Psychology Elicited Behavior and Reflexes

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Questions and Answers

What does the reflex arc consist of?

Afferent neuron, interneuron, and efferent neuron (correct)

Sensory neuron, motor neuron, and synapse

Perceptual cortex, sensory neuron, and motor output

Interneuron, reflexive muscle fiber, and sensory receptor

What type of behavior is elicited behavior mainly characterized by?

Controlled actions based on prior experience

Reflexive actions that occur randomly

Involuntary reaction to specific stimuli (correct)

Voluntary response to environmental changes

How can elicited behavior be influenced according to the information provided?

By increasing voluntary control over reflexes.

Through habituation and sensitization. (correct)

Only through formal education.

It cannot change once established.

In the example provided, what is the immediate response triggered when the finger comes into contact with a flame?

Withdrawing the hand from the flame Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT an example of elicited behavior?

Choosing to eat after feeling hungry Signup and view all the answers

What is a common reflex that prevents falling?

Patellar reflex Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of a Modal Action Pattern in humans?

Sucking reflex in babies Signup and view all the answers

What type of stimulus enhances feeding responses in certain species?

Supernormal stimulus Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of sign stimuli in social behavior?

They trigger specific behavioral responses. Signup and view all the answers

How do scientists currently view the relationship between instincts and learning?

They are often intertwined and reflect similar learning experiences. Signup and view all the answers

Why do herring gull chicks peck at a red patch on the parent's bill?

To trigger the regurgitation of food Signup and view all the answers

What is an example of a behavior influenced by sign stimuli in the cosmetic industry?

Development of a new fragrance Signup and view all the answers

What constitutes the term 'Modal Action Patterns' (MAPs)?

Instinctive sequences performed in a species-specific manner Signup and view all the answers

What differentiates the activation of the S-R system from the state system?

State system requires arousing stimuli for activation. Signup and view all the answers

In infants, how does the size of the stimulus affect the activation of the S-R and state systems?

A larger stimulus activates the state system due to higher arousal. Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic result of habituation in the context of emotional reactions?

Emotional reactions become biphasic with drug use. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes sensitization in comparison to habituation?

Habituation is specific to the stimulus while sensitization is not. Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of drug tolerance in heavy drinkers according to the dual-process theory?

The primary reaction weakens while the after-reaction strengthens. Signup and view all the answers

What was the primary observation in Epstein et al.'s lemon/lime juice experiment regarding salivation?

Salivation decreased as the flavor was repeatedly encountered. Signup and view all the answers

How did changing the flavor on the 11th day affect participants in the lemon/lime experiment?

Salivation increased and the flavor became more hedonic. Signup and view all the answers

What effect does eating varied flavors have on consumption compared to single flavor meals?

Varied flavors likely lead to increased food consumption. Signup and view all the answers

How can habituation be modified according to the research referenced?

By directing attention to nonfood cues. Signup and view all the answers

What was a significant finding regarding overweight women in the lemon yogurt study?

They did not show the standard habituation effect. Signup and view all the answers

What was the main focus of the habituation effect study conducted by Bashinski et al. in infants?

How long babies focused on checkerboard images. Signup and view all the answers

What did Turati et al.'s adaptation of the visual attention test aim to measure?

The fixation time on new faces compared to familiar ones. Signup and view all the answers

Which aspect is associated with obesity concerning taste habituation, based on the findings mentioned?

Lack of taste habituation to familiar foods. Signup and view all the answers

What does the primary process in the opponent process theory refer to?

Elicited by the presentation of an emotion-arousing stimulus Signup and view all the answers

What happens to process A in response to repetitive stimuli according to the opponent process theory?

It becomes less strong due to habituation Signup and view all the answers

How does the opponent process theory explain substance addiction?

It minimizes the aversive effects of withdrawal from the drug Signup and view all the answers

In the context of habituation, what characterizes the responses to repeated presentations of a stimulus?

Responses evoke progressively weaker reactions Signup and view all the answers

What is a key characteristic of process B in the opponent process theory?

It lasts longer than process A Signup and view all the answers

What is the main premise of the dual process theory regarding emotional responses?

It involves two competing neurophysiological mechanisms Signup and view all the answers

What occurs during sensitization according to the discussed theories?

Responses are enhanced in a state of arousal Signup and view all the answers

Which statement best describes the relationship between emotional stability and the opponent process theory?

The two processes work together to achieve a homeostatic balance Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Elicited Behavior

Elicited behavior refers to involuntary responses triggered by specific environmental stimuli.
It covers a wide range of behaviors, from simple reflexes like blinking to complex emotional reactions.
Elicited behavior is essential for survival.

Reflex

A reflex is an automatic response to a stimulus, immediate, involuntary, and involving specific neural pathways known as reflex arcs.
Simple reflexes involve a single muscle or gland.
Complex reflexes involve a larger physical system like the startle response.

MAPs are species-specific, complex behavioral sequences.
Called fixed action patterns, they are elicited by specific sign stimuli.
Examples of MAPs in humans include head-turning, sucking, grasping, and the respiratory occlusion reflex.
Examples of MAPs in other species include behaviors for sexual behavior, territorial defense, aggression, and prey capture.
Supernormal stimuli are exaggerated versions of sign stimuli that evoke an even stronger response.

Learning vs Instinct

Scientists no longer categorize behavior as instinctive versus learned.
Similar species-specific behaviors may result from similar learning experiences rather than inherent instincts.

Habituation

Habituation is a decrease in the strength of elicited behavior following repeated exposure to the eliciting stimulus.
The lemon/lime experiment demonstrates stimulus-specific habituation.
Habituation can be modified by attention.
Obesity may be associated with an absence of taste habituation.

Sensitization

Sensitization is an increase in the strength of elicited behavior following exposure to a strong or arousing stimulus.
The 4x4 and 12x12 checkered board experiment with infants shows the difference in state system and S-R system activation.
The 60db and 80db background noise experiment with rats demonstrates how different stimulus intensities trigger both S-R and state systems.

Dual-Process Theory

Habituation is stimulus-specific.
Sensitization is non-stimulus specific.
Spontaneous recovery can occur for both habituation and sensitization.

Habituation and Sensitization of Emotions and Motivated Behavior

The opponent process theory of motivation explains emotional reactions and their aftereffects.
The theory proposes two opposing physiological processes involved in emotional behavior.
The primary process is activated by the stimulus and generates the initial emotional response.
The opponent process generates the opposite emotional reaction, which is weaker at first but gets stronger with repeated exposure.
Habituation of the primary drug reaction is called drug tolerance and is accompanied by growth in the opponent after-reaction.

Neural Bases of Habituation and Sensitization

Specific neural pathways are involved in both habituation and sensitization.
The specific mechanisms for each process are complex and require further research.

Summary

Survival depends on successful interactions with the environment.
Elicited behavior is an automatic response to environmental events.
Repeated exposure to a non-arousing stimulus leads to habituation, while exposure to an arousing stimulus leads to sensitization.

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Description

This quiz explores the concepts of elicited behavior, reflexes, and modal action patterns (MAPs) in psychology. It covers involuntary responses, simple and complex reflexes, and species-specific behaviors. Test your understanding of these fundamental topics in behavioral psychology.