Podcast
Questions and Answers
What is the main purpose of split brain surgery?
What is the main purpose of split brain surgery?
- To enhance memory
- To repair brain injuries
- To improve focus
- To limit seizures (correct)
Phantom pain occurs after the removal of a limb but does not affect the brain's ability to feel pain.
Phantom pain occurs after the removal of a limb but does not affect the brain's ability to feel pain.
False (B)
What is selective attention?
What is selective attention?
The ability to focus on one specific thing while filtering out other stimuli.
The _____ rhythm is a 24-hour cycle that regulates sleep patterns.
The _____ rhythm is a 24-hour cycle that regulates sleep patterns.
Match the sleep stages with their characteristics:
Match the sleep stages with their characteristics:
Which neurotransmitter is involved in making you sleepy?
Which neurotransmitter is involved in making you sleepy?
Narcolepsy is characterized by excessive daytime sleepiness and sudden transitions into REM sleep.
Narcolepsy is characterized by excessive daytime sleepiness and sudden transitions into REM sleep.
What is the role of adenosine in sleep?
What is the role of adenosine in sleep?
The process of converting physical stimulus into neural signals is known as _____ .
The process of converting physical stimulus into neural signals is known as _____ .
Match the following conditions with their associated symptoms:
Match the following conditions with their associated symptoms:
Who is considered the father of experimental psychology?
Who is considered the father of experimental psychology?
Behaviorism emphasizes the study of internal mental processes.
Behaviorism emphasizes the study of internal mental processes.
What psychological theory focuses on the influence of early childhood experiences on behavior?
What psychological theory focuses on the influence of early childhood experiences on behavior?
The primary focus of __________ psychology is the influence of social factors on individual behavior.
The primary focus of __________ psychology is the influence of social factors on individual behavior.
Match the area of specialization with its primary focus:
Match the area of specialization with its primary focus:
Which of the following is a method used in Scientific Psychology for testing hypotheses?
Which of the following is a method used in Scientific Psychology for testing hypotheses?
The cognitive revolution marked a decline in interest in mental activities.
The cognitive revolution marked a decline in interest in mental activities.
What is the primary focus of health psychology?
What is the primary focus of health psychology?
Which of the following best describes Gestalt Psychology?
Which of the following best describes Gestalt Psychology?
Perceptual constancies allow objects to appear different sizes when viewed from various distances.
Perceptual constancies allow objects to appear different sizes when viewed from various distances.
What is the primary visual cue used in depth perception that requires both eyes?
What is the primary visual cue used in depth perception that requires both eyes?
In classical conditioning, the unconditioned stimulus (US) elicits a(n) ______ response.
In classical conditioning, the unconditioned stimulus (US) elicits a(n) ______ response.
Match the following terms with their definitions:
Match the following terms with their definitions:
Which of the following is an example of taste aversion?
Which of the following is an example of taste aversion?
Depth perception can be fully developed without any prior visual experience.
Depth perception can be fully developed without any prior visual experience.
What term describes the phenomenon where you perceive what you expect, influenced by prior experiences?
What term describes the phenomenon where you perceive what you expect, influenced by prior experiences?
The process where a neutral stimulus becomes associated with an unconditioned stimulus is known as ______.
The process where a neutral stimulus becomes associated with an unconditioned stimulus is known as ______.
Which type of learning involves an association between an action and its consequences?
Which type of learning involves an association between an action and its consequences?
What is a major disadvantage of naturalistic observation?
What is a major disadvantage of naturalistic observation?
Positive correlation means that as one variable increases, the other variable decreases.
Positive correlation means that as one variable increases, the other variable decreases.
What does GABA primarily function as in the brain?
What does GABA primarily function as in the brain?
The __________ is responsible for forming new memories.
The __________ is responsible for forming new memories.
Match the neurotransmitter to its primary function:
Match the neurotransmitter to its primary function:
Which of the following is NOT a type of neurotransmitter mentioned?
Which of the following is NOT a type of neurotransmitter mentioned?
Ethical considerations are not relevant to experimentation.
