Podcast
Questions and Answers
Children and adults acquire behaviors through observation, imitation, and ______.
Children and adults acquire behaviors through observation, imitation, and ______.
modeling
According to Freud, the ______ is the primitive, instinctual part of the personality that seeks pleasure.
According to Freud, the ______ is the primitive, instinctual part of the personality that seeks pleasure.
id
The rational mediator that balances the id’s impulses and the superego’s morality is called the ______.
The rational mediator that balances the id’s impulses and the superego’s morality is called the ______.
ego
Unconsciously blocking painful thoughts from awareness is known as ______.
Unconsciously blocking painful thoughts from awareness is known as ______.
According to Maslow's hierarchy of needs, basic survival needs such as food, water, and sleep fall under the ______ needs.
According to Maslow's hierarchy of needs, basic survival needs such as food, water, and sleep fall under the ______ needs.
Harry Stack Sullivan emphasized that ______ shape personality development, especially during infancy and adolescence.
Harry Stack Sullivan emphasized that ______ shape personality development, especially during infancy and adolescence.
[Blank] refers to an individual’s belief in their ability to influence outcomes through their actions.
[Blank] refers to an individual’s belief in their ability to influence outcomes through their actions.
Attributing one's own emotions or impulses to another person is a defense mechanism known as ______.
Attributing one's own emotions or impulses to another person is a defense mechanism known as ______.
In Freud's stages of psychosexual development, each stage represents a different focus of ______ energy, influencing personality development.
In Freud's stages of psychosexual development, each stage represents a different focus of ______ energy, influencing personality development.
In Peplau’s theory, acting as a ______ involves helping the client process difficult emotions and experiences, requiring empathy and understanding.
In Peplau’s theory, acting as a ______ involves helping the client process difficult emotions and experiences, requiring empathy and understanding.
The use of ______ involves removing an unpleasant stimulus to increase the likelihood of a behavior, such as taking medication to alleviate pain.
The use of ______ involves removing an unpleasant stimulus to increase the likelihood of a behavior, such as taking medication to alleviate pain.
The ______ hypothesis suggests that an overabundance of dopamine in certain brain regions is associated with the positive symptoms of schizophrenia.
The ______ hypothesis suggests that an overabundance of dopamine in certain brain regions is associated with the positive symptoms of schizophrenia.
The ______ lobe is crucial for sensory processing, integrating touch, pain, and temperature information to help us understand our environment.
The ______ lobe is crucial for sensory processing, integrating touch, pain, and temperature information to help us understand our environment.
The ______, a part of the limbic system, plays a key role in processing emotions such as fear and aggression.
The ______, a part of the limbic system, plays a key role in processing emotions such as fear and aggression.
A deficiency in the neurotransmitter ______ is often linked to symptoms of depression, impacting mood, sleep, and appetite.
A deficiency in the neurotransmitter ______ is often linked to symptoms of depression, impacting mood, sleep, and appetite.
The ______ is responsible for regulating critical bodily functions, including breathing, heart rate, and sleep-wake cycles.
The ______ is responsible for regulating critical bodily functions, including breathing, heart rate, and sleep-wake cycles.
According to Maslow's hierarchy of needs, after physiological and safety needs are met, individuals seek ________ needs, involving relationships and social connections.
According to Maslow's hierarchy of needs, after physiological and safety needs are met, individuals seek ________ needs, involving relationships and social connections.
________ is described as redirecting emotions or feelings from their original source to a less threatening substitute.
________ is described as redirecting emotions or feelings from their original source to a less threatening substitute.
In Freud's psychosexual stages, the ________ stage, occurring between 3-6 years, is when a child begins to explore and understand their gender identity.
In Freud's psychosexual stages, the ________ stage, occurring between 3-6 years, is when a child begins to explore and understand their gender identity.
________ occurs when a client unconsciously transfers emotions from past relationships onto a healthcare provider, potentially influencing their interactions.
________ occurs when a client unconsciously transfers emotions from past relationships onto a healthcare provider, potentially influencing their interactions.
________ occurs when a healthcare provider unconsciously projects personal feelings onto a client, which can impact objectivity and the therapeutic relationship.
________ occurs when a healthcare provider unconsciously projects personal feelings onto a client, which can impact objectivity and the therapeutic relationship.
In Pavlov's classical conditioning, learning occurs through associating a neutral ________ with a natural one to elicit a conditioned response.
In Pavlov's classical conditioning, learning occurs through associating a neutral ________ with a natural one to elicit a conditioned response.
