Psychology: Conditioned Responses
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Questions and Answers

What is the Opponent Process Theory based on?

feedback loop

What are the pros and cons of the Opponent Process Theory?

  • Neither a nor b
  • Stability
  • Response to disruption is slow
  • Both a and b (correct)

    • Conditioned compensatory response is a CR that develops to oppose the effects of a US that will move the organism away from ______.

    homeostasis

    In a familiar setting, human drug users are more likely to overdose according to an epidemiological finding.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are some factors known to influence the form of conditioned responses?

    <p>Individual differences between subjects, Properties of the US, Properties of the CS, Ethological factors, Homeostasis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the two possible forms of conditioned approach responses?

    <p>Goal tracking and Sign tracking</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Sign tracking is more common in female rats.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which theory explains how conditioned responses develop by having the conditioned stimulus take on properties of the unconditioned stimulus?

    <p>Stimulus-substitution theory</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Usual triggered mechanisms that pushes the body back towards its normal state are known as _________ theories.

    <p>Opponent-process</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the underlying principle of the stimulus-substitution theory?

    <p>The CS takes on the properties of the US</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of response is described as 'tracking'?

    <p>Sign-tracking response</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of the conditioned response (CR) in classical conditioning?

    <p>It is often similar in form to the unconditioned response (UCR)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the conditioned stimulus (CS) in classical conditioning?

    <p>It takes on properties of the unconditioned stimulus (US)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an implication of the stimulus-substitution theory?

    <p>The CS can elicit a response similar to the UCR</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a type of conditioned response that involves approach behavior?

    <p>Sign-tracking response</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism underlying classical conditioning?

    <p>Stimulus-response associations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What determines the form of a conditioned response?

    <p>The associations formed between the CS and US</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason why identifying the conditioned response requires careful behavioral observation?

    <p>Because there is no general rule to determine the form of the conditioned response</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary difference between goal-tracking and sign-tracking approach responses?

    <p>The type of response measured during the CS</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a factor that influences the form of conditioned responses?

    <p>The type of learning experiment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the process by which an organism learns to approach a stimulus that is associated with a reward or pleasure?

    <p>Instrumental conditioning</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an example of a conditioned response that is influenced by homeostasis?

    <p>Hunger</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the phenomenon where an organism learns to associate a stimulus with a reward or pleasure, leading to an increase in approach behavior?

    <p>Conditioned place preference</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the B-process in the opponent process theory?

    <p>To maintain homeostasis by countering the A-process</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the conditioned stimulus in the conditioned compensatory response?

    <p>To activate the B-process</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What would happen if an artificial sweetener is used instead of sugar in the consumption of candy?

    <p>Hypoglycemia would occur</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary advantage of the conditioned compensatory response?

    <p>Prevention of deviations from homeostasis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the outcome of the opponent process theory when the system is able to anticipate the A-process?

    <p>Earlier compensation for the unconditioned stimulus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between the conditioned stimulus and the unconditioned stimulus in the conditioned compensatory response?

    <p>The CS predicts the occurrence of the US</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of the conditioned compensatory response in terms of blood sugar levels?

    <p>Decreased blood sugar levels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of the sweet taste sensation in the conditioned compensatory response?

    <p>It predicts the occurrence of the unconditioned stimulus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Varieties of Conditioned Responses

    • Salivation CR, Eye Blink CR, and Approach CR are different forms of conditioned responses
    • No general rule to determine the form of the CR, requires careful behavioral observation
    • Factors influencing the form of the CR:
      • Individual differences between subjects
      • Properties of the US (unconditioned stimulus)
      • Properties of the CS (conditioned stimulus)
      • Ethological factors
      • Homeostasis

    Goal-Tracking and Sign-Tracking Approach Responses

    • Two forms of conditioned approach responses:
      • Goal tracking: subjects approach the location where the US will be delivered
      • Sign tracking: subjects approach and investigate the CS
    • Both are conditioned responses, measured when the CS is turned on, not when the US is delivered

    Development of Sign-Tracking Approach Response

    • Example: stimulus panel (white square → food) leads to sign-tracking approach response in pigeons
    • Pigeons are prolific sign trackers, indicating a strong association between the CS and the US

    Role of Individual Subject Factors

    • Individual rats tend to show either sign-tracking or goal-tracking CRs, but usually not both
    • Sex differences: sign tracking seems to be more common in female rats
    • Clinical implications: tendency to show sign-tracking CRs may predict increased susceptibility to addiction

    Is Sign Tracking a Bad Thing?