Ethical considerations are not relevant to experimentation.
What is the primary role of the amygdala in the brain?
What is the primary role of the amygdala in the brain?
A state where a person cannot form new memories is called ___________ amnesia.
A state where a person cannot form new memories is called ___________ amnesia.
Which of the following is a characteristic of a case study?
Which of the following is a characteristic of a case study?
The cerebral cortex is the innermost part of the brain.
The cerebral cortex is the innermost part of the brain.
What is the result of blocking acetylcholine in the body?
What is the result of blocking acetylcholine in the body?
Which type of memory involves the inability to form new memories after brain trauma?
Which type of memory involves the inability to form new memories after brain trauma?
Emotions are solely based on physiological changes without any cognitive interpretation.
Emotions are solely based on physiological changes without any cognitive interpretation.
The phenomenon where behavior changes due to being observed is known as __________.
The phenomenon where behavior changes due to being observed is known as __________.
Which lobe is responsible for language comprehension?
Which lobe is responsible for language comprehension?
What is the term for forgetting memories prior to brain trauma?
What is the term for forgetting memories prior to brain trauma?
The __________ Theory suggests that physiological changes occur simultaneously with emotional experiences.
The __________ Theory suggests that physiological changes occur simultaneously with emotional experiences.
Match the following memory concepts with their definitions:
Match the following memory concepts with their definitions:
Which of the following is true about mood congruent memory?
Which of the following is true about mood congruent memory?
The illusion of truth suggests that we believe something to be true the more we hear it.
The illusion of truth suggests that we believe something to be true the more we hear it.
Who is known for research on the misinformation effect?
Who is known for research on the misinformation effect?
If you learned something while feeling happy, you are likely to remember it better when you are in a __________ mood.
If you learned something while feeling happy, you are likely to remember it better when you are in a __________ mood.
According to the James-Lange Theory, what comes first in the emotional experience?
According to the James-Lange Theory, what comes first in the emotional experience?
What type of reinforcement strengthens a prior response through the removal of an aversive stimulus?
What type of reinforcement strengthens a prior response through the removal of an aversive stimulus?
Positive punishment weakens a response by removing a pleasurable stimulus.
Positive punishment weakens a response by removing a pleasurable stimulus.
What is the capacity of short term memory generally considered to be?
What is the capacity of short term memory generally considered to be?
Reinforcement is any stimulus that __________ the likelihood of a prior response.
Reinforcement is any stimulus that __________ the likelihood of a prior response.
Which method is considered best for transferring short term memories to long term?
Which method is considered best for transferring short term memories to long term?
Timing of reinforcements and punishments matters only for animals.
Timing of reinforcements and punishments matters only for animals.
What is the 'Spacing Effect' in learning?
What is the 'Spacing Effect' in learning?
The phenomenon where individuals associate random behaviors with rewards is known as __________ behavior.
The phenomenon where individuals associate random behaviors with rewards is known as __________ behavior.
Which of the following involves a brief memory system?
Which of the following involves a brief memory system?
Match the types of rehearsal to their descriptions:
Match the types of rehearsal to their descriptions:
Learned helplessness can occur after repeated stressful situations.
Learned helplessness can occur after repeated stressful situations.
What is the primary distinction between deep and shallow processing?
What is the primary distinction between deep and shallow processing?
The __________ effect states that students remember information better if they generate it themselves versus just reading it.
The __________ effect states that students remember information better if they generate it themselves versus just reading it.
Which of the following statements about observational learning is incorrect?
Which of the following statements about observational learning is incorrect?
What does selective attention allow individuals to do?
What does selective attention allow individuals to do?
What is the outcome of ingroup bias?
What is the outcome of ingroup bias?
Outgroup homogeneity bias causes individuals to recognize differences among outgroup members more easily.
Outgroup homogeneity bias causes individuals to recognize differences among outgroup members more easily.
What is one effective way to reduce stereotypes?
What is one effective way to reduce stereotypes?
Cognitive dissonance theory explains the discomfort felt when one's behavior is inconsistent with their ______.
Cognitive dissonance theory explains the discomfort felt when one's behavior is inconsistent with their ______.
