Questions and Answers
What is a neutral stimulus?
In the example of a child seeing her lunch box and then feeling hunger pangs, the hunger pangs are a _____?
CR
How does food in the mouth cause a dog to salivate?
By stimulating a reflexive response
How is the neutral stimulus related to the CS?
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In the case of Alika feeling itchy after hearing the word 'grass', the word 'grass' is a _____?
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Behavior that is rewarded some but not all of the time is on a __________ schedule of reinforcement.
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The ____________ schedule of reinforcement reinforces behavior only after a specific number of responses are made.
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The reinforcement schedule that typically yields the highest response rate is the ___________ schedule of reinforcement.
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What are the phases of the classical conditioning process from first to last?
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Operant conditioning most importantly involves forming associations between:
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Which of the following approaches to treating a phobia is correctly matched with the type of learning that it reflects?
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The term reward is synonymous with:
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A(n) _____ reinforcer is a stimulus added to the environment that brings about an increase in a preceding response.
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A(n) _____ reinforcer refers to the removal of an unpleasant stimulus.
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What is negative reinforcement?
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Psychologists working within the cognitive learning perspective:
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A bright flash automatically causes us to blink. This reaction is a(n) __________ response.
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What is Classical Conditioning (Pavlov)?
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Name the four schedules of intermittent or partial reinforcement.
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What does Fixed Ratio refer to?
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What does Variable Ratio refer to?
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What does Fixed Interval refer to?
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What does Variable Interval refer to?
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What is behavior modification?
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What is cognitive learning theory?
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What is a conditioned response?
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What is a conditioned stimulus?
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What is continuous reinforcement?
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What is extinction?
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What is latent learning?
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What is learning?
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Study Notes
Classical Conditioning
- Neutral stimulus: does not evoke a response unless paired with an unconditioned stimulus (UCS).
- Conditioned response (CR): a learned reaction, such as feeling hunger at the sight of a lunchbox.
- Classical conditioning involves linking stimuli to anticipate events (Pavlov).
Unconditioned Responses
- Reflexive response: direct reactions like salivation from food in the mouth.
- Conditioned stimulus (CS): a previously neutral stimulus that becomes meaningful after association with a UCS.
Reinforcement Schedules
- Intermittent reinforcement: behaviors rewarded some but not all times, leading to stronger persistence.
- Fixed ratio schedule: reinforcement occurs after a specific number of responses.
- Variable ratio schedule: reinforcement after an unpredictable number of responses, which yields the highest response rate.
- Fixed interval schedule: reinforcement is delivered after a fixed period.
- Variable interval schedule: reinforcement occurs after varying amounts of time.
Operant Conditioning
- Focuses on the associations between behaviors and their consequences, reinforcing or punishing behaviors.
- Positive reinforcement: the introduction of a pleasant stimulus to increase behavior.
- Negative reinforcement: the removal of an unpleasant stimulus, also increasing the likelihood of the behavior.
Phobia Treatment
- Operant conditioning can be applied in treating phobias by reinforcing interactions with feared objects.
Cognitive Learning
- Cognitive learning theory emphasizes the importance of internal mental processes and views individuals as active problem solvers.
- Latent learning: knowledge that is not immediately evident but comes into play when needed.
Behaviors and Responses
- Unconditioned response: involuntary reactions to stimuli, such as blinking at a bright flash.
- Conditioned responses: reactions that occur after conditioning, such as an itch from the word "grass."
Behavioral Modifications
- Behavior modification employs operant conditioning tactics to replace undesirable behaviors with desired ones.
- Extinction: the reduction of a conditioned response when reinforcement ends.
Learning Concepts
- Learning is defined as a relatively permanent change in behavior due to experience.
- Continuous reinforcement entails reinforcing a desired response every time it occurs.
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Description
Test your knowledge on key concepts from Chapter 5 of psychology. This set of flashcards covers essential definitions and examples related to neutral stimuli and conditioned responses. Perfect for reinforcing your understanding of behavioral psychology concepts.