Psychology Chapter on Elicited Behaviors
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Questions and Answers

According to Opponent Process Theory, what are the two processes elicited by an emotional event?

The two processes elicited by an emotional event are the a-process (primary process) and the b-process (opponent process).

What is the primary reaction in the scenario provided in the text, based on Opponent Process Theory?

The primary reaction, or a-process, in the scenario is likely a state of extreme fear and pain based on the description of the man's injuries and his initial reaction.

Describe the relationship between the a-process and the b-process over time, with repeated exposure to the emotional event.

With repeated exposure to the emotional event, the a-process (primary reaction) tends to weaken, while the b-process (opponent process) strengthens.

How does the text support the idea that emotional reactions are biphasic, as described in Opponent Process Theory?

<p>The text describes the man's initial response as screaming in fear and pain, followed by a later state of euphoria. This shift in emotion suggests a biphasic reaction, with an initial strong a-process followed by a b-process that eventually dominates, as Opponent Process Theory predicts.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Explain how Opponent Process Theory helps to explain the evolution of emotional stability.

<p>Opponent Process Theory suggests that the opposing processes of the a-process and b-process contribute to maintaining emotional stability, or homeostasis, over time. The b-process serves to counteract the a-process, preventing extreme emotional swings, and repeated exposure strengthens the b-process, leading to a more balanced emotional state.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a reflex and how does it function?

<p>A reflex is a simple, automatic response to a stimulus that is mediated by a reflex arc. The reflex arc involves a sensory neuron that detects the stimulus, an interneuron in the spinal cord that processes the information, and a motor neuron that sends a signal to the muscles to produce a response.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Explain the concept of a modal action pattern (MAP). What are some examples of MAPs?

<p>A modal action pattern (MAP), or fixed action pattern, is a complex, innate behavior sequence that is reliably elicited by a specific stimulus, known as a sign stimulus. Examples include the begging behavior of herring gull chicks, the mating behavior of three-spined sticklebacks, and the nest-building behavior of certain bird species.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference between habituation and sensitization?

<p>Habituation is a decrease in responding to a repeated stimulus, whereas sensitization is an increase in responding to a stimulus. Both processes are adaptive, allowing organisms to focus their attention on more important or novel stimuli.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Describe the concept of dishabituation.

<p>Dishabituation is the restoration of a habituated response when a novel, irrelevant stimulus is introduced. This suggests that habituation is not a permanent loss of sensitivity but rather a specific reduction in response to a particular stimulus.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Explain the opponent process theory and its implications for understanding emotional responses.

<p>The opponent process theory proposes that emotional reactions to stimuli are biphasic, meaning they consist of two opposing processes: the primary emotional response and an opponent process. The primary process is elicited by the stimulus and is usually short-lived, while the opponent process is often slower and lasts longer. This theory helps explain drug tolerance, withdrawl symptoms, and the development of addiction.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a supernormal stimulus and how does it influence MAPs?

<p>A supernormal stimulus is an exaggerated version of a sign stimulus that elicits a stronger response than the natural stimulus would. This suggests that MAPs can be influenced by the intensity or exaggeration of a stimulus.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does learning affect elicited behaviors?

<p>While elicited behaviors are often considered innate, they can be modified by learning. For example, habituation and sensitization both involve changes in responding due to repeated exposure to a stimulus. Additionally, learned associations can influence the intensity and likelihood of eliciting certain behaviors.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Describe the two main types of habituation and sensitization, and how they differ?

<p>Habituation and sensitization can be either short-term or long-term. Short-term effects dissipate quickly after the stimulus is no longer present, while long-term effects may last for hours, days, or even longer.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Opponent Process Theory

The theory that emotional reactions involve a primary process followed by an opposing reaction.

a-process

The primary emotional reaction elicited by an event.

b-process

The secondary emotional reaction that counteracts the a-process.

Emotional Stability

The state achieved through the balance of a-process and b-process.

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Biphasic Emotional Response

The pattern where an emotional reaction is followed by a contrasting reaction.

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Elicited Behaviors

Behaviors drawn out by stimuli that precede them.

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Reflexes

Basic elicited behaviors serving survival functions.

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Reflex Arc

Neural pathway for reflex actions: sensory neuron, interneuron, motor neuron.

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Modal Action Pattern (MAP)

A fixed sequence of responses triggered by specific stimuli, part of species behavior.

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Sign Stimulus

A specific stimulus that initiates a Modal Action Pattern.

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Habituation

Gradual reduction in response after repeated exposure to a stimulus, different from sensory adaptation.

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Sensitization

Increased response to a stimulus after exposure, often generalized to other stimuli.

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Study Notes

Elicited Behaviors

  • Elicited behaviors are actions triggered by a specific stimulus.
  • These behaviors are drawn out or brought forth by stimuli that come before them.
  • Examples of elicited behaviors include reflexes, modal action patterns, habituation, sensitization, and opponent processes.

Reflexes

  • Reflexes are the most basic form of elicited behavior.
  • They are crucial for survival.
  • Examples of reflexes include startle responses, orienting responses, and flexion responses.
  • The reflex arc, the neural pathway involved in reflexes, consists of sensory neurons, interneurons, and motor neurons.
  • MAPs are fixed sequences of responses elicited by specific stimuli.
  • They are characteristic of all members of a species or related species.
  • MAPs are often instinctive, not learned, although they can be modified slightly.
  • The behaviors usually happen in a rigid sequence.
  • A sign stimulus (releasing stimulus) triggers a MAP.

Habituation and Sensitization

  • Habituation is a decrease in response to a repeated stimulus.
  • Sensitization is an increased response to a stimulus after exposure to a stimulus.
  • These processes are usually short-term.
  • Habituation often responds to specific stimuli, while sensitization generally extends to other stimuli.
  • Dishabituation is when a new stimulus interrupts habituation, causing the original response to return.

Opponent Process Theory

  • Emotional reactions to stimuli are often biphasic (two-stage).
  • The initial emotional reaction (a-process) is followed by an opposite reaction (b-process).
  • The first reaction (a-process) weakens with repeated stimulation.
  • The second opposing reaction (b-process) strengthens
  • This theory helps explain emotional responses, drug tolerance, and withdrawal.
  • The opponent process is necessary to maintain emotional stability.

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Elicited Behaviors Chapter 3 Part 1 PDF

Description

This quiz focuses on elicited behaviors such as reflexes, modal action patterns, habituation, and sensitization. It covers the basic concepts and examples that illustrate how specific stimuli trigger these behaviors. Test your understanding of how these actions relate to survival and instinctive responses.

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