What is a hallmark symptom of schizophrenia?
What is a hallmark symptom of schizophrenia?
People with schizophrenia have a consistent version of reality that aligns with those without it.
People with schizophrenia have a consistent version of reality that aligns with those without it.
Match the following types of conformity with their definitions:
Match the following types of conformity with their definitions:
Who conducted studies that illustrate obedience to authority?
Who conducted studies that illustrate obedience to authority?
What is 'Word Salad' in relation to schizophrenia?
What is 'Word Salad' in relation to schizophrenia?
People are usually more aware of their own body language than others are.
People are usually more aware of their own body language than others are.
A common negative symptom of schizophrenia is the absence of __________.
A common negative symptom of schizophrenia is the absence of __________.
Which of the following factors has been linked to developing schizophrenia?
Which of the following factors has been linked to developing schizophrenia?
What term describes the inflated view of oneself, often leading to serious consequences?
What term describes the inflated view of oneself, often leading to serious consequences?
Match the somatoform disorders with their descriptions:
Match the somatoform disorders with their descriptions:
According to cognitive dissonance theory, individuals may ________ their behaviors to feel better about them.
According to cognitive dissonance theory, individuals may ________ their behaviors to feel better about them.
People diagnosed with schizophrenia cannot lead active and normal lives.
People diagnosed with schizophrenia cannot lead active and normal lives.
Which type of conformity occurs when individuals change both behavior and opinion?
Which type of conformity occurs when individuals change both behavior and opinion?
What role does therapy play in conversion disorder?
What role does therapy play in conversion disorder?
What is the primary function of facial expressions according to the information provided?
What is the primary function of facial expressions according to the information provided?
Women are generally less expressive of their emotions compared to men.
Women are generally less expressive of their emotions compared to men.
What theory suggests that emotion results from a combination of physiological arousal and cognitive labeling?
What theory suggests that emotion results from a combination of physiological arousal and cognitive labeling?
People may misattribute their arousal to the wrong ______, resulting in mistaken emotions.
People may misattribute their arousal to the wrong ______, resulting in mistaken emotions.
Which of the following is a cultural variation in nonverbal communication?
Which of the following is a cultural variation in nonverbal communication?
The size of pupils can indicate attraction or disinterest.
The size of pupils can indicate attraction or disinterest.
What is the name of the phenomenon where your belief about someone influences their behavior in response?
What is the name of the phenomenon where your belief about someone influences their behavior in response?
In the process of encoding, individuals must be ______ in their nonverbal communication.
In the process of encoding, individuals must be ______ in their nonverbal communication.
Match the following nonverbal communication types with their descriptions:
Match the following nonverbal communication types with their descriptions:
Which of the following is NOT a function of nonverbal communication?
Which of the following is NOT a function of nonverbal communication?
Counterfactual thinking is imagining alternatives to events that did not occur.
Counterfactual thinking is imagining alternatives to events that did not occur.
Which theory suggests that language learning is primarily influenced by exposure to language in the environment?
Which theory suggests that language learning is primarily influenced by exposure to language in the environment?
What is the term used to describe a physiological response that is followed by an emotional opposite?
What is the term used to describe a physiological response that is followed by an emotional opposite?
The Critical Period Hypothesis states that language learning becomes harder as children grow older.
The Critical Period Hypothesis states that language learning becomes harder as children grow older.
What is one of the cognitive benefits of growing up bilingual?
What is one of the cognitive benefits of growing up bilingual?
The ______ Attribution Error occurs when personal factors are overestimated as causes of behavior.
The ______ Attribution Error occurs when personal factors are overestimated as causes of behavior.
Harlow's monkeys demonstrated the importance of _____ in the development of attachment.
Harlow's monkeys demonstrated the importance of _____ in the development of attachment.
Match the following stages of Kohlberg's moral development with their descriptions:
Match the following stages of Kohlberg's moral development with their descriptions:
Which of the following is a characteristic of secure attachment in children?
Which of the following is a characteristic of secure attachment in children?