    • Sign tracking might have evolved as a way to direct animals towards good things and away from bad things
    • Spatial separation of CS and US is unusual in natural settings, where stimuli that predict something else are usually nearby

    Theoretical Implications of Sign Tracking

    • Stimulus-substitution theory: the CS comes to take on properties of the US as subjects learn associations
    • Sign-tracking CR should depend on the US, but this is not always the case

    How Does the US Affect CRs?

    • The expected outcome (i.e., the US) sculpts the form of the CR
    • The identity of the US helps determine the form of the CR
    • This is not proof that pigeons must be consciously aware of the exact US predicted by a CS

    How Does the CS Affect CRs?

    • Properties of the CS can affect the form of the CR
    • Ethological factors, such as visual CSs, can influence the type of CR
    • CS properties can also affect the type of CR, e.g., a visual CS can evoke sign-tracking responses

    Homeostatic Mechanisms

    • Homeostasis: the body's tendency to maintain a stable internal environment
    • Opponent-process theory: a formalization of homeostasis, where A-processes disrupt homeostasis and B-processes counteract to restore balance

    Opponent-Process Theory

    • A-process: physiological changes that move an organism away from homeostasis
    • B-process: physiological changes that counteract the A-process
    • The A and B processes are in opposition to one another
    • The B-process has a slower onset and delayed offset relative to the A-process

    B-Process Sensitization and Drug Tolerance

    • B-process sensitization: repeated activations of the B-process can increase its magnitude
    • B-process activation can also be elicited as a CR in response to a CS
    • This can lead to sensitization of the B-process and drug tolerance

    Conditioned Compensatory Response

    • A CR that develops to oppose the effects of a US that will move the organism away from homeostasis
    • The B-process can become a conditioned response to anticipate the effects of the US
    • Examples: insulin release in response to sweet taste, compensatory response to drug exposure

    Varieties of Conditioned Responses

    • Salivation CR, Eye blink CR, and Approach CR are types of conditioned responses

    Factors Influencing the Form of Conditioned Responses

    • There is no general rule to determine the form a CR will take in a learning experiment
    • Factors influencing the form of CR include:
      • Individual differences between subjects
      • Properties of the Unconditional Stimulus (US)
      • Properties of the Conditional Stimulus (CS)
      • Ethological factors
      • Homeostasis

    Goal-Tracking and Sign-Tracking Approach Responses

    • Conditioned approach responses can take two forms:
      • Goal tracking: subjects approach the location where the US (e.g., food) will be delivered
      • Sign tracking: subjects approach and investigate the CS

    Theoretical Implications of Sign Tracking

    • Sign-tracking CR should depend on the US according to the Stimulus-Substitution Theory
    • Stimulus-Substitution Theory: the CS takes on properties of the US as subjects learn associations
    • Opponent Process Theory operates on the principle of a feedback loop, with pros (stability) and cons (response to disruption is slow)

    Conditioned Compensatory Response

    • Conditioned Compensatory Response: a CR that develops to oppose the effects of a US that will move the organism away from homeostasis
    • Examples:
      • Eating candy (US) causes increased blood sugar (UR), which triggers insulin release (B-process); sweet taste (CS) can become a CR for insulin release (CR) to prevent blood sugar from spiking
      • Artificial sweeteners can activate the blood-sugar-lowering b-process (CR) without the a-process (elevated blood sugar from sucrose) occurring, resulting in hypoglycemia

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    Description

    Explore the varieties of conditioned responses, including salivation, eye blink, and approach responses, and learn what determines their form.

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