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Questions and Answers
What is the purposive tendency of the will towards a thing regarded as realized, whether the thing is actually done or not?
Which act involves the enjoyment of a thing willed and done?
If someone consents to the necessary preparation for a journey, which kind of act are they engaging in?
Which act involves the employment by the will of power to carry out its intention by the means elected?
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What is the selection by the will of the precise means to be employed in carrying out an intention?
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If someone enjoys when a willed action is accomplished, what kind of act are they experiencing?
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What is perfect voluntariness in a human act?
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What characterizes imperfect voluntariness in a human act?
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In what kind of voluntariness does an agent perform a human act whether they like it or not?
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What is conditional voluntariness in a human act?
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What distinguishes direct voluntariness from indirect voluntariness in human acts?
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Which type of voluntariness involves the agent willing to do something other than what is actually being done, but with dislike?
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What type of ignorance is described as conquerable and should be replaced by knowledge?
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In the context of the text, what kind of ignorance results from a total or near-total lack of effort to dispel it?
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What situation does the text describe where a hunter mistakenly kills game one day before the hunting season starts?
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What penalty does the text mention for a motorist who violates the speed-law in a particular locality?
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What misconception does the text highlight about the penalty for a freshman leaving the campus?
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What does the text describe as ignorance that is either vincible or invincible?
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When is an agent responsible for the evil effect of a cause directly willed?
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What is Interpretative Indirect Voluntariness described as in the text?
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In the context of the text, what must be fulfilled for an agent to be responsible for an evil effect?
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When may one perform an act with both good and evil effects, according to the text?
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What must an agent be able to do in order to be responsible for an evil effect, as per the text?
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What does Interpretative Indirect Voluntariness involve?
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What type of voluntariness is present when a man kills a rabbit for dinner?
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In which type of human act is negative voluntariness present?
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What type of voluntariness is present in a human act willed here and now?
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In which type of human act is virtual voluntariness present?
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What type of voluntariness is present in a human act done in harmony with an unrevoked actual intention?
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What type of voluntariness is interpretative involuntariness based on?
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Study Notes
Human Acts
- Human acts can be classified into two categories: Elicited Acts and Commanded Acts.
Elicited Acts
- Wish: a simple love or desire for something (e.g., "I wish it would rain.")
- Intention: a purposive tendency of the will towards a thing, whether realized or not (e.g., "I am going to Europe next summer.")
- Consent: acceptance by the will of the means necessary to carry out an intention (e.g., consenting to prepare for a trip to Europe)
- Election: selection by the will of the precise means to be employed in carrying out an intention (e.g., choosing to travel by ship or airplane to Europe)
- Use: employment by the will of power to carry out its intention by the means elected (e.g., using faculties to prepare for a trip to Europe)
- Fruition: enjoyment of a thing willed and done (e.g., enjoying a trip to Europe)
Commanded Acts
- Formal essential quality of a human act requires knowledge and freedom in the agent (e.g., a Catholic aware of their obligation to attend Mass on Sunday)
- Constituents of a human act:
- Knowledge (awareness of the obligation)
- Freedom (physical freedom to perform or not perform the duty)
- Voluntariness (willingness to do one's duty)
Voluntariness of Human Acts
- Kinds or degrees of voluntariness:
- Perfect and Imperfect (presence or absence of full knowledge and intention)
- Simple and Conditional (performance of an act with or without reluctance)
- Direct and Indirect (willing an act in itself or as a result of another act)
- Ignorance of penalty (lack of knowledge of the precise sanction for an act)
Ignorance
- Ignorance in its subject:
- Vincible ignorance (ignorance that can be dispelled by ordinary diligence)
- Supine (crass) ignorance (ignorance resulting from a lack of effort to dispel it)
- Habitual ignorance (ignorance in the person in whom it exists, e.g., a person unaware of their habitual inclination or disinclination for a particular act)
Ethical Questions
- When is an agent responsible for the evil effect of a cause directly willed?
- The agent must be able to foresee the evil effect
- The agent must be free to refrain from doing the cause of the evil effect
- The agent must be morally bound not to do the cause of the evil effect
- When may one perform an act, not evil in itself, from which flow two effects, one good and one evil?
- The evil effect must not precede the good effect
- There must be a reason sufficiently grave calling for the act in its good effect
Positive and Negative Voluntariness
- Positive voluntariness: present in a human act of doing, performing (e.g., a Catholic attending Mass on Sunday)
- Negative voluntariness: present in a human act of omitting, refraining from doing (e.g., a Catholic deliberately missing Mass on Sunday)
Actual, Virtual, Habitual, and Interpretative Voluntariness
- Actual voluntariness: present in a human act willed here and now (e.g., making a morning offering)
- Virtual voluntariness: present in a human act done as a result of a formerly elicited actual intention (e.g., making a morning offering and then forgetting it)
- Habitual voluntariness: present in a human act done in harmony with, but not as a result of, a formerly elicited and unrevoked actual intention (e.g., making a morning offering and then not revoking it)
- Interpretative voluntariness: present in a human act that would be actually present if opportunity or ability for it were given (e.g., a person making an actual intention to become a Catholic and then being baptized when unconscious)
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Description
Explore the classification of human acts as elicited acts including wish, intention, and consent. Understand the definitions and examples of each category to enhance your knowledge of human behavior.