The marshmallow test indicates that self-control in children is linked to future success.
The marshmallow test indicates that self-control in children is linked to future success.
What age range does adolescence cover?
What age range does adolescence cover?
The _____ experiment illustrates how a parent's rejection can harm a child's development.
The _____ experiment illustrates how a parent's rejection can harm a child's development.
Which stage in Erikson's development theory involves discovering one's identity?
Which stage in Erikson's development theory involves discovering one's identity?
What was the main outcome of the Stanford Prison Experiment?
What was the main outcome of the Stanford Prison Experiment?
Social loafing increases individual output when working in groups.
Social loafing increases individual output when working in groups.
Who was the researcher behind the Stanford Prison Experiment?
Who was the researcher behind the Stanford Prison Experiment?
According to the frustration-aggression hypothesis, __________ causes aggression.
According to the frustration-aggression hypothesis, __________ causes aggression.
Match the form of aggression with its characteristics:
Match the form of aggression with its characteristics:
Which of the following factors can lead to increased aggression in individuals?
Which of the following factors can lead to increased aggression in individuals?
Exposure to violence during childhood has been linked to reduced aggression in adulthood.
Exposure to violence during childhood has been linked to reduced aggression in adulthood.
What effect does the mere exposure effect have on attraction to individuals?
What effect does the mere exposure effect have on attraction to individuals?
In a group task, if your work is not evaluated, you are likely to experience __________.
In a group task, if your work is not evaluated, you are likely to experience __________.
Match the terms with their definitions:
Match the terms with their definitions:
Which of the following factors influences men's aggression more than women's?
Which of the following factors influences men's aggression more than women's?
The bystander effect occurs when the likelihood of receiving help decreases as the number of bystanders increases.
The bystander effect occurs when the likelihood of receiving help decreases as the number of bystanders increases.
What psychological state can lead to increased aggression according to the concept of deindividuation?
What psychological state can lead to increased aggression according to the concept of deindividuation?
The __________ effect suggests that familiarity leads to increased attraction.
The __________ effect suggests that familiarity leads to increased attraction.
What is an example of a reflex that newborn babies exhibit?
What is an example of a reflex that newborn babies exhibit?
Genetics have no influence on the traits of individuals.
Genetics have no influence on the traits of individuals.
What stage of cognitive development occurs from birth to 2 years old?
What stage of cognitive development occurs from birth to 2 years old?
The ability of infants to recognize their mother's voice is an example of ___________ preference.
The ability of infants to recognize their mother's voice is an example of ___________ preference.
Match the following stages of Piaget's cognitive development with their characteristics:
Match the following stages of Piaget's cognitive development with their characteristics:
Which behavior indicates that a newborn is forming a bond?
Which behavior indicates that a newborn is forming a bond?
Children at the preoperational stage are capable of conservation.
Children at the preoperational stage are capable of conservation.
What is the term for the process of modifying schemas to incorporate new information?
What is the term for the process of modifying schemas to incorporate new information?
Children develop self-recognition around the age of ___________.
Children develop self-recognition around the age of ___________.
Match the following reflexes to their descriptions:
Match the following reflexes to their descriptions:
At what age do children typically start babbling?
At what age do children typically start babbling?
Infants' auditory capabilities remain the same throughout their lives.
Infants' auditory capabilities remain the same throughout their lives.
What is the term for the awareness that objects continue to exist even when they are not visible?
What is the term for the awareness that objects continue to exist even when they are not visible?
The theory that states we can learn any language but it's harder as we get older is related to ___________.
The theory that states we can learn any language but it's harder as we get older is related to ___________.
Which of the following traits is part of the Big Five personality model?
Which of the following traits is part of the Big Five personality model?
Men are genetically predisposed to prefer older women for reproductive choices.
Men are genetically predisposed to prefer older women for reproductive choices.
What does the acronym OCEAN stand for in the context of the Big Five personality traits?
What does the acronym OCEAN stand for in the context of the Big Five personality traits?
The _____ method studies identical and fraternal twins to understand the influence of genetics and environment.
The _____ method studies identical and fraternal twins to understand the influence of genetics and environment.
