Psychology: Developmental Psychopathology
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Questions and Answers

Normal/abnormal refer to _____, while adaptive/maladaptive refer to _____.

  • Effectiveness, statistical deviance
  • Psychopathology, functioning
  • Functioning, psychopathology
  • Statistical deviance, effectiveness (correct)

    • Which conception of psychopathology involves determining psychopathology only by involuntary behavior?

  • Social deviance
  • DSM/ICD
  • Statistical deviance
  • Dyscontrol or dysregulation (correct)
  • Harmful dysfunction

    • Which conception of psychopathology involves creation of a taxonomy?

  • Dyscontrol or dysregulation
  • Statistical deviance
  • Harmful dysfunction
  • Social deviance
  • DSM/ICD (correct)

    • Which conception of psychopathology involves determining psychopathology by measuring deviance from the norm?

    <p>Statistical deviance (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which is a major difference between the social deviance vs. statistical abnormality conceptualizations of psychopathology?

    <p>Social deviance uses cultural rules, while statistical abnormality uses tests and measures to determine psychopathology (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which conception of psychopathology involves in a way based upon evolution?

    <p>Harmful dysfunction (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The notion that development consists of a set of interrelated domains that exert transactional effects refers to:

    <p>Holism (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The dynamics transactions that occur among developing systems cuts across developmental systems and affects the course of development refers to:

    <p>Developmental cascades (E)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Multifinality refers to

    <p>Individuals may begin at a common starting point but the resultant pathways from that origin may diverge to other outcomes. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is FALSE about developmental psychopathology?

    <p>Developmental psychopathology is the single theory that can best explain the diverse nature of psychopathology (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Comorbidity refers to:

    <p>The co-existence of two or more disorders. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    With development, children's behavior becomes more flexible with increased organization and differentiation refers to:

    <p>Differentiation of modes and goals (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Earlier, more undifferentiated forms of behavior become hierarchically integrated into later forms of behavior refers to:

    <p>Mobility of behavioral function (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The notion that children are active shapers of their environment and not passive recipients of experience refers to:

    <p>Directedness (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which neuroimaging approach involves measuring changes in magnetic field properties due to oxygenated versus deoxygenated blood?

    <p>functional magnetic resonance imaging (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The proportion of the variability in psychological symptoms or traits that can be attributed to genetic variability refers to:

    <p>Heritability (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    This neurotransmitter is especially involved in reward and reinforcement, motor function, and cognition and attention.

    <p>Dopamine (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    This neurotransmitter is involved in attention and memory

    <p>Serotonin (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which neuroimaging approach involves radioactively labeled substances being introduced into the bloodstream, where they are taken up into the brain?

    <p>Positive emission tomography (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the brain is important in emotion processing?

    <p>Right hemisphere (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    This neurotransmitter is associated with behavioral and emotional regulation

    <p>Dopamine (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    This neurotransmitter is the primary excitatory neurotransmitter in the adult brain

    <p>Glutamate (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    This neurotransmitter is involved in the flight or fight response

    <p>Epinephrine (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    This refers to a cluster or group of co-occurring symptoms that represents a cultural pattern of distress.

    <p>Cultural syndromes (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    This involves an explanatory model of distress focused on specific causal factors rather than on a core of symptoms or experiences.

    <p>Cultural explanation (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following was NOT one of the Collaborative Psychiatric Epidemiology Surveys?

    <p>Adult psychiatric morbidity study (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which disorder or phenomenon involves trembling, attacks of crying, screaming uncontrollably, and verbal or physical aggression?

    <p>Ataques de nervios (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which disorder or phenomenon involves criticism, hostility, and emotional involvement?

    <p>Expressed emotion (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    This refers to ways of talking about suffering that are not associated with a core set of syndromes or causes.

    <p>Cultural idioms of distress (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which is true about misdiagnosis of antisocial personality disorder?

    <p>A diagnosis of antisocial personality disorder is more likely to occur for males (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    This is when a test item has different measurement properties for different groups.

