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Questions and Answers
What is the Opponent Process Theory based on?
feedback loop
What are the pros and cons of the Opponent Process Theory?
Conditioned compensatory response is a CR that develops to oppose the effects of a US that will move the organism away from ______.
homeostasis
In a familiar setting, human drug users are more likely to overdose according to an epidemiological finding.
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What are some factors known to influence the form of conditioned responses?
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What are the two possible forms of conditioned approach responses?
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Sign tracking is more common in female rats.
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Which theory explains how conditioned responses develop by having the conditioned stimulus take on properties of the unconditioned stimulus?
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Usual triggered mechanisms that pushes the body back towards its normal state are known as _________ theories.
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What is the underlying principle of the stimulus-substitution theory?
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What type of response is described as 'tracking'?
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What is a characteristic of the conditioned response (CR) in classical conditioning?
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What is the role of the conditioned stimulus (CS) in classical conditioning?
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What is an implication of the stimulus-substitution theory?
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What is a type of conditioned response that involves approach behavior?
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What is the primary mechanism underlying classical conditioning?
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What determines the form of a conditioned response?
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What is the primary reason why identifying the conditioned response requires careful behavioral observation?
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What is the primary difference between goal-tracking and sign-tracking approach responses?
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Which of the following is NOT a factor that influences the form of conditioned responses?
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What is the term for the process by which an organism learns to approach a stimulus that is associated with a reward or pleasure?
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Which of the following is an example of a conditioned response that is influenced by homeostasis?
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What is the term for the phenomenon where an organism learns to associate a stimulus with a reward or pleasure, leading to an increase in approach behavior?
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What is the primary function of the B-process in the opponent process theory?
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What is the role of the conditioned stimulus in the conditioned compensatory response?
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What would happen if an artificial sweetener is used instead of sugar in the consumption of candy?
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What is the primary advantage of the conditioned compensatory response?
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What is the outcome of the opponent process theory when the system is able to anticipate the A-process?
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What is the relationship between the conditioned stimulus and the unconditioned stimulus in the conditioned compensatory response?
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What is the result of the conditioned compensatory response in terms of blood sugar levels?
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What is the significance of the sweet taste sensation in the conditioned compensatory response?
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Study Notes
Varieties of Conditioned Responses
- Salivation CR, Eye Blink CR, and Approach CR are different forms of conditioned responses
- No general rule to determine the form of the CR, requires careful behavioral observation
- Factors influencing the form of the CR:
- Individual differences between subjects
- Properties of the US (unconditioned stimulus)
- Properties of the CS (conditioned stimulus)
- Ethological factors
- Homeostasis
Goal-Tracking and Sign-Tracking Approach Responses
- Two forms of conditioned approach responses:
- Goal tracking: subjects approach the location where the US will be delivered
- Sign tracking: subjects approach and investigate the CS
- Both are conditioned responses, measured when the CS is turned on, not when the US is delivered
Development of Sign-Tracking Approach Response
- Example: stimulus panel (white square → food) leads to sign-tracking approach response in pigeons
- Pigeons are prolific sign trackers, indicating a strong association between the CS and the US
Role of Individual Subject Factors
- Individual rats tend to show either sign-tracking or goal-tracking CRs, but usually not both
- Sex differences: sign tracking seems to be more common in female rats
- Clinical implications: tendency to show sign-tracking CRs may predict increased susceptibility to addiction
Is Sign Tracking a Bad Thing?
- Sign tracking might have evolved as a way to direct animals towards good things and away from bad things
- Spatial separation of CS and US is unusual in natural settings, where stimuli that predict something else are usually nearby
Theoretical Implications of Sign Tracking
- Stimulus-substitution theory: the CS comes to take on properties of the US as subjects learn associations
- Sign-tracking CR should depend on the US, but this is not always the case
How Does the US Affect CRs?
- The expected outcome (i.e., the US) sculpts the form of the CR
- The identity of the US helps determine the form of the CR
- This is not proof that pigeons must be consciously aware of the exact US predicted by a CS
How Does the CS Affect CRs?
- Properties of the CS can affect the form of the CR
- Ethological factors, such as visual CSs, can influence the type of CR
- CS properties can also affect the type of CR, e.g., a visual CS can evoke sign-tracking responses
Homeostatic Mechanisms
- Homeostasis: the body's tendency to maintain a stable internal environment
- Opponent-process theory: a formalization of homeostasis, where A-processes disrupt homeostasis and B-processes counteract to restore balance
Opponent-Process Theory
- A-process: physiological changes that move an organism away from homeostasis
- B-process: physiological changes that counteract the A-process
- The A and B processes are in opposition to one another
- The B-process has a slower onset and delayed offset relative to the A-process
B-Process Sensitization and Drug Tolerance
- B-process sensitization: repeated activations of the B-process can increase its magnitude
- B-process activation can also be elicited as a CR in response to a CS
- This can lead to sensitization of the B-process and drug tolerance
Conditioned Compensatory Response
- A CR that develops to oppose the effects of a US that will move the organism away from homeostasis
- The B-process can become a conditioned response to anticipate the effects of the US
- Examples: insulin release in response to sweet taste, compensatory response to drug exposure
Varieties of Conditioned Responses
- Salivation CR, Eye blink CR, and Approach CR are types of conditioned responses
Factors Influencing the Form of Conditioned Responses
- There is no general rule to determine the form a CR will take in a learning experiment
- Factors influencing the form of CR include:
- Individual differences between subjects
- Properties of the Unconditional Stimulus (US)
- Properties of the Conditional Stimulus (CS)
- Ethological factors
- Homeostasis
Goal-Tracking and Sign-Tracking Approach Responses
- Conditioned approach responses can take two forms:
- Goal tracking: subjects approach the location where the US (e.g., food) will be delivered
- Sign tracking: subjects approach and investigate the CS
Theoretical Implications of Sign Tracking
- Sign-tracking CR should depend on the US according to the Stimulus-Substitution Theory
- Stimulus-Substitution Theory: the CS takes on properties of the US as subjects learn associations
- Opponent Process Theory operates on the principle of a feedback loop, with pros (stability) and cons (response to disruption is slow)
Conditioned Compensatory Response
- Conditioned Compensatory Response: a CR that develops to oppose the effects of a US that will move the organism away from homeostasis
- Examples:
- Eating candy (US) causes increased blood sugar (UR), which triggers insulin release (B-process); sweet taste (CS) can become a CR for insulin release (CR) to prevent blood sugar from spiking
- Artificial sweeteners can activate the blood-sugar-lowering b-process (CR) without the a-process (elevated blood sugar from sucrose) occurring, resulting in hypoglycemia
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Description
Explore the varieties of conditioned responses, including salivation, eye blink, and approach responses, and learn what determines their form.
