Podcast
Questions and Answers
What is a neutral stimulus?
What is a neutral stimulus?
- A stimulus that is harmful
- A stimulus that only works in certain conditions
- A stimulus that doesn't cause a response unless it is associated with a UCS (correct)
- A stimulus that always causes a response
In the example of a child seeing her lunch box and then feeling hunger pangs, the hunger pangs are a _____?
In the example of a child seeing her lunch box and then feeling hunger pangs, the hunger pangs are a _____?
CR
How does food in the mouth cause a dog to salivate?
How does food in the mouth cause a dog to salivate?
By stimulating a reflexive response
How is the neutral stimulus related to the CS?
How is the neutral stimulus related to the CS?
In the case of Alika feeling itchy after hearing the word 'grass', the word 'grass' is a _____?
In the case of Alika feeling itchy after hearing the word 'grass', the word 'grass' is a _____?
Behavior that is rewarded some but not all of the time is on a __________ schedule of reinforcement.
Behavior that is rewarded some but not all of the time is on a __________ schedule of reinforcement.
The ____________ schedule of reinforcement reinforces behavior only after a specific number of responses are made.
The ____________ schedule of reinforcement reinforces behavior only after a specific number of responses are made.
The reinforcement schedule that typically yields the highest response rate is the ___________ schedule of reinforcement.
The reinforcement schedule that typically yields the highest response rate is the ___________ schedule of reinforcement.
What are the phases of the classical conditioning process from first to last?
What are the phases of the classical conditioning process from first to last?
Operant conditioning most importantly involves forming associations between:
Operant conditioning most importantly involves forming associations between:
Which of the following approaches to treating a phobia is correctly matched with the type of learning that it reflects?
Which of the following approaches to treating a phobia is correctly matched with the type of learning that it reflects?
The term reward is synonymous with:
The term reward is synonymous with:
A(n) _____ reinforcer is a stimulus added to the environment that brings about an increase in a preceding response.
A(n) _____ reinforcer is a stimulus added to the environment that brings about an increase in a preceding response.
A(n) _____ reinforcer refers to the removal of an unpleasant stimulus.
A(n) _____ reinforcer refers to the removal of an unpleasant stimulus.
What is negative reinforcement?
What is negative reinforcement?
Psychologists working within the cognitive learning perspective:
Psychologists working within the cognitive learning perspective:
A bright flash automatically causes us to blink. This reaction is a(n) __________ response.
A bright flash automatically causes us to blink. This reaction is a(n) __________ response.
What is Classical Conditioning (Pavlov)?
What is Classical Conditioning (Pavlov)?
Name the four schedules of intermittent or partial reinforcement.
Name the four schedules of intermittent or partial reinforcement.
What does Fixed Ratio refer to?
What does Fixed Ratio refer to?
What does Variable Ratio refer to?
What does Variable Ratio refer to?
What does Fixed Interval refer to?
What does Fixed Interval refer to?
What does Variable Interval refer to?
What does Variable Interval refer to?
What is behavior modification?
What is behavior modification?
What is cognitive learning theory?
What is cognitive learning theory?
What is a conditioned response?
What is a conditioned response?
What is a conditioned stimulus?
What is a conditioned stimulus?
What is continuous reinforcement?
What is continuous reinforcement?
What is extinction?
What is extinction?
What is latent learning?
What is latent learning?
What is learning?
What is learning?
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Study Notes
Classical Conditioning
- Neutral stimulus: does not evoke a response unless paired with an unconditioned stimulus (UCS).
- Conditioned response (CR): a learned reaction, such as feeling hunger at the sight of a lunchbox.
- Classical conditioning involves linking stimuli to anticipate events (Pavlov).
Unconditioned Responses
- Reflexive response: direct reactions like salivation from food in the mouth.
- Conditioned stimulus (CS): a previously neutral stimulus that becomes meaningful after association with a UCS.
Reinforcement Schedules
- Intermittent reinforcement: behaviors rewarded some but not all times, leading to stronger persistence.
- Fixed ratio schedule: reinforcement occurs after a specific number of responses.
- Variable ratio schedule: reinforcement after an unpredictable number of responses, which yields the highest response rate.
- Fixed interval schedule: reinforcement is delivered after a fixed period.
- Variable interval schedule: reinforcement occurs after varying amounts of time.
Operant Conditioning
- Focuses on the associations between behaviors and their consequences, reinforcing or punishing behaviors.
- Positive reinforcement: the introduction of a pleasant stimulus to increase behavior.
- Negative reinforcement: the removal of an unpleasant stimulus, also increasing the likelihood of the behavior.
Phobia Treatment
- Operant conditioning can be applied in treating phobias by reinforcing interactions with feared objects.
Cognitive Learning
- Cognitive learning theory emphasizes the importance of internal mental processes and views individuals as active problem solvers.
- Latent learning: knowledge that is not immediately evident but comes into play when needed.
Behaviors and Responses
- Unconditioned response: involuntary reactions to stimuli, such as blinking at a bright flash.
- Conditioned responses: reactions that occur after conditioning, such as an itch from the word "grass."
Behavioral Modifications
- Behavior modification employs operant conditioning tactics to replace undesirable behaviors with desired ones.
- Extinction: the reduction of a conditioned response when reinforcement ends.
Learning Concepts
- Learning is defined as a relatively permanent change in behavior due to experience.
- Continuous reinforcement entails reinforcing a desired response every time it occurs.
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