    <p>Differential item functioning (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Men are more likely to _____, while women are more likely to _____.

    <p>delay seeking treatment; seek treatment in general (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    This occurs when masculine or feminine persons are more likely to endorse an item

    <p>Differential item functioning (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Generally speaking, when are clinicians more accurate in making a diagnosis?

    <p>When the gender and race of the case are the same as those of the clinician (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which is true about misdiagnosis of schizophrenia?

    <p>Black and Hispanic patients were more likely than White patients to be misdiagnosed with schizophrenia when symptoms suggest psychotic affective disorders. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary distinction between the DSM and ICD?

    <p>The ICD has a research and a clinician version, while the DSM has only one version. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the current focus of the DSM 5?

    <p>Neurobiological (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of information is excluded from the DSM-IV-TR?

    <p>Treatment (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the current version of the DSM?

    <p>V (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Using a less-effective therapy as a control condition is an example of what type of control?

    <p>Waitlist control (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of research investigates variables such as therapist behaviors and interactions with the client?

    <p>Process research (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which is not true about a waiting list control?

    <p>Clients receive treatment after a delay (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a major difference between probably efficacious and efficacious ESTs?

    <p>More than one research group has validated the treatment in efficacious ESTs, while only one group is needed for probably-efficacious ESTs. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What term refers to comparing effectiveness of a therapy to other published measures?

    <p>Benchmarking (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Flashcards

    Normal/Abnormal

    Refer to statistical deviance; adaptive/maladaptive refers to effectiveness.

    Psychopathology Concepts

    Determines psychopathology based on involuntary behavior.

    Taxonomy in Psychopathology

    Involves a system for classifying mental disorders.

    Deviance Measurement

    Measures psychopathology by comparing to societal norms.

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    Social Deviance vs. Statistical Abnormality

    Social deviance uses cultural rules; statistical abnormality uses tests.

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    Harmful Dysfunction

    Involves evolution-based concept of psychopathology.

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    Developmental Cascades

    Development involves interrelated domains with transactional effects.

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    Multifinality

    Multiple paths lead to a single outcome in development.

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    Comorbidity

    The co-occurrence of two or more disorders.

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    Equifinality

    Multiple pathways can lead to one outcome.

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    Children's Behavior Flexibility

    Increased organization and differentiation in behavior over development.

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    Hierarchical Integration

    Earlier undeveloped behaviors combine into complex later behaviors.

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    Active Shapers of Environment

    Children influence their environment, not just react to it.

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    Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging

    Measures brain activity by detecting blood flow changes.

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    Heritability

    Proportion of variability in traits attributed to genetics.

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    Dopamine

    Neurotransmitter involved in reward, reinforcement, motor functions.

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    Acetylcholine

    Neurotransmitter involved in attention and memory.

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    Positive Emission Tomography

    Investigates brain by using radioactively labeled substances.

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    Right Hemisphere and Emotion

    Part of the brain critical for processing emotions.

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    Serotonin

    Regulates mood and emotional stability.

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    Cultural Syndromes

    Groups of co-occurring symptoms representing cultural distress.

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    Cultural Explanation

    Focuses on specific causal factors of distress, beyond symptoms.

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    Collaborative Psychiatric Epidemiology Surveys

    Research surveys exploring psychiatric conditions in populations.

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    Emotion Dysregulation

    Involves uncontrollable emotional responses like aggression.

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    Misdiagnosis of Antisocial Personality Disorder

    More common diagnosis in males than females.

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    Differential Item Functioning

    Test items measure differently across groups.

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    Diagnostic Manual Differences

    ICD has multiple versions while DSM focuses on therapy.

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    Current DSM Focus

    The DSM 5 emphasizes neurobiological factors in disorders.

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    Placebo Control

    Using less effective therapy as a control condition.

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    Outcome Research

    Investigates the effects of treatments on psychological variables.

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    Study Notes

    Question 1

    • Normal/abnormal refers to effectiveness/maladaptive functioning.

    Question 2

    • Determining psychopathology by involuntary behavior is considered dyscontrol or dysregulation.

