Podcast
Questions and Answers
What is the purposive tendency of the will towards a thing regarded as realized, whether the thing is actually done or not?
What is the purposive tendency of the will towards a thing regarded as realized, whether the thing is actually done or not?
Which act involves the enjoyment of a thing willed and done?
Which act involves the enjoyment of a thing willed and done?
If someone consents to the necessary preparation for a journey, which kind of act are they engaging in?
If someone consents to the necessary preparation for a journey, which kind of act are they engaging in?
Which act involves the employment by the will of power to carry out its intention by the means elected?
Which act involves the employment by the will of power to carry out its intention by the means elected?
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What is the selection by the will of the precise means to be employed in carrying out an intention?
What is the selection by the will of the precise means to be employed in carrying out an intention?
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If someone enjoys when a willed action is accomplished, what kind of act are they experiencing?
If someone enjoys when a willed action is accomplished, what kind of act are they experiencing?
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What is perfect voluntariness in a human act?
What is perfect voluntariness in a human act?
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What characterizes imperfect voluntariness in a human act?
What characterizes imperfect voluntariness in a human act?
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In what kind of voluntariness does an agent perform a human act whether they like it or not?
In what kind of voluntariness does an agent perform a human act whether they like it or not?
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What is conditional voluntariness in a human act?
What is conditional voluntariness in a human act?
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What distinguishes direct voluntariness from indirect voluntariness in human acts?
What distinguishes direct voluntariness from indirect voluntariness in human acts?
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Which type of voluntariness involves the agent willing to do something other than what is actually being done, but with dislike?
Which type of voluntariness involves the agent willing to do something other than what is actually being done, but with dislike?
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What type of ignorance is described as conquerable and should be replaced by knowledge?
What type of ignorance is described as conquerable and should be replaced by knowledge?
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In the context of the text, what kind of ignorance results from a total or near-total lack of effort to dispel it?
In the context of the text, what kind of ignorance results from a total or near-total lack of effort to dispel it?
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What situation does the text describe where a hunter mistakenly kills game one day before the hunting season starts?
What situation does the text describe where a hunter mistakenly kills game one day before the hunting season starts?
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What penalty does the text mention for a motorist who violates the speed-law in a particular locality?
What penalty does the text mention for a motorist who violates the speed-law in a particular locality?
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What misconception does the text highlight about the penalty for a freshman leaving the campus?
What misconception does the text highlight about the penalty for a freshman leaving the campus?
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What does the text describe as ignorance that is either vincible or invincible?
What does the text describe as ignorance that is either vincible or invincible?
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When is an agent responsible for the evil effect of a cause directly willed?
When is an agent responsible for the evil effect of a cause directly willed?
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What is Interpretative Indirect Voluntariness described as in the text?
What is Interpretative Indirect Voluntariness described as in the text?
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In the context of the text, what must be fulfilled for an agent to be responsible for an evil effect?
In the context of the text, what must be fulfilled for an agent to be responsible for an evil effect?
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When may one perform an act with both good and evil effects, according to the text?
When may one perform an act with both good and evil effects, according to the text?
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What must an agent be able to do in order to be responsible for an evil effect, as per the text?
What must an agent be able to do in order to be responsible for an evil effect, as per the text?
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What does Interpretative Indirect Voluntariness involve?
What does Interpretative Indirect Voluntariness involve?
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What type of voluntariness is present when a man kills a rabbit for dinner?
What type of voluntariness is present when a man kills a rabbit for dinner?
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In which type of human act is negative voluntariness present?
In which type of human act is negative voluntariness present?
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What type of voluntariness is present in a human act willed here and now?
What type of voluntariness is present in a human act willed here and now?
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In which type of human act is virtual voluntariness present?
In which type of human act is virtual voluntariness present?
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What type of voluntariness is present in a human act done in harmony with an unrevoked actual intention?
What type of voluntariness is present in a human act done in harmony with an unrevoked actual intention?
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What type of voluntariness is interpretative involuntariness based on?
What type of voluntariness is interpretative involuntariness based on?
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Study Notes
Human Acts
- Human acts can be classified into two categories: Elicited Acts and Commanded Acts.
Elicited Acts
- Wish: a simple love or desire for something (e.g., "I wish it would rain.")
- Intention: a purposive tendency of the will towards a thing, whether realized or not (e.g., "I am going to Europe next summer.")
- Consent: acceptance by the will of the means necessary to carry out an intention (e.g., consenting to prepare for a trip to Europe)
- Election: selection by the will of the precise means to be employed in carrying out an intention (e.g., choosing to travel by ship or airplane to Europe)
- Use: employment by the will of power to carry out its intention by the means elected (e.g., using faculties to prepare for a trip to Europe)
- Fruition: enjoyment of a thing willed and done (e.g., enjoying a trip to Europe)
Commanded Acts
- Formal essential quality of a human act requires knowledge and freedom in the agent (e.g., a Catholic aware of their obligation to attend Mass on Sunday)
- Constituents of a human act:
- Knowledge (awareness of the obligation)
- Freedom (physical freedom to perform or not perform the duty)
- Voluntariness (willingness to do one's duty)
Voluntariness of Human Acts
- Kinds or degrees of voluntariness:
- Perfect and Imperfect (presence or absence of full knowledge and intention)
- Simple and Conditional (performance of an act with or without reluctance)
- Direct and Indirect (willing an act in itself or as a result of another act)
- Ignorance of penalty (lack of knowledge of the precise sanction for an act)
Ignorance
- Ignorance in its subject:
- Vincible ignorance (ignorance that can be dispelled by ordinary diligence)
- Supine (crass) ignorance (ignorance resulting from a lack of effort to dispel it)
- Habitual ignorance (ignorance in the person in whom it exists, e.g., a person unaware of their habitual inclination or disinclination for a particular act)
Ethical Questions
- When is an agent responsible for the evil effect of a cause directly willed?
- The agent must be able to foresee the evil effect
- The agent must be free to refrain from doing the cause of the evil effect
- The agent must be morally bound not to do the cause of the evil effect
- When may one perform an act, not evil in itself, from which flow two effects, one good and one evil?
- The evil effect must not precede the good effect
- There must be a reason sufficiently grave calling for the act in its good effect
Positive and Negative Voluntariness
- Positive voluntariness: present in a human act of doing, performing (e.g., a Catholic attending Mass on Sunday)
- Negative voluntariness: present in a human act of omitting, refraining from doing (e.g., a Catholic deliberately missing Mass on Sunday)
Actual, Virtual, Habitual, and Interpretative Voluntariness
- Actual voluntariness: present in a human act willed here and now (e.g., making a morning offering)
- Virtual voluntariness: present in a human act done as a result of a formerly elicited actual intention (e.g., making a morning offering and then forgetting it)
- Habitual voluntariness: present in a human act done in harmony with, but not as a result of, a formerly elicited and unrevoked actual intention (e.g., making a morning offering and then not revoking it)
- Interpretative voluntariness: present in a human act that would be actually present if opportunity or ability for it were given (e.g., a person making an actual intention to become a Catholic and then being baptized when unconscious)
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Description
Explore the classification of human acts as elicited acts including wish, intention, and consent. Understand the definitions and examples of each category to enhance your knowledge of human behavior.
