Psychology Concepts Matching Quiz

Introduction to Psychology - Abnormal Psychology

• This module covers abnormal psychology, focusing on disorders and treatment.
• Mental illness affects nearly half of the population during their lifetime. (Data displayed as a pie chart, showing distribution for 0, 1, 2, and 3+ disorders)
• The module discusses defining abnormal behavior, looking at deviance and dysfunction.
• Defining "normal" behavior is multifaceted, influenced by cultural norms and the individual's well-being
• Determining instances of mental illness in someone is complex and subjective.
• The study of mental disorders encompasses their varying presentations and severities.
• The DSM-5-TR is a diagnostic guide, categorizing mental disorders with objective criteria.
• The DSM-5-TR organizes mental disorders into categories, like Depressive Disorders, Trauma and Stressor-Related Disorders, and Personality Disorders.
• Each disorder has specific criteria for diagnosis. For example the depressed mood criterion is described.
• Several criteria in the DSM-5-TR are associated with a loss of functioning.
• The DSM-5-TR is a valuable tool for standardization. It provides a common language for mental health professionals, aiding communication and research, and improving diagnostic reliability.

Defining Abnormal Behavior

• Diagnosing behavior as "abnormal" is subjective and multifaceted.
• Defining the parameters of "normal" behavior involves cultural context and individual experience.
• Deviance and dysfunction—two significant criteria frequently used in the diagnostic process
• Understanding and assessing mental illness can be challenging due to factors such as varied presentations and difficulties determining the degree of severity.
• Case examples (Betty and Dante) illustrate the complexities and challenges in assessing mental health.

Questions

• Questions are raised about the "normality" and mental well-being of individuals presented in case examples (Betty, Dante)

Examples

• Case example of Betty, a 52-year-old woman experiencing symptoms consistent with a depressive disorder.
• Case example of Dante, a 25-year-old man who has experienced mental health challenges since childhood.

Defining Abnormal Behavior

• The concept and criteria for abnormal behavior
• How criteria/concepts like deviance and dysfunction are used to establish or classify conditions.
• The difficulty in identifying and defining mental disorders.

Normal vs Abnormal

• Examples of behavior that could be considered normal or abnormal based on cultural context and individual functioning.
• Example: A woman placing offerings on a grave; A man swimming in freezing water; A man driving a nail into his hand.

Rosenhan study

• The "Sanity in Sane Places" experiment explored the labeling effects of mental health diagnosis.
• The study involved staged admissions of individuals posing as patients to psychiatric hospitals.
• The experiment highlighted that patients were diagnosed with schizophrenia and were then prescribed medication.
• This research helped emphasize the role of diagnostic labels and potentially biased interpretations among professionals.

Rosenhan: Misdiagnosis

• Hospital stays had a range of days, with an average of 19 days.
• Other patients did not suspect the pseudopatients of feigning a disorder.
• Pseudopatients were treated and given a diagnosis of Schizophrenia.

Power of a Diagnostic Label

• Establishing a diagnosis can influence how normal behaviors are perceived.
• The study highlighted that clinicians may interpret behaviors in line with the diagnosis and not with the true facts.

DSM and the Categorical Approach to Psychological Disorders

• The DSM is a classification system developed by the American Psychiatric Association to classify different mental disorders using objective criteria.
• It provides standardized diagnostic criteria for mental disorders, thus providing a common terminology for professionals in mental health.

Organization of DSM-5-TR

• Descriptors of different categories of disorders
• Descriptions of disorders criteria and examples
• The importance of loss of functioning as a key criterion for various diagnosable disorders

Is the DSM a good thing?

• Advantages of the DSM: Provides common language; Improves diagnostic reliability; Aids research participation.

Concerns regarding DSM or similar systems

• Criticisms : Stigmatizing effect of diagnosis; Varying presentations of people with same diagnosis; Diagnostic categories not always reflecting the real world.

"Mental Disorders"

• Introduction to categories like the medical/categorical model and dimensional model.

Medical/Categorical Model

• Overview of the categorical model, with an explanation and the concept of different types of mental disorders.
• Discussion of a dichotomous approach, a yes/no approach to diagnoses.