Match the following personality models with their primary focus:
Match the following personality models with their primary focus:
Which of the following personality traits is associated with higher risk for mental health issues?
Which of the following personality traits is associated with higher risk for mental health issues?
Personality types are always distinct and clearly defined.
Personality types are always distinct and clearly defined.
What is the difference between identical and fraternal twins regarding genetic similarity?
What is the difference between identical and fraternal twins regarding genetic similarity?
According to the evolutionary approach, women tend to be more _____ in their reproductive choices.
According to the evolutionary approach, women tend to be more _____ in their reproductive choices.
Which personality trait model is considered the standard for good measurement in psychometrics?
Which personality trait model is considered the standard for good measurement in psychometrics?
Personality remains completely stable and does not change across the lifespan.
Personality remains completely stable and does not change across the lifespan.
What psychological concept explains the interaction of genes and environment in personality development?
What psychological concept explains the interaction of genes and environment in personality development?
The _____ approach believes that genetic traits have been passed down through generations.
The _____ approach believes that genetic traits have been passed down through generations.
Which type of intelligence declines with age?
Which type of intelligence declines with age?
Elderly individuals struggle with prospective memory.
Elderly individuals struggle with prospective memory.
What neurotransmitter is linked to Alzheimer's Disease due to its under supply?
What neurotransmitter is linked to Alzheimer's Disease due to its under supply?
Psychopathology is the study of __________ disorders.
Psychopathology is the study of __________ disorders.
Match the following psychological disorders with their categories:
Match the following psychological disorders with their categories:
What is a common characteristic of Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD)?
What is a common characteristic of Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD)?
Asperger's syndrome is currently classified as a form of autism in the DSM.
Asperger's syndrome is currently classified as a form of autism in the DSM.
What type of psychotherapy is emphasized for helping individuals with disorders?
What type of psychotherapy is emphasized for helping individuals with disorders?
The process of grouping and naming psychological disorders is known as __________.
The process of grouping and naming psychological disorders is known as __________.
What defines the medical perspective on psychological disorders?
What defines the medical perspective on psychological disorders?
Children cannot experience mental health issues.
Children cannot experience mental health issues.
Name one physical feature commonly associated with Generalized Anxiety Disorder.
Name one physical feature commonly associated with Generalized Anxiety Disorder.
The __________ model incorporates biological, psychological, and social factors in understanding psychological disorders.
The __________ model incorporates biological, psychological, and social factors in understanding psychological disorders.
Which of the following disorders is characterized by intrusions of persistent thoughts and a need to perform repetitive actions?
Which of the following disorders is characterized by intrusions of persistent thoughts and a need to perform repetitive actions?
Phobias can only be developed through classical conditioning.
Phobias can only be developed through classical conditioning.
What is the main symptom that occurs in individuals with PTSD when they remember their trauma?
What is the main symptom that occurs in individuals with PTSD when they remember their trauma?
Major Depressive Disorder is associated with feelings of __________ and loss of interest.
Major Depressive Disorder is associated with feelings of __________ and loss of interest.
Match the following mood disorders with their descriptions:
Match the following mood disorders with their descriptions:
Which statement about Bipolar Disorder is true?
Which statement about Bipolar Disorder is true?
Women are more likely to develop Dissociative Identity Disorder than men.
Women are more likely to develop Dissociative Identity Disorder than men.
What is a common trait among individuals diagnosed with Dysthymia?
What is a common trait among individuals diagnosed with Dysthymia?
Individuals suffering from ___________ state forget their identity and may wander away without recalling what happened.
Individuals suffering from ___________ state forget their identity and may wander away without recalling what happened.
Which neurotransmitters are often found at lower levels in individuals with Major Depressive Disorder?
Which neurotransmitters are often found at lower levels in individuals with Major Depressive Disorder?
Stress hormones and cortisol levels are believed to relate to the onset of PTSD symptoms.
Stress hormones and cortisol levels are believed to relate to the onset of PTSD symptoms.
What is the main psychological mechanism believed to help individuals cope with trauma in Dissociative Disorders?