According to B.F. Skinner’s operant conditioning, ________ reinforcement involves rewarding good behavior to increase the likelihood of that behavior being repeated.
According to B.F. Skinner’s operant conditioning, ________ reinforcement involves rewarding good behavior to increase the likelihood of that behavior being repeated.
According to Peplau, the ________ phase in the nurse-patient relationship is when the nurse and client establish rapport, define the problem, and set goals.
According to Peplau, the ________ phase in the nurse-patient relationship is when the nurse and client establish rapport, define the problem, and set goals.
Flashcards
Negative Reinforcement
Negative Reinforcement
Removing an unpleasant stimulus to increase behavior frequency.
Punishment
Punishment
Discouraging a behavior through negative consequences.
Dopamine
Dopamine
A neurotransmitter associated with pleasure, motivation, and schizophrenia (in excess).
Serotonin
Serotonin
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Norepinephrine
Norepinephrine
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GABA
GABA
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Dopamine Hypothesis
Dopamine Hypothesis
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Frontal Lobe
Frontal Lobe
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Observational Learning
Observational Learning
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Self-Efficacy
Self-Efficacy
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Harry Stack Sullivan's Interpersonal Theory
Harry Stack Sullivan's Interpersonal Theory
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Milieu Therapy
Milieu Therapy
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Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs
Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs
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Physiological Needs
Physiological Needs
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Id
Id
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Defense Mechanisms
Defense Mechanisms
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Safety Needs
Safety Needs
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Love & Belongingness
Love & Belongingness
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Esteem Needs
Esteem Needs
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Transference
Transference
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Countertransference
Countertransference
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Classical Conditioning
Classical Conditioning
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Positive Reinforcement
Positive Reinforcement
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Orientation Phase
Orientation Phase
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Study Notes
- A psychiatric nurse has multiple roles in the care of clients with mental health disorders.
Roles of a Mental Health Nurse
- Teacher: Educates clients and families about mental health conditions, medication compliance, coping strategies, and lifestyle changes
- Caregiver: Provides direct patient care, including physical and emotional support, medication administration, and therapeutic communication
- Advocate: Ensures that clients receive fair and ethical treatment, defends clients' rights, and assists them in navigating the healthcare system
- Parent Surrogate: Offers guidance and emotional stability, especially for clients lacking a strong support system
- Counselor: Listens actively, provides support, and helps clients explore their thoughts and feelings
- Technical Expert: Administers medications, monitors side effects, and ensures compliance with therapeutic medicine
- Coordinator/Colleague: Works with interdisciplinary teams to develop and implement individualized care plans
- Team Leader & Supervisor: Leads nursing teams, mentors junior nurses, and ensures quality patient care
- Consultant: Provides expert advice on psychiatric conditions and interventions to healthcare teams and families
Essential Qualities of a Psychiatric Nurse
- Therapeutic Use of Self: Use personal experience and emotional intelligence to build trust
- Genuineness & Warmth: Establishes rapport through sincerity and authenticity
- Empathy: Understands and validates clients' emotions
- Acceptance: Provides nonjudgmental care, regardless of a client's background or behavior
- Maturity & Self-awareness: Maintains professional boundaries, reflects on biases, and manages personal emotions while caring for clients.
