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Questions and Answers
What is a key characteristic of classical conditioning?
Which reinforcement schedule makes behaviors harder to extinguish?
What phenomenon occurs when a conditioned response reappears after a rest period?
What is the purpose of shaping behavior through successive approximations?
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Which type of stimulus is likely to elicit a conditioned response after conditioning has occurred?
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What is the primary source of pleasure during the oral stage of development?
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Which of the following best describes the primary conflict experienced during the phallic stage?
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In which stage do children focus on developing social and intellectual skills, while sexual impulses are repressed?
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What term describes the process when development is incomplete or inhibited at one of Freud's psychosexual stages?
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Which defense mechanism involves substituting a different object or goal for the impulse being expressed?
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Study Notes
Conditioning Principles
- Two main types are classical conditioning and operant conditioning.
Classical Conditioning
- Involves pairing an involuntary response with a stimulus.
- Example: Pavlov’s experiment where a dog salivates at the sound of a bell due to its association with food.
Operant Conditioning
- Centers on voluntary behaviors and their consequences.
- Positive reinforcement increases the likelihood of a behavior being repeated.
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Reinforcement Schedules:
- Continuous: Rewarding every instance of behavior.
- Variable: Rewarding intermittently, making behaviors harder to extinguish.
- Fixed Ratio: Reinforcement after a set number of responses (e.g., every 5th behavior).
- Variable Ratio: Reinforcement after an average number of responses (e.g., every 5th response on average).
- Fixed Interval: Reinforcement after a fixed period (e.g., every 30 minutes).
- Variable Interval: Reinforcement after an average period (e.g., every 3 minutes on average).
Spontaneous Recovery
- Conditioned response may reemerge after a rest period when the conditioned stimulus is reintroduced, even post-extinction.
Stimulus Generalization
- Similar stimuli can elicit a conditioned response. Example: A dog trained to salivate to a bell may respond similarly to other sounds.
Shaping Behavior
- Involves reinforcing successive approximations toward a desired behavior, useful in training animals and teaching complex human skills.
Freud’s Psychoanalytic Approach
- Emphasizes the interaction of internal needs and environmental forces.
- Introduced five stages of psychosexual development based on erogenous zones.
Stages of Psychosexual Development
- Oral Stage (birth to 18 months): Pleasure derived from mouth. Key activities include sucking and biting.
- Anal Stage (2 to 3 years): Focus shifts to anus during toilet training; control over bowel movements is pleasurable.
- Phallic Stage (3 to 5 years): Genital focus during Oedipal (boys) and Electra (girls) complexes, leading to gender identity development.
- Latency Stage (6 to 12 years): Sexual impulses repressed; emphasis on social and intellectual skills.
- Genital Stage (12 to 19 years and beyond): Mature sexual relationships and interests return in adulthood.
Key Psychoanalytic Concepts
- Fixation: Incomplete development at a psychosexual stage.
- Libido: Life's instinct energy, encompassing both life and death instincts.
- Other concepts: castration anxiety, penis envy, pleasure principle, reality principle, erogenous zones.
Defense Mechanisms
- Unconscious processes protecting against anxiety and primitive emotions. Key types include:
- Repression: Denying or forgetting distressing thoughts.
- Projection: Displacing internal conflicts onto others.
- Reaction Formation: Inversion of an impulse into its opposite.
- Rationalization: Justifying behaviors with logical reasons.
- Displacement: Redirecting impulses toward a less threatening target.
- Introjection: Fantasizing about an impulse or motive.
- Regression: Returning to childlike behavior patterns.
- Denial: Refusing to acknowledge reality.
- Sublimation: Channeling impulses into socially acceptable actions.
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Description
Explore the fundamentals of conditioning in psychology, focusing on classical and operant conditioning. This quiz covers key concepts, examples, and applications that illustrate how behaviors are learned and modified. Test your understanding of these essential psychological principles!