What is the main psychological mechanism believed to help individuals cope with trauma in Dissociative Disorders?
People with ___________ believe they have no control over their environment and often feel helpless.
People with ___________ believe they have no control over their environment and often feel helpless.
Which of these is NOT a symptom of PTSD?
Which of these is NOT a symptom of PTSD?
Flashcards
What is Psychology?
What is Psychology?
Psychology is the scientific study of behavior and the mind. It investigates how people think, feel, and act.
Introspection: How does it work?
Introspection: How does it work?
Introspection is the process of examining your own thoughts and feelings. It involves looking inward to understand your own mental processes.
What is Psychoanalysis?
What is Psychoanalysis?
Psychoanalysis is a school of psychology that emphasizes the unconscious mind and its influence on behavior. It suggests that our actions are often driven by hidden motives and desires.
Behaviorism: A Shift in Focus
Behaviorism: A Shift in Focus
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The Cognitive Revolution: What changed?
The Cognitive Revolution: What changed?
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What does Physiological Psychology study?
What does Physiological Psychology study?
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What is the role of Social Psychology?
What is the role of Social Psychology?
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What is a theory in psychology?
What is a theory in psychology?
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Prosopagnosia
Prosopagnosia
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Left Side Neglect
Left Side Neglect
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Split Brain
Split Brain
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Corpus Callosum
Corpus Callosum
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Neural Plasticity
Neural Plasticity
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Phantom Pain
Phantom Pain
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Hemispherectomy
Hemispherectomy
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Consciousness
Consciousness
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Selective Attention
Selective Attention
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Change Blindness
Change Blindness
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Naturalistic Observation
Naturalistic Observation
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Case Study
Case Study
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Survey
Survey
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Reactance
Reactance
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Correlation
Correlation
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Causality
Causality
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Experimentation
Experimentation
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Operational Definition
Operational Definition
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Synapse
Synapse
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Neurotransmitter
Neurotransmitter
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Acetylcholine
Acetylcholine
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GABA
GABA
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Serotonin
Serotonin
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Dopamine
Dopamine
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Oxytocin
Oxytocin
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Amygdala
Amygdala
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Recall vs. Recognition
Recall vs. Recognition
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Illusion of Truth
Illusion of Truth
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Context-Dependent Memory
Context-Dependent Memory
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State-Dependent Memory
State-Dependent Memory
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Mood Congruent Memory
Mood Congruent Memory
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Retrograde Amnesia
Retrograde Amnesia
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Anterograde Amnesia
Anterograde Amnesia
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Implicit Memory
Implicit Memory
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Misinformation Effect
Misinformation Effect
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James-Lange Theory of Emotion
James-Lange Theory of Emotion
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Positive Reinforcement
Positive Reinforcement
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Negative Reinforcement
Negative Reinforcement
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Positive Punishment
Positive Punishment
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Negative Punishment
Negative Punishment
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Delayed Reinforcement
Delayed Reinforcement
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Superstitious Behavior
Superstitious Behavior
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Learned Helplessness
Learned Helplessness
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Observational Learning
Observational Learning
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Sensory Memory
Sensory Memory
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Short Term Memory (STM)
Short Term Memory (STM)
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Chunking
Chunking
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Long Term Memory (LTM)
Long Term Memory (LTM)
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Encoding
Encoding
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Retrieval
Retrieval
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Deep Processing
Deep Processing
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What does Gestalt Psychology emphasize?
What does Gestalt Psychology emphasize?
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What is Figure & Ground?
What is Figure & Ground?
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What is Size Constancy?
What is Size Constancy?
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What is Retinal Disparity?
What is Retinal Disparity?
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What is Perceptual Set?
What is Perceptual Set?
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What is Habituation?
What is Habituation?
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What is Classical Conditioning?
What is Classical Conditioning?
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What are the elements of classical conditioning?
What are the elements of classical conditioning?
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What is Operant Conditioning?
What is Operant Conditioning?
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How can classical conditioning help us overcome phobias?
How can classical conditioning help us overcome phobias?
