Questions and Answers
What is the Asch effect?
What are attributions?
Explanations for the behavior of other people.
What does the term 'biases' refer to?
Cognitive inclinations or prejudices that affect judgment.
What is bystander intervention?
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What does diffusion of responsibility mean?
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What is discrimination?
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What is the fundamental attribution error?
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Attitudes describe our ________ of people, objects, and ideas.
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It makes Stetson happy to see women excelling in what used to be seen as male-dominated jobs. This is an example of the ________ component of an attitude.
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What is groupthink?
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What is homophily?
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What is informational conformity?
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Trevor votes for gun control laws and supports organizations that want to restrict access to guns. This is an example of a ________ component of an attitude.
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Phillip believes that affirmative action is an unfair policy that gives minorities preferential treatment. This is an example of the ________ component of an attitude.
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Shaquallah gets upset if she sees anyone litter. This is an example of the ________ component of an attitude.
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Cognitive dissonance causes discomfort because it disrupts our sense of ________.
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What is instrumental aggression?
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What is outgroup?
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What is persuasion?
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What is pluralistic ignorance?
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What is cognitive dissonance?
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What is a script?
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Self-fulfilling prophecy occurs when we treat stereotyped group members according to our biased expectations, leading them to act according to those expectations.
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What is confirmation bias?
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What is the actor-observer bias?
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According to the frustration aggression theory, after Mekayla bombs her performance at the piano recital, she is likely to ________.
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What does scapegoating mean?
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Study Notes
Key Concepts in Social Psychology
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Asch Effect: Illustrates how group majority can sway an individual's judgment, even leading to incorrect decisions.
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Attributions: Refers to the explanations made for the behaviors displayed by others, crucial for social cognition.
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Biases: These influence perceptions and judgments, often leading to systematic deviations from standard rationality.
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Bystander Intervention: The phenomenon where the presence of others affects one's likelihood to help someone in distress.
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Diffusion of Responsibility: Describes how individuals feel less compelled to act in emergencies when others are present, spreading the responsibility among the group.
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Discrimination: Involves negative behaviors directed at individuals based on their group membership.
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Fundamental Attribution Error: The tendency to overemphasize internal characteristics in explaining others' behaviors while undervaluing situational factors.
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Social Norms: Rules and expectations of behavior that are considered acceptable within a group.
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Social Roles: Defined behaviors expected from individuals in specified contexts, influencing behavior significantly.
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Stereotypes: Widely held beliefs attributing certain traits or characteristics to all members of a group, often leading to oversimplifications.
Components of Attitude
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Affective Component: Reflects feelings or emotional responses towards a person, object, or idea.
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Behavioral Component: Involves the actions or behaviors exhibited in relation to an attitude.
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Cognitive Component: Represents a person’s beliefs or thoughts that typically influence their attitudes and responses.
Theories and Effects
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Cognitive Dissonance: Occurs when an individual experiences discomfort from conflicting beliefs or behaviors, pushing for a change toward consistency.
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Self-Fulfilling Prophecy: When expectations about a person cause the person to behave in a way that confirms the expectations.
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Scapegoating: The act of blaming an out-group for the frustrations experienced by an in-group, often leading to prejudice and discrimination.
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Confirmation Bias: The tendency to seek out information that supports one's preexisting beliefs while ignoring contradictory evidence.
Aggression Types
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Instrumental Aggression: Aggression used as a means to achieve a specific goal, not primarily driven by anger.
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Hostile Aggression: Driven by feelings of anger and a desire to cause pain or injury.
Important Phenomena
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Bystander Effect: Individuals are less likely to offer help in emergencies when others are present, highlighting social and situational influences on behavior.
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Social Loafing: The tendency for individuals in a group to exert less effort due to their individual contributions being less identifiable.
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Groupthink: Involves members of a group conforming to the perceived consensus, which can lead to poor decision-making.
Prejudice and Discrimination
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Prejudice: Negative attitudes or feelings directed at individuals based solely on their group identity.
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Discrimination: Actual harmful actions towards individuals due to their group affiliation.
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Ageism, Racism, Sexism, Homophobia: Specific forms of prejudice and discrimination based on age, race, sex, and sexual orientation, respectively.
The Stanford Prison Experiment
- Conducted to explore the impact of social roles and normative influences on behavior, emphasizing the power dynamics that can arise in structured environments.
Strategies of Persuasion
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Central Route: Involves a factual and logical approach to persuasion, generally leading to lasting attitude change.
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Peripheral Route: Relies on superficial cues, such as attractiveness or emotional appeals, for persuasion without deep understanding.
Application and Consequences
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Cognitive Dissonance Theory: Explains how individuals reconcile conflicting attitudes and behaviors, often leading to attitude shifts.
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Actor-Observer Bias: Suggests individuals explain others’ actions through personal traits while attributing their own actions to situational factors.
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Bullying: Defined as persistent negative treatment, revealing the dynamics of aggression, particularly between genders.
These concepts provide a foundational understanding of social psychology, highlighting the intricate interplay between individual behavior, social contexts, and group dynamics.
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Test your knowledge on key psychology concepts such as the Asch effect, attributions, and biases. This quiz covers essential terms related to social psychology and group dynamics. Challenge yourself and see how much you really know!