Questions and Answers
Sal's dog acts excited when Sal puts on his tennis shoes. His dog's behavior is a __________.
conditioned response
In a conditioning experiment, which of the following statements is true regarding the puff of air?
In John Watson's experiment with Little Albert, the white rat served as the ________ stimulus.
conditioned
Watson's experiment with Little Albert demonstrated that fears might be __________.
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In Pavlov's studies, conditioning dogs to salivate to specific tones while not salivating to similar tones is called ______________.
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Watson wanted to see how Little Albert would react to other objects due to whether or not ________ had occurred.
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The reason no conditioning seems to occur is that ________.
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Unlike classical conditioning, operant conditioning requires the organism to voluntarily produce the ________.
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Match the types of learning with their descriptions:
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Of the following, ________ would serve as a primary reinforcer for most people.
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Which of the following statements is most likely true regarding Bill's situation?
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When a stimulus is removed from a person resulting in a decrease in the probability of response, it is known as ________.
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Which kind of reinforcement schedule does a soda machine operate on?
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Reinforcement given for a response emitted after each hour and a half is most likely a ___________________ schedule.
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What schedule of reinforcement is used when Al must build 25 radios before he receives $20?
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________ is an operant-conditioning procedure in which successive approximations of a desired response are reinforced.
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What should Phil do to train his parrot to kick a ball into a soccer net?
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The application of operant-conditioning techniques is called ________.
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Mrs. Thyberg is using ________ to modify the children's behaviors.
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What type of neurons fire if a monkey observes another monkey engaging in an action?
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What is the term for learning by observing others?
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Study Notes
Conditioned Responses and Classical Conditioning
- A conditioned response (CR) is learned through association, evident when Sal's dog exhibits excitement as a conditioned response to Sal putting on tennis shoes before walks.
- An unconditioned stimulus (US), such as a puff of air to a rabbit's eye, elicits an unconditioned response (UR) like blinking. After conditioning, the sound paired with the puff of air becomes a conditioned stimulus (CS) that triggers the CR of blinking.
- In Watson's experiment with Little Albert, a white rat became a conditioned stimulus that invoked fear after being paired with a loud noise.
Conditioning Concepts
- Fears can be learned through classical conditioning, as demonstrated by Watson's experiment with Little Albert.
- Stimulus discrimination occurs when animals can differentiate between similar stimuli, illustrated by Pavlov's dogs responding to specific tones.
- Stimulus generalization refers to a conditioned response being triggered by similar stimuli, shown when Albert generalized his fear to various objects after conditioning.
Reinforcement in Operant Conditioning
- Effective conditioning requires the correct timing, such as the metronome sound needing to precede the dog receiving a biscuit to establish a CR.
- Operant conditioning differs from classical conditioning in that it requires voluntary responses to be reinforced.
Reinforcement Types
- Primary reinforcers are inherently rewarding, with food being a common example.
- Negative reinforcement occurs when an unpleasant stimulus is removed, increasing the likelihood of a behavior; illustrated by Bill being motivated to bathe the dog to avoid post-dinner chores.
Schedules of Reinforcement
- Continuous reinforcement involves a reward after every response, evident in a soda machine dispensing a drink for every dollar inserted.
- Fixed-interval schedules provide rewards after specific time intervals, such as receiving reinforcement after every hour and a half of effort.
- Fixed-ratio schedules grant rewards after a set number of responses, exemplified by Al needing to build 25 radios for payment.
Behavioral Training Techniques
- Shaping is a method in operant conditioning that reinforces successive approximations toward a desired behavior, such as training a parrot to kick a ball.
- Applied behavior analysis employs operant conditioning techniques to support individuals, particularly children with autism.
Classroom Management Strategies
- A token economy utilizes rewards (like stickers) to encourage desired behaviors in a classroom setting, as seen in Mrs. Thyberg's strategy for poem memorization.
Neural Mechanisms
- Mirror neurons activate when a monkey observes another performing an action, highlighting the neurological basis for observational learning.
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Description
Test your understanding of Chapter 5 in psychology! This quiz focuses on key concepts like conditioned responses, using flashcards to reinforce learning. Perfect for reviewing the chapter material effectively.
