 years of age.
  • Alcoholism involves long-term, uncontrolled, compulsive alcohol use.
  • Cigarette smoking and nicotine use are linked to various health problems and addiction.
  • E-cigarette use is increasing among early adults.
  • Marijuana use, including vaping, is also increasing.

Sexuality

  • Sexual activity is common in emerging adulthood, with a significant percentage of individuals having sexual intercourse by age 25.
  • Casual sex, hooking up, and friends-with-benefits relationships are relatively common.
  • Factors associated with risky sexual behaviors include male dominance in risk factors, earlier sexual activity, lower educational attainment, and alcohol consumption.

Sexual Orientation

  • Sexual orientation is on a continuum from exclusive male-female to exclusive same-sex relations.
  • Bisexuality is a stable orientation. Sexual orientation is likely due to a combination of genetic, hormonal, cognitive, and environmental factors.

Sexually Transmitted Infections (STIs)

  • STIs are prevalent and include bacterial infections (gonorrhea, syphilis, chlamydia) and viral infections (genital herpes, genital warts, HIV).
  • HIV/AIDS is a serious global health concern, with a decline in deaths in the U.S.

Rape and Forcible Sexual Behavior

  • Rape is a serious issue, with many victims not reporting it.
  • Possible causes include societal factors like harmful gender roles and aggression associated with power.
  • Date or acquaintance rape (coercion by someone known) is common.

Cognitive Development

  • A "postformal" stage of thinking may follow the formal operational stage. Characteristics of this proposed stage include: reflective, relativistic, contextual, provisional, realistic, and influenced by emotions.
  • Wisdom and meaning are important parts of cognitive development during this period.

Creativity

  • Creativity peaks in adulthood (often in the 40s).
  • The magnitude of any decline in productivity, variations across creative domains, and individual dissimilarities in lifetime output need careful consideration.

Achievement

  • Important aspects of achievement from childhood continue through adulthood.
  • Self-efficacy (belief in one's ability to succeed) and a growth mindset (belief in potential for improvement) are linked to achievement.
  • Delay of gratification, intrinsic motivation, using goal-setting, planning, and self-monitoring are strategies for success.

Grit

  • Grit (passion and persistence) is related to academic engagement and success.

Careers

  • Individuals often seek career establishment in their 20s.
  • The cultural belief surrounding hard work leading to success may be misleading due to global factors like outsourcing and recession.

Purpose

  • About 20% of young adults have clear life visions.

Occupational Outlook

  • The Occupational Outlook Handbook is a helpful resource.
  • Job growth varies by educational need. College degrees are generally better for higher-paying jobs.

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Description

Explore the vital stage of emerging adulthood, characterized by exploration, instability, and major life transitions. This quiz delves into physical development, health concerns, and the role of parents in facilitating growth during this phase. Test your understanding of this critical psychological period.

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