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Ingroup Bias
Ingroup Bias
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Outgroup Homogeneity Bias
Outgroup Homogeneity Bias
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Cognitive Dissonance
Cognitive Dissonance
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Self-Awareness
Self-Awareness
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Overconfidence
Overconfidence
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Conformity
Conformity
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Private Conformity
Private Conformity
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Public Conformity
Public Conformity
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Informational Influence
Informational Influence
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Normative Influence
Normative Influence
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Facial Expressions: Innate or Learned?
Facial Expressions: Innate or Learned?
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Facial EMG: Measuring Expressions
Facial EMG: Measuring Expressions
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Body Language: Cultural Differences
Body Language: Cultural Differences
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Pupillometry: Window to Interest
Pupillometry: Window to Interest
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Touch: Gender and Culture
Touch: Gender and Culture
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Tone Of Voice: Beyond Words
Tone Of Voice: Beyond Words
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Gestures: Illustrators and Emblems
Gestures: Illustrators and Emblems
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Nonverbal Communication in the Digital World
Nonverbal Communication in the Digital World
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Functions of Nonverbal Communication
Functions of Nonverbal Communication
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Display Rules: Societal Norms for Emotion
Display Rules: Societal Norms for Emotion
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Encoding Nonverbal Communication: Sending Signals
Encoding Nonverbal Communication: Sending Signals
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Decoding Nonverbal Communication: Reading Signals
Decoding Nonverbal Communication: Reading Signals
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Facial-Feedback Hypothesis: Acting Out Emotion
Facial-Feedback Hypothesis: Acting Out Emotion
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Two-Factor Theory of Emotion: Arousal and Interpretation
Two-Factor Theory of Emotion: Arousal and Interpretation
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Misattribution of Arousal: Mistaking the Source
Misattribution of Arousal: Mistaking the Source
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Stanford Prison Experiment
Stanford Prison Experiment
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Philip Zimbardo
Philip Zimbardo
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Social Facilitation
Social Facilitation
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Social Loafing
Social Loafing
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Deindividuation
Deindividuation
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Aggression (Social Behavior)
Aggression (Social Behavior)
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Testosterone's Influence
Testosterone's Influence
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Overt vs. Relational Aggression
Overt vs. Relational Aggression
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Frustration-Aggression Hypothesis
Frustration-Aggression Hypothesis
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Weapon Effect
Weapon Effect
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Observational Learning & Aggression
Observational Learning & Aggression
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Altruism
Altruism
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Bystander Effect
Bystander Effect
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Attraction - Similarity
Attraction - Similarity
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Mere Exposure Effect
Mere Exposure Effect
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Critical Period Hypothesis
Critical Period Hypothesis
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Nurture vs. Nature
Nurture vs. Nature
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Harlow's Monkeys
Harlow's Monkeys
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Secure vs. Insecure Attachment
Secure vs. Insecure Attachment
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Still Face Experiment
Still Face Experiment
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Marshmallow Test
Marshmallow Test
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Kohlberg's Stages of Moral Development
Kohlberg's Stages of Moral Development
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Erikson's Identity Crisis
Erikson's Identity Crisis
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Fluid Intelligence
Fluid Intelligence
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Bilingual Benefits
Bilingual Benefits
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Schizophrenia: What is it?
Schizophrenia: What is it?
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Positive Symptoms
Positive Symptoms
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Negative Symptoms
Negative Symptoms
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Hallucinations
Hallucinations
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Delusions
Delusions
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Somatoform Disorders
Somatoform Disorders
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Hypochondria
Hypochondria
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Conversion Disorder
Conversion Disorder
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Sociobiological Approach to Attraction
Sociobiological Approach to Attraction
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Evolutionary Psychology and Attraction
Evolutionary Psychology and Attraction
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Men's Reproductive Strategy
Men's Reproductive Strategy
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Women's Reproductive Strategy
Women's Reproductive Strategy
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Personality Traits
Personality Traits
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Big Five Personality Traits
Big Five Personality Traits
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Openness To Experience
Openness To Experience
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Conscientiousness
Conscientiousness
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Extraversion
Extraversion
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Agreeableness
Agreeableness
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Neuroticism
Neuroticism
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Nature vs. Nurture in Personality
Nature vs. Nurture in Personality
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Personality Stability and Change
Personality Stability and Change
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Personality and Well-being
Personality and Well-being
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Pathological Personality
Pathological Personality
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Nature vs. Nurture: Identical Twins
Nature vs. Nurture: Identical Twins
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Genetic Influences on Traits
Genetic Influences on Traits
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Environmental Influences on Traits
Environmental Influences on Traits
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Interactive Influence: Genetics and Environment
Interactive Influence: Genetics and Environment
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Reflexes in Newborns: What are they?
