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Questions and Answers
What characterizes human acts as opposed to acts of man?
What characterizes human acts as opposed to acts of man?
- They are performed involuntarily.
- They arise from deliberate free will. (correct)
- They are always moral acts.
- They are based on sensory perceptions.
Which of the following is an example of an act of man?
Which of the following is an example of an act of man?
- Making a moral decision.
- Planning a vacation.
- Choosing a career path.
- Dreaming during sleep. (correct)
Which type of act begins and is perfected by other faculties under the control of the will?
Which type of act begins and is perfected by other faculties under the control of the will?
- Reflexive Acts
- Commanded Acts (correct)
- Acts of Man
- Elicited Acts
What is an example of an elicited act?
What is an example of an elicited act?
Which statement is true regarding human acts?
Which statement is true regarding human acts?
What defines an elicited act of intention?
What defines an elicited act of intention?
Which of the following scenarios best illustrates an act of man?
Which of the following scenarios best illustrates an act of man?
Which component of human acts reflects the first tendency of the will towards an object?
Which component of human acts reflects the first tendency of the will towards an object?
What is the primary characteristic of 'elicited acts'?
What is the primary characteristic of 'elicited acts'?
Which act involves the selection of precise means to carry out an intention?
Which act involves the selection of precise means to carry out an intention?
What defines 'commanded acts'?
What defines 'commanded acts'?
What characterizes consequent concupiscence?
What characterizes consequent concupiscence?
How does fear affect voluntariness in action?
How does fear affect voluntariness in action?
Which of the following is an example of internal commanded acts?
Which of the following is an example of internal commanded acts?
What constitutes an act being considered 'good'?
What constitutes an act being considered 'good'?
In which scenario is an act considered not voluntary due to fear?
In which scenario is an act considered not voluntary due to fear?
What defines acts done with fear?
What defines acts done with fear?
What quality is essential for an act to be a human act?
What quality is essential for an act to be a human act?
What is the nature of violence as described?
What is the nature of violence as described?
Which of the following best describes 'mixed acts'?
Which of the following best describes 'mixed acts'?
What is the key factor in determining if human acts are evil?
What is the key factor in determining if human acts are evil?
What term describes ignorance that can be overcome by acquiring knowledge?
What term describes ignorance that can be overcome by acquiring knowledge?
Which type of ignorance occurs when a person is unaware of a duty or law?
Which type of ignorance occurs when a person is unaware of a duty or law?
What must a human act be free from in order to be considered truly voluntary?
What must a human act be free from in order to be considered truly voluntary?
What is the nature of antecedent ignorance?
What is the nature of antecedent ignorance?
Which option correctly defines concomitant ignorance?
Which option correctly defines concomitant ignorance?
Which of the following best describes the concept of responsibility in relation to human actions?
Which of the following best describes the concept of responsibility in relation to human actions?
According to St. Thomas, how is freedom of will defined?
According to St. Thomas, how is freedom of will defined?
How does antecedent concupiscence affect the responsibility of an agent?
How does antecedent concupiscence affect the responsibility of an agent?
What type of ignorance is characterized by the absence of knowledge that is essential?
What type of ignorance is characterized by the absence of knowledge that is essential?
What is the impact of modifications like fear on human acts?
What is the impact of modifications like fear on human acts?
Which of the following conditions is required for an act to be classified as a human act?
Which of the following conditions is required for an act to be classified as a human act?
Which of the following best describes the concept of concupiscence?
Which of the following best describes the concept of concupiscence?
Which example illustrates ignorance of fact?
Which example illustrates ignorance of fact?
How does 'free will' differ from 'act of man'?
How does 'free will' differ from 'act of man'?
Which modifier can significantly reduce an agent's responsibility for an act?
Which modifier can significantly reduce an agent's responsibility for an act?
Which concept illustrates the natural tendency to be drawn to what is good?
Which concept illustrates the natural tendency to be drawn to what is good?
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Study Notes
Human Acts vs. Acts of Man
- Human Acts: Involves deliberate free will, internal or external, moral in nature, and subject to praise or blame.
- Acts of Man: Reflexive actions performed without free will, including involuntary or unconscious actions such as those done in sleep or infancy.
Classification of Human Acts
- Elicited Acts: Originates from the will and includes wishes, intentions, consent, elections, use, and fruition.
- Wish: Natural inclination towards an object.
- Intention: Will’s tendency toward achievable but non-obligatory actions.
- Consent: Acceptance of means necessary for carrying out intentions.
- Election: Choosing specific means to achieve an intention.
- Use: Commanding the use of chosen means.
- Fruition: Enjoying the fulfillment of the desired objective.
- Commanded Acts: Actions carried out by bodily or mental powers under the will’s control, subdivided into:
- Internal Acts: Mental efforts like reasoning, meditation, or emotional control.
- External Acts: Physical actions such as speaking, walking, or writing.
- Mixed Acts: Combination of both mental and physical actions like studying or playing chess.
Relation to Dictates of Reason
- Human acts can be:
- Good: Aligned with reason.
- Evil: Opposed to reason.
- Indifferent: Not related to the dictates of reason.
- Dictates of Reason: Standards for judging actions as morally good or evil.
Essential Qualities of Human Acts
- Knowing: Awareness of one’s actions and their consequences.
- Free: Absence of external constraints ensuring the individual acts on their own volition.
- Voluntary: Engagement of will in decision-making, without coercion.
Responsibility
- Ability to respond appropriately to situations involving human needs signifies moral obligation.
- Responsible Individual: Feels a moral duty to act in accordance with situational demands.
- Responsibility tied to freely chosen responses, allowing for moral fulfillment or ethical failure.
Free Will and Freedom
- Will: Natural inclination towards good, repulsion from evil, guided by intellect.
- Free Will: Operates without external pressure, essential for human acts.
- Freedom: Defined as the capacity to determine actions based on reason, limited by the rights of others.
Modifiers of Human Acts
- Factors that influence moral character and accountability of actions include:
- Ignorance: Lack of knowledge impacting comprehension of moral duty.
- Divided into types: of law, fact, and subject (vincible vs. invincible).
- Concupiscence: Bodily appetites affecting decision-making, categorized as antecedent (lessens responsibility) or consequent (doesn’t lessen responsibility).
- Fear: Can coerce actions; once overwhelming, it transforms a human act to an act of man.
- Violence: External force compelling an act against one’s will, negating the voluntary nature of the act.
- Ignorance: Lack of knowledge impacting comprehension of moral duty.
Summary of Concepts
- Understanding human acts and acts of man is crucial in ethical considerations.
- Emotional and cognitive considerations heavily influence the morality of actions.
- Recognizing the impact of modifiers can aid in evaluating personal responsibility and ethical conduct.
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