NCMPSYCH4 Mental Health Reviewer PDF

NCMPSYCH4 REVIEWER Team Leader & Supervisor – Leads nursing teams, mentors junior nurses, and By: Danao, Jienver ensures quality patient care. @erachiccc...

NCMPSYCH4 REVIEWER Team Leader & Supervisor – Leads nursing teams, mentors junior nurses, and By: Danao, Jienver ensures quality patient care. @erachiccc Consultant – Provides expert advice on psychiatric conditions and interventions to healthcare teams and families. Roles of a Mental Health Nurse Essential Qualities of a Psychiatric Nurse A psychiatric nurse plays multiple roles in the care of clients with mental health disorders. These roles include: To be effective, psychiatric nurses must Teacher – Educates clients and families possess certain qualities: about mental health conditions, medication Therapeutic Use of Self – Uses personal compliance, coping strategies, and lifestyle experience and emotional intelligence to changes to promote mental well-being. build trust. Caregiver – Provides direct patient care, Genuineness & Warmth – Establishes including physical and emotional support, rapport through sincerity and authenticity. medication administration, and therapeutic communication. Empathy – Understands and validates the client’s emotions. Advocate – Ensures that clients receive fair and ethical treatment, defends their rights, Acceptance – Provides nonjudgmental and assists them in navigating the healthcare care, regardless of a client’s background or system. behavior. Parent Surrogate – Offers guidance and Maturity & Self-awareness – Maintains emotional stability, particularly for clients professional boundaries, reflects on biases, who lack a strong support system. and manages personal emotions while caring for clients. Counselor – Listens actively, provides emotional support, and helps clients explore their thoughts and feelings. Technical Expert – Administers medications, monitors side effects, and ensures compliance with therapeutic regimens. Theories of Personality & Learning Coordinator/Colleague – Works with interdisciplinary teams (psychiatrists, Albert Bandura – Social Learning Theory psychologists, social workers) to develop Bandura proposed that learning occurs and implement individualized care plans. through observation, imitation, and modeling.  Children and adults learn behaviors by 5. Self-Actualization – Fulfilling personal watching others (parents, peers, media). potential, creativity, and problem-solving. Self-efficacy refers to an individual’s belief 4. Personality Components (Freud’s in their ability to influence outcomes Psychoanalytic Theory) through their actions. Role models play a crucial role in shaping behaviors, attitudes, and emotional Freud’s theory explains personality as responses. structured into three parts: Id – The primitive, instinctual part that seeks pleasure (e.g., hunger, aggression, Harry Stack Sullivan – Interpersonal Theory desires). Sullivan emphasized that relationships Ego – The rational mediator that balances shape personality development. the id’s impulses and the superego’s morality. Stages of Interpersonal Development: Superego – The moral compass, shaped by Infancy – Establishes trust through societal and parental values. mother’s care. Childhood – Begins to explore and develop curiosity. Juvenile Era – Forms peer relationships and social skills. Defense Mechanisms Adolescence – Develops intimate relationships and self-identity. Defense mechanisms are unconscious strategies that help people manage anxiety Milieu Therapy – Focuses on a structured and stress. Examples include: environment that promotes positive social interactions and mental health recovery. Denial – Refusing to accept reality (e.g., a smoker believing they won’t get lung Abraham Maslow – Hierarchy of Needs cancer). Repression – Unconsciously blocking painful thoughts (e.g., childhood trauma). Maslow’s model explains human motivation in a five-tier hierarchy: Projection – Attributing personal emotions to others (e.g., accusing someone else of 1. Physiological Needs – Basic survival being angry when you are upset). needs (food, water, sleep, oxygen). Rationalization – Justifying actions with 2. Safety Needs – Security, stability, health, logical reasons instead of true emotions and financial stability. (e.g., “I failed the test because the teacher is 3. Love & Belongingness – Relationships, unfair”). friendships, intimacy, social connections. Displacement – Redirecting emotions to a 4. Esteem Needs – Self-respect, recognition, safer target (e.g., yelling at a sibling instead and confidence. of a boss).  1. Oral Stage (0-18 months) – Infant derives pleasure from sucking, biting. 2. Anal Stage (18-36 months) – Focuses on Transference & Countertransference toilet training, control. Transference – The client unconsciously 3. Phallic Stage (3-6 years) – Child explores transfers emotions from past relationships gender identity onto the nurse. Example: A client treats the nurse like a parent. 4. Latency Stage (6-12 years) – Social and intellectual development take priority over Countertransference – The nurse sexual impulses. unconsciously projects personal feelings onto the client, which can affect objectivity. 5. Genital Stage (Puberty onward) – Sexual maturity, developing intimate relationships. Phases of Orientation (Therapeutic Nurse-Patient Relationship) Learning Theories Pavlov’s Classical Conditioning According to Hildegard Peplau, the Learning occurs through associating therapeutic nurse-client relationship occurs stimuli. in three phases: Example: A dog salivates (response) when 1. Orientation Phase – The nurse and client hearing a bell (stimulus) after repeated meet, establish rapport, define the problem, association with food. and set goals. This theory explains phobias and 2. Working Phase – The client explores conditioned emotional responses. thoughts, feelings, and behaviors with the nurse’s support. 3. Termination Phase – The relationship B.F. Skinner’s Operant Conditioning ends as the client achieves independence and Behavior is reinforced through improved coping skills. consequences: Positive reinforcement – Rewarding good Peplau’s Phases of Nurse-Patient behavior (e.g., praise, treats). Relationship Negative reinforcement – Removing an Peplau’s theory builds upon the phases unpleasant stimulus (e.g., taking painkillers above and includes specific nursing roles: to relieve pain). Resource Person – Provides information. Punishment – Discouraging bad behavior through consequences. Stranger – Establishes initial trust. Stages of Psychoanalysis (Freud’s Teacher – Educates the patient. Psychosexual Development) Leader – Guides therapeutic activities.  Surrogate – Acts as a parental figure when necessary. The brain is divided into four lobes, each Counselor – Helps the client process responsible for different functions: emotions. Frontal Lobe – Decision-making, Neurotransmitters & Neurobiological problem-solving, voluntary movement, Theories personality. Major Neurotransmitters & Their Functions Parietal Lobe – Sensory processing (touch, pain, temperature). Dopamine – Associated with pleasure, motivation, and schizophrenia (excess Temporal Lobe – Memory, emotion dopamine). regulation, language comprehension. Serotonin – Regulates mood, sleep, and Occipital Lobe – Vision processing. appetite; deficiency is linked to depression. Norepinephrine – Controls attention and response to stress; low levels contribute to Other Key Brain Structures depression. Limbic System – Regulates emotions and GABA (Gamma-aminobutyric acid) – An drives (includes the amygdala and inhibitory neurotransmitter that reduces hippocampus). anxiety. Hypothalamus – Controls hunger, thirst, Glutamate – Excitatory neurotransmitter temperature regulation, and hormonal involved in learning and memory. balance. Brainstem – Regulates autonomic functions like breathing and heart rate. Neurobiological & Neurodevelopmental Theories Dopamine Hypothesis – Suggests that schizophrenia is linked to an excess of dopamine. Ventricular Brain Ratios – Enlarged brain ventricles have been found in individuals with schizophrenia. Genetic & Environmental Factors – Mental illnesses can be influenced by both hereditary and environmental triggers. Anatomy of the Brain & Functions