Psychology Concepts: Personality and Development
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Questions and Answers

According to Sigmund Freud, which aspect of the mind governs behavior?

  • Conscious mind
  • Unconscious mind (correct)
  • Social mind
  • Rational mind

    • Immanuel Kant believed that knowledge is independent of sensory experience.

    False

    What does Patricia Churchland argue is necessary to understand the mind?

    Understanding the brain

    According to Ryle, the self (ego) is best measured by a person's __________.

    <p>action</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements aligns with Freud's perspective on the mind?

    <p>The unconscious mind significantly shapes behavior.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Patricia Churchland believes that the mind exists independently of the brain.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who stated, 'You may know me but you have no idea who I am'?

    <p>Sigmund Freud</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the philosopher with their view on the self or mind:

    <p>Gilbert Ryle = Actions represent the self Immanuel Kant = Knowledge begins with senses Patricia Churchland = Understanding the brain is essential Sigmund Freud = Unconscious mind shapes behavior</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which level of the mind is responsible for memories that are not currently in awareness but can be easily accessed?

    <p>Preconscious</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to Freud, the unconscious mind is the only part responsible for shaping adult behavior.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Name the psychologist who emphasized the body's role in understanding the self.

    <p>Maurice Merleau-Ponty</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Freud identified specific changes in the sexual parts of the body he called __________ zones.

    <p>erogenous</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following concepts with their descriptions:

    <p>Unconsciousness = Part of the mind containing desires and memories not readily accessible Preconscious = Memories that can be easily accessed Consciousness = Current thoughts and awareness Erogenous zones = Body parts associated with pleasure during development</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does Freud believe must be understood to comprehend one’s present self?

    <p>One's past experiences</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Merleau-Ponty claimed that truth lies solely within the individual's inner self.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which principle did Freud use to explain personality and mental state?

    <p>Iceberg principle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does Descartes mean by 'Cogito ergo sum'?

    <p>I think, therefore I am</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Locke believed that knowledge could be derived independently of sensory experiences.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do both Locke and Hume have in common regarding the source of knowledge?

    <p>They both believe knowledge is derived from sensory experiences.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to Locke, the mind is considered a ________ slate.

    <p>blank</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following philosophers with their beliefs about the self:

    <p>Locke = Knowledge is derived from sensory experiences Descartes = Cogito ergo sum Hume = The self is an illusion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does Hume argue regarding innate ideas?

    <p>They do not exist at all.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Descartes believed that the body and mind are linked and cannot be separated.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    For Hume, knowledge occurs through ________ experiences.

    <p>personal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Iceberg Principle of Personality

    • Explains mental state and behavior through three levels of the mind: unconscious, preconscious, and consciousness.
    • Past experiences are embedded in the unconscious, can reach preconscious, and eventually consciousness, especially triggered by similar experiences.

    Merleau-Ponty's Perspective

    • Emphasizes that understanding oneself requires being in the world: "Truth does not inhabit only the inner man."
    • Posits that the body is the primary means of contact with the world, essential for perception and experience.
    • Integrates physical body and experiences to form the self.

    Freud's Psychosexual Stages of Development

    • Identifies changes in sexual parts of the body known as erogenous zones: mouth, anus, phallic, and genital stages corresponding to developmental age.
    • Claims untoward adult behavior reflects unsatisfied desires from earlier developmental stages.
    • Suggests understanding present self requires comprehension of past experiences.

    Gilbert Ryle's Concept of Self

    • Defines the self (ego) based on actions: "I act therefore I am."
    • Proposes that behavior is a reflection of the mind's commands, separating the mind from the physical body.

    Immanuel Kant's Understanding of Knowledge

    • Asserts that knowledge begins with the senses and is organized by the mind, concluding with reason.
    • Describes inner and outer selves, where outer self consists of external experiences synthesized by the inner self.

    Patricia Churchland's Neurophilosophy

    • Advocates for understanding the mind through the brain, proposing a revision of common sense towards a biological perspective.
    • Argues that the mind does not exist independently; rather, knowledge is developed through experience.

    John Locke's Empirical Approach

    • States, "there is nothing in the mind except what was first in the senses."
    • Suggests that the self is constructed from consciousness shaped by sensory experiences.

    René Descartes' Cogito Argument

    • Asserts "Cogito ergo sum" or "I think therefore I am," identifying self as a thinking entity capable of doubting, affirming, and reasoning.
    • Proposes Cartesian dualism: the mind (seat of consciousness) and body are separate entities.

    David Hume's Views on Knowledge and Self

    • Contends that all knowledge derives from human senses, where personal experiences define understanding.
    • Critiques the existence of innate ideas, suggesting that knowledge emerges from experience and non-tangible concepts are mere illusions.
    • Argues that the self is an illusion; no permanent, continuous self exists over time.

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    A. Philosophy Unit 1 PDF

    Description

    Explore key psychological theories including the Iceberg Principle of Personality, Merleau-Ponty's perspective on self-awareness, and Freud's psychosexual stages of development. Understand how these theories analyze mental states, behavior, and the influence of past experiences on present actions.

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