Psychology Chapter 5 Flashcards

Questions and Answers

What is a neutral stimulus?

A stimulus that is harmful

A stimulus that only works in certain conditions

A stimulus that doesn't cause a response unless it is associated with a UCS (correct)

A stimulus that always causes a response

In the example of a child seeing her lunch box and then feeling hunger pangs, the hunger pangs are a _____?

How does food in the mouth cause a dog to salivate?

By stimulating a reflexive response

How is the neutral stimulus related to the CS?

The neutral stimulus becomes the CS once conditioning has occurred Signup and view all the answers

In the case of Alika feeling itchy after hearing the word 'grass', the word 'grass' is a _____?

CS Signup and view all the answers

Behavior that is rewarded some but not all of the time is on a __________ schedule of reinforcement.

intermittent Signup and view all the answers

The ____________ schedule of reinforcement reinforces behavior only after a specific number of responses are made.

fixed ratio Signup and view all the answers

The reinforcement schedule that typically yields the highest response rate is the ___________ schedule of reinforcement.

variable ratio Signup and view all the answers

What are the phases of the classical conditioning process from first to last?

acquisition --> extinction --> spontaneous recovery Signup and view all the answers

Operant conditioning most importantly involves forming associations between:

behavior and consequences Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following approaches to treating a phobia is correctly matched with the type of learning that it reflects?

Reinforcing client directly by interacting with the feared object Signup and view all the answers

The term reward is synonymous with:

positive reinforcement only Signup and view all the answers

A(n) _____ reinforcer is a stimulus added to the environment that brings about an increase in a preceding response.

positive Signup and view all the answers

A(n) _____ reinforcer refers to the removal of an unpleasant stimulus.

negative Signup and view all the answers

What is negative reinforcement?

Increases the likelihood that preceding behaviors will be repeated Signup and view all the answers

Psychologists working within the cognitive learning perspective:

go beyond classical and operant conditioning Signup and view all the answers

A bright flash automatically causes us to blink. This reaction is a(n) __________ response.

unconditioned Signup and view all the answers

What is Classical Conditioning (Pavlov)?

A type of learning in which one learns to link two or more stimuli and anticipate events Signup and view all the answers

Name the four schedules of intermittent or partial reinforcement.

Fixed Ratio Signup and view all the answers

What does Fixed Ratio refer to?

Behavior is reinforced only after the behavior occurs a specified number of times Signup and view all the answers

What does Variable Ratio refer to?

Behavior is reinforced after an unpredictable number of times Signup and view all the answers

What does Fixed Interval refer to?

One reinforcement is given after a fixed amount of time Signup and view all the answers

What does Variable Interval refer to?

Reinforcement is given after an unpredictable amount of time Signup and view all the answers

What is behavior modification?

The use of operant-conditioning techniques to eliminate unwanted behaviors and replace them with desirable ones Signup and view all the answers

What is cognitive learning theory?

Theory of learning that stresses the importance of internal mental processes Signup and view all the answers

What is a conditioned response?

In classical conditioning, the response elicited by the conditioned stimulus Signup and view all the answers

What is a conditioned stimulus?

A stimulus that elicits a response only after learning has taken place Signup and view all the answers

What is continuous reinforcement?

Reinforcing the desired response every time it occurs Signup and view all the answers

What is extinction?

The diminishing of a conditioned response Signup and view all the answers

What is latent learning?

Learning that remains hidden until its application becomes useful Signup and view all the answers

What is learning?

A relatively permanent change in behavior due to experience Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Classical Conditioning

Neutral stimulus: does not evoke a response unless paired with an unconditioned stimulus (UCS).
Conditioned response (CR): a learned reaction, such as feeling hunger at the sight of a lunchbox.
Classical conditioning involves linking stimuli to anticipate events (Pavlov).

Unconditioned Responses

Reflexive response: direct reactions like salivation from food in the mouth.
Conditioned stimulus (CS): a previously neutral stimulus that becomes meaningful after association with a UCS.

Reinforcement Schedules

Intermittent reinforcement: behaviors rewarded some but not all times, leading to stronger persistence.
Fixed ratio schedule: reinforcement occurs after a specific number of responses.
Variable ratio schedule: reinforcement after an unpredictable number of responses, which yields the highest response rate.
Fixed interval schedule: reinforcement is delivered after a fixed period.
Variable interval schedule: reinforcement occurs after varying amounts of time.

Operant Conditioning

Focuses on the associations between behaviors and their consequences, reinforcing or punishing behaviors.
Positive reinforcement: the introduction of a pleasant stimulus to increase behavior.
Negative reinforcement: the removal of an unpleasant stimulus, also increasing the likelihood of the behavior.

Phobia Treatment

Operant conditioning can be applied in treating phobias by reinforcing interactions with feared objects.

Cognitive Learning

Cognitive learning theory emphasizes the importance of internal mental processes and views individuals as active problem solvers.
Latent learning: knowledge that is not immediately evident but comes into play when needed.

Behaviors and Responses

Unconditioned response: involuntary reactions to stimuli, such as blinking at a bright flash.
Conditioned responses: reactions that occur after conditioning, such as an itch from the word "grass."

Behavioral Modifications

Behavior modification employs operant conditioning tactics to replace undesirable behaviors with desired ones.
Extinction: the reduction of a conditioned response when reinforcement ends.

Learning Concepts

Learning is defined as a relatively permanent change in behavior due to experience.
Continuous reinforcement entails reinforcing a desired response every time it occurs.

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Test your knowledge on key concepts from Chapter 5 of psychology. This set of flashcards covers essential definitions and examples related to neutral stimuli and conditioned responses. Perfect for reinforcing your understanding of behavioral psychology concepts.