Albert Bandura – Social Learning Theory
- Learning occurs through observation, imitation, and modeling
- Children and adults learn behaviors by watching others (parents, peers, media)
- Self-efficacy refers to an individual's belief in the ability to influence outcomes through their actions
- Role models play a crucial role in shaping behaviors, attitudes, and emotional responses
Harry Stack Sullivan – Interpersonal Theory
- Relationships shape personality development
- Stages of Interpersonal Development:
- Infancy – Establishes trust through mother's care
- Childhood - Begins to explore and develop curiosity
- Juvenile Era – Forms peer relationships and social skills
- Adolescence – Develops intimate relationships and self-identity
- Milieu Therapy: Focuses on a structured environment to promote positive social interactions and mental health recovery
Abraham Maslow – Hierarchy of Needs
- This model explains human motivation in a five-tier hierarchy
- Physiological Needs: Basic survival needs (food, water, sleep, oxygen)
- Safety Needs: Security, stability, health, and financial stability
- Love & Belongingness: Relationships, friendships, intimacy, social connections
- Esteem Needs: Self-respect, recognition, and confidence
- Self-Actualization: Fulfilling personal potential, creativity, and problem-solving
Personality Components (Freud's Psychoanalytic Theory)
- The theory explains personality as structured into three parts:
- Id: The primitive, instinctual part that seeks pleasure (e.g., hunger, aggression, desires)
- Ego: The rational mediator that balances the id's impulses and the superego's morality
- Superego: The moral compass, shaped by societal and parental values
Defense Mechanisms
- These are unconscious strategies that help people manage anxiety and stress
- Denial: Refusing to accept reality (e.g., a smoker believing they won't get lung cancer)
- Repression: Unconsciously blocking painful thoughts (e.g., childhood trauma)
- Projection: Attributing personal emotions to others (e.g., accusing someone else of being angry when you are upset)
- Rationalization: Justifying actions with logical reasons instead of true emotions (e.g., "I failed the test because the teacher is unfair")
- Displacement: Redirecting emotions to a safer target (e.g., yelling at a sibling instead of a boss)
Transference & Countertransference
- Transference: When the client unconsciously transfers emotions from past relationships onto the nurse. Example: A client treats the nurse like a parent
- Countertransference: When the nurse unconsciously projects personal feelings onto the client, which can affect objectivity
Learning Theories
Pavlov's Classical Conditioning
- Learning occurs through associating stimuli
- Example: A dog salivates(response) when hearing a bell (stimulus) after repeated association with food
- This explains phobias and conditioned emotional responses
B.F. Skinner's Operant Conditioning
- Behavior is reinforced through consequences
- Positive reinforcement: Rewarding good behavior (e.g., praise, treats)
- Negative reinforcement: Removing an unpleasant stimulus (e.g., taking painkillers to relieve pain)
- Punishment: Discouraging bad behavior through consequences
Stages of Psychoanalysis (Freud's Psychosexual Development)
- Oral Stage (0-18 months): Infant derives pleasure from sucking, biting
- Anal Stage (18-36 months): Focuses on toilet training, control
- Phallic Stage (3-6 years): Child explores gender identity
- Latency Stage (6-12 years): Social and intellectual development take priority over sexual impulses
- Genital Stage (Puberty onward): Sexual maturity, developing intimate relationships
Phases of Orientation (Therapeutic Nurse-Patient Relationship)
- Hildegard Peplau stated that a therapeutic nurse-client relationship occurs in three phases:
- Orientation Phase: The nurse and client meet, establish rapport, define the problem, and set goals
- Working Phase: The client explores thoughts, feelings, and behaviors with the nurse's support
- Termination Phase: The relationship ends as the client achieves independence and improved coping skills
Peplau's Phases of Nurse-Patient Relationship
- This builds upon the phases and includes specific therapy roles:
- Resource Person: Provides information
- Stranger: Establishes initial trust
- Teacher: Educates the patient
- Leader: Guides therapeutic activities
- Surrogate, acts as parental figures when necessary
- Counselor helps the client process emotions
Neurotransmitters & Neurobiological Theories
Major neurotransmitters and their functions
- Dopamine is associated with pleasure, motivation, and schizophrenia with excess dopamine
- Serotonin regulates mood, sleep, and appetite; deficiency is linked to depression
- Norepinephrine controls attention and response to stress; low levels contribute to depression
- GABA (Gamma-aminobutyric acid) is an inhibitory neurotransmitter which reduces anxiety
- Glutamate is an excitatory neurotransmitter involved in learning and memory
Neurobiological & Neurodevelopmental Theories
- Dopamine Hypothesis suggests that schizophrenia is linked to an excess of dopamine
- Ventricular Brain Ratios of enlarged brain ventricles have been found in individuals with schizophrenia
- Genetic & Environmental Factors that mental illness can be influenced by both hereditary and environmental triggers
Anatomy of the Brain & Functions
- The brain is divided into four lobes, each responsible for different functions:
- Frontal Lobe for decision-making, problem-solving voluntary movement and personality
- Parietal Lobe for sensory processing, touch, pain, and temperature
- Temporal Lobe for memory, emotion regulation, and language comprehension
- Occipital Lobe is for vision processing
Other Key Brain Structures
- Limbic System regulates emotions and drives including the amygdala and hippocampus
- Hypothalamus controls hunger thirst temperature regulation and hormonal Balance
- Brainstem regulates autonomic functions such as breathing and heart rate
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Description
Test your psychology knowledge. This quiz covers key concepts such as observational learning, Freud's personality theory, Maslow's hierarchy of needs, and defense mechanisms. Enhance your understanding of human behavior and psychological principles.