Dimensional Model

• Introduction and discussion of the concept of a dimensional approach to measuring and classifying mental disorders in terms of levels and degrees.
• The importance of degree of severity or intensity of exhibited attributes

Anxiety Disorders

• Overview and specifics of generalized anxiety disorder (GAD).
• Overview and specifics of panic disorder (PD) and its symptoms like heart rate fluctuations and autonomic responses,
• Discussion and examples of specific phobias (agoraphobia, social phobia) and aspects of the anxiety they cause.

Specific Phobia

• The definition of a specific phobia
• Avoidance is resistant to extinction
• Common examples of phobias, such as public places, public speaking, heights, air travel, animals, blood, and lightning storms.

Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder

• Description of OCD and repetitive thoughts and behaviors.
• Descriptions of the obsessions and compulsions involved.
• A list of common obsessions and compulsions, such as cleaning, checking, counting, and hoarding.

Substance Use Disorders

• How dependence and abuse are distinguished.
• How previous versions of the DSM used dependence or abuse to categorize substance disorders.

Substance Use Disorders

• Focuses on the biological processes related to addictive substances and compulsive behaviors.
• Description of dopamine stimulation in areas related to reward and attention.
• Challenges in determining what constitutes an addiction

Depressive Disorders

• Overview of two common types: Major depressive disorder and Persistent depressive disorder (also known as Dysthymia)

Depressive Disorders

• Descriptions of the characteristics and symptoms of Major depressive disorders, including the loss of interest, and pleasure, and motivation.
• Examples of specific markers for identification and distinctions in this category of disorders.

Depressive Disorders

• Descriptions of the characteristics and symptoms of persistent depressive disorders, including persistent negative mood and other criteria that are unique identifiers.
• Criteria specific to children.

Treatments for Depression

• Common classifications of antidepressants medications (SSRIs, SNRIs, Tricyclic drugs, MAOIs).
• Effectiveness of antidepressants in treating mental health disorders.
• Common mechanisms of antidepressants in functioning.

Bipolar Disorder

• Bipolar disorder is a disorder involving mood swings that are marked by extremely high and extremely low moods.
• Descriptions of manic and hypomanic episodes, characteristics of each and distinguishing between them and their respective symptoms.

Schizophrenia

• Overview and criteria for diagnosis, including hallucinations, delusions, disorganized speech, movement disorder, and loss of emotional/social functions.
• Description of individual symptoms like hallucinations and delusions.

Schizophrenia

• Distinguishing schizophrenia from multiple personality disorder
• Prevalence in young adults, with differences in average age of diagnosis by sex.

Dementia

• Differentiation of dementia from other mental health disorders.
• Dementia is a cognitive disorder, not one linked to schizophrenic or psychosis.

Deinstitutionalization

• How and why deinstitutionalization occurred
• The shift to community-based care after the discovery of antipsychotic medications
• Negative outcomes as a result of deinstitutionalization, such as an increase in homelessness among individuals with severe mental disorders.

Deinstitutionalization (cont.)

• Overview of the challenges of providing services to people with severe mental disorders.
• Description of the challenges in providing the appropriate care due to a lack of resources and support systems.

The Future of Psychotherapy and Prospects for Prevention

• Community psychologists focus on environmental factors impacting mental health.
• Prevention strategies attempt to address mental disorders before they develop.

Social Issues Related to Mental Illness

• The insanity defense, focusing on its legal versus medical/psychological conceptualization.
• Description of the M'Naghten rule for legally identifying insanity.
• The frequency of the insanity defense in the legal system.

Dissociative Disorders

• Definition of Dissociative Identity Disorder (DID), formerly called Multiple Personality Disorder.
• How this disorder is viewed, and the characteristics used to define the disorder.
• Theories regarding potential causes, such as trauma-related dissociative behaviors and responses.

Dissociative Identity Disorder (DID)

• Describing the differences in personalities, including abilities and preferences.

Types of Psychotherapy

• Overview of different types of psychotherapy (psychodynamic, cognitive-behavioral, and mindfulness).
• Explanations of specific treatment approaches and theories supporting each theoretical treatment.

Techniques of Psychotherapy (Cont.)

• Different techniques used in different therapies to treat mental health behaviors.

Behavioral/Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy

• Explanations of Behavior therapy, cognitive therapy and cognitive-behavior therapy approaches and techniques.
• Specific thought patterns, such as black and white thinking are mentioned as negative thought patterns.

Mindfulness Therapies

• Understanding the core principles of mindfulness treatments.
• Techniques and methods for effectively applying mindfulness to treatment.