    Question 3

    • Creating a taxonomy of psychopathology involves DSM/ICD.

    Question 4

    • Measuring deviance from the norm to determine psychopathology is statistical deviance.

    Question 5

    • Social deviance uses cultural rules to judge psychopathology, while statistical abnormality uses tests and measurements.

    Question 6

    • Determining psychopathology using evolution is harmful dysfunction.

    Question 7

    • The notion that development depends on related domains affecting each other is developmental cascades.

    Question 8

    • Dynamics of interacting developing systems that influence course of development are developmental cascades.

    Question 9

    • Multifinality refers to multiple pathways leading to a single outcome.

    Question 10

    • Developmental psychopathology uses multiple levels of analysis.

    Question 11

    • Comorbidity refers to the coexistence of multiple disorders.

    Question 12

    • Equifinality suggests multiple pathways leading to a single outcome.

    Question 13

    • Flexibility and organization of behavior with development is differentiation.

    Question 14

    • Earlier behavior integrates into later behavior, which is referred to as developmental cascades.

    Question 15

    • Children actively shaping their environment rather than passively receiving it is referred to as directedness.

    Question 16

    • Measuring oxygenated/deoxygenated blood changes is functional magnetic resonance imaging.

    Question 17

    • The proportion of variability in disorders attributed to genetic variability is heritability.

    Question 18

    • Reward, reinforcement, motor function, and cognition are associated with glutamate.

    Question 19

    • Attention and memory are associated with acetylcholine.

    Question 20

    • Radioactively labeled substances are used in positive emission tomography.

    Question 21

    • Emotion processing is associated with the right hemisphere.

    Question 22

    • Behavioral and emotional regulation are associated with serotonin.

    Question 23

    • Glutamate is the main excitatory neurotransmitter.

    Question 24

    • Flight or fight response is associated with epinephrine.

    Question 25

    • A cluster of co-occurring symptoms in a cultural group is a cultural syndrome.

    Question 26

    • Explaining distress through experiences, not just symptoms is a cultural explanation.

    Question 27

    • National Comorbidity Study is a part of the Collaborative Psychiatric Epidemiology Surveys.

    Question 28

    • Emotion dysregulation includes uncontrolled crying, screaming, and physical aggression.

    Question 29

    • Expressed emotion includes criticism, hostility, and emotional involvement.

    Question 30

    • Ways of expressing distress that aren't associated with syndromes are cultural idioms.

    Question 31

    • Misdiagnosis of antisocial personality disorder is more likely in females.

    Question 32

    • Different measurement properties in tests across groups is differential item functioning.

    Question 33

    • Sex bias in measurement happens when one sex is more likely to endorse an item than the other.

    Question 34

    • Men are more likely to delay seeking treatment, while women are more likely to seek treatment in general.

    Question 35

    • Persons with masculine or feminine attributes are more likely to respond to an item based on gender.

    Question 36

    • More accurate diagnoses occur when clinician and patient have similar genders and races.

    Question 37

    • Misdiagnosis of schizophrenia is more likely in Black and Hispanic patients.

    Question 38

    • DSM is used by therapists, while ICD is used by psychiatrists.

    Question 39

    • The current focus of DSM 5 is neurobiological.

    Question 40

    • Information excluded from DSM-IV-TR is treatment.

    Question 41

    • The current version of the DSM is V.

    Question 42

    • An ineffective therapy as a control is a placebo control.

    Question 43

    • Variables like therapist interactions are researched in psychotherapy research.

    Question 44

    • Ethical issues are a concern with waiting list controls, which involve delayed treatment.

    Question 45

    • Efficacious treatments are validated by multiple research groups, while probably efficacious require only one.

    Question 46

    • Benchmarking compares therapies to previously published measures.

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    Description

    This quiz covers key concepts of developmental psychopathology including definitions, measurements, and theoretical frameworks. It discusses abnormality, social deviance, and the influence of evolution and cascading development on psychopathological outcomes. Test your understanding of these essential psychological principles.

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