Psychology Personality Theories
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Questions and Answers

What is personality primarily defined as?

  • A person's superficial traits and behaviors
  • A static and unchanging feature of an individual
  • An individual's social interactions and communication styles
  • A person's characteristic thinking, feeling, and acting patterns (correct)

    • Which of the following is NOT a focus of personality discussions in psychology?

  • Trait theories
  • Ovarian response theory (correct)
  • Psychoanalytic theory
  • Humanistic personality theory

    • Which psychological perspective did Sigmund Freud represent?

  • Humanistic perspective
  • Behavioral perspective
  • Cognitive perspective
  • Psychoanalytic perspective (correct)

    • What can be inferred about the different psychological approaches to personality?

    <p>Different perspectives provide varied explanations for personality development</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following assessments would likely be used to measure personality?

    <p>Personality inventory</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main idea behind trait theorists' approach to personality?

    <p>Personality can be described by stable characteristics or traits.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which approach describes the belief that the same basic set of traits can describe all people's personalities?

    <p>Nomothetic approach</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Hans Eysenck use to classify people’s personalities?

    <p>Introversion-extraversion and stable-unstable scales</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the focus of the latency stage of development?

    <p>Repressing sexual feelings</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which dimension of the Big Five personality traits pertains to being hardworking and organized?

    <p>Conscientiousness</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does emotional stability refer to in the context of personality traits?

    <p>The consistency of one's mood.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the personal unconscious according to Jung?

    <p>A collection of painful or threatening memories</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What concept did Jung use to explain similarities across cultures?

    <p>Collective unconscious</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT one of the Big Five personality traits?

    <p>Intelligence</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What statistical technique is commonly used to reduce personality descriptors to a manageable number of traits?

    <p>Factor analysis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What term did Jung use to describe universal concepts shared by the human species?

    <p>Archetypes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to psychoanalytic theory, what occurs during the genital stage?

    <p>Maturation of sexual interests and relationships</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which trait is associated with an individual's creativity and willingness to try new things?

    <p>Openness to experience</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT associated with Neo-Freudians?

    <p>Sigmund Freud</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What change occurs in children during the latency stage regarding social skills?

    <p>They learn to interact with others and acquire academic skills.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which aspect of the unconscious is more aligned with Freud's concepts?

    <p>The personal unconscious</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes the anal expulsive personality?

    <p>General messiness and carelessness</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What stage of psychosexual development is associated with the Oedipus Complex?

    <p>Phallic stage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do boys fear during the Oedipus Complex?

    <p>Castration by their father</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main conflict experienced by girls during the phallic stage?

    <p>Penis envy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In response to castration anxiety, what do boys generally do?

    <p>Repress their desires</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During the phallic stage, how do boys resolve their feelings towards their parents?

    <p>By identifying with their father</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the Electra conflict primarily involve for girls?

    <p>Shifting attachment from mother to father</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which concept reflects the identification process in psychosexual development?

    <p>The Oedipus Complex</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary advantage of self-report inventories over interviews in personality assessment?

    <p>They provide scores that are less influenced by evaluator bias.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a key characteristic of the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI-2)?

    <p>It has built-in lie scales to detect dishonest responses.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following psychologists is most likely to use self-report inventories?

    <p>Humanistic psychologists</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What potential issue might arise when individuals complete self-report inventories?

    <p>Individuals may exaggerate their positive traits.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common criticism of subjective assessments, such as interviews, compared to self-report inventories?

    <p>They can introduce evaluator bias.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do radical behaviorists view personality assessment methods like self-report inventories?

    <p>They are considered ineffective and misleading.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What psychological phenomenon makes people inclined to believe vague personality descriptions?

    <p>Barnum effect</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do lie scales in personality tests aim to detect?

    <p>Dishonesty in responses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Personality

    • Personality describes a person's characteristic thinking, feeling, and acting patterns.
    • Psychologists use several perspectives to analyze personality, including psychodynamic, behavioral, social learning, humanistic, and trait theories.

    Psychodynamic Theories

    • Psychoanalytic perspective focuses on the unconscious mind.
    • Freud's theory highlights the id (primitive impulses), ego (mediator between id and superego), and superego (moral compass).
    • Psychosexual stages of development include:
      • Oral (0-18 months)
      • Anal (18 months-3 years)
      • Phallic (3-6 years)
      • Latency (6 to puberty)
      • Genital (puberty on)
    • The anal retentive personality is characterized by obsessiveness, perfectionism, and stinginess.
    • The anal expulsive personality contrasts with the retentive type, demonstrating a lack of self-control, messiness, and carelessness.
    • The Oedipus complex (boys) and Electra conflict (girls) occur during the phallic stage, involving unconscious desires for the opposite-sex parent and rivalry with the same-sex parent.

    Neo-Freudians Perspective

    • Alfred Adler, Karen Horney, and Carl Jung expanded on Freudian ideas.
    • Jung proposed the personal unconscious (similar to Freud's) and the collective unconscious, containing archetypes representing universal concepts shared by all humans.

    Trait Theories

    • Trait theorists believe that personality is expressed through stable, underlying characteristics or traits.
    • Nomothetic approach assumes that the same basic traits can be used to describe everyone.
    • Hans Eysenck proposed two main dimensions of personality: introversion-extraversion and stable-unstable.
    • Raymond Cattell developed the 16 PF (personality factor) test, measuring 16 basic traits present in all people.
    • The Big Five personality traits include:
      • Extraversion
      • Agreeableness
      • Conscientiousness
      • Openness to experience
      • Emotional stability (neuroticism)

    Personality Assessments

    • Self-report inventories are questionnaires that ask individuals about themselves, often referred to as objective tests due to minimal evaluator bias.
    • The Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI-2) is a widely used self-report inventory.
    • Interviews are subjective assessments, offering potentially richer but less reliable and more biased data.
    • Observations of behavior are considered crucial by radical behaviorists and cognitive-behavioral psychologists for assessing personality.

    Limitations of Assessment

    • People might not answer self-report inventories honestly, leading to biased results.
    • The Barnum effect describes the tendency to perceive vague personality descriptions as accurate.

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    Description

    Explore the various theories of personality, with a focus on psychodynamic perspectives developed by Freud. This quiz covers key concepts like the id, ego, superego, and the psychosexual stages of development. Challenge your understanding of personality traits and conflicts.

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