Reflexes in Newborns: What are they?
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Rooting Reflex: What does it do?
Rooting Reflex: What does it do?
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Infant Vision: How does it develop?
Infant Vision: How does it develop?
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Motherese: Why is it important?
Motherese: Why is it important?
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Infant Hearing: Sensitive to Sounds
Infant Hearing: Sensitive to Sounds
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Piaget & Cognitive Development: What is it?
Piaget & Cognitive Development: What is it?
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Schemas: Building Blocks of Knowledge
Schemas: Building Blocks of Knowledge
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Assimilation: Fitting New Information
Assimilation: Fitting New Information
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Accommodation: Changing Our Beliefs
Accommodation: Changing Our Beliefs
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Sensorimotor Stage: What happens?
Sensorimotor Stage: What happens?
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Preoperational Stage: Egocentric Thinking
Preoperational Stage: Egocentric Thinking
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Crystallized Intelligence
Crystallized Intelligence
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Prospective Memory
Prospective Memory
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Alzheimer's Disease
Alzheimer's Disease
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Psychopathology
Psychopathology
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Internalizing Psychopathology
Internalizing Psychopathology
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Externalizing Psychopathology
Externalizing Psychopathology
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Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD)
Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD)
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Panic Disorder
Panic Disorder
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Biopsychosocial Perspective
Biopsychosocial Perspective
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Specific Phobia
Specific Phobia
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Dimensional Models of Psychopathology
Dimensional Models of Psychopathology
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Heterogeneity
Heterogeneity
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Comorbidity
Comorbidity
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What is a phobia?
What is a phobia?
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How are phobias formed?
How are phobias formed?
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What are obsessions?
What are obsessions?
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What are compulsions?
What are compulsions?
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What is PTSD?
What is PTSD?
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What are the symptoms of PTSD?
What are the symptoms of PTSD?
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What is mood?
What is mood?
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What is Major Depressive Disorder?
What is Major Depressive Disorder?
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What are some theories of depression?
What are some theories of depression?
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What is Bipolar Disorder?
What is Bipolar Disorder?
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What is Dysthymia?
What is Dysthymia?
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What is Cyclothymia?
What is Cyclothymia?
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What are Dissociative Disorders?
What are Dissociative Disorders?
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What is Amnesia?
What is Amnesia?
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What is Dissociative Identity Disorder?
What is Dissociative Identity Disorder?
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Study Notes
Introduction to Psychology
- Psychology is the scientific study of behavior and the mind.
- Key components include science, behavior, and mind.
History of Psychology
- Roots in Greek philosophy.
- Formal beginnings with Wundt (1879).
- Introspection: examining one's own thoughts.
- Early focus on experimental psychology.
- Freud's psychoanalysis.
- Concept of "Freudian slips."
- Behaviorism redefined psychology as observable behavior, rejecting introspection.
- Cognitive revolution (1960s) re-emphasized mental activity.
Areas of Specialization
- Physiological psychology: investigates biological basis of behavior (brain function and behavior).
- Consciousness: examines multitasking, subliminal information, and sleep.
- Sensation & Perception: explores our experiences of the physical world.
- Cognitive psychology: studies decision-making, language, memory, and learning strategies.
- Social psychology: focuses on first impressions, attraction, attitudes, prejudice, conformity, and obedience.
- Personality psychology: explores individual differences and traits.
- Developmental psychology: examines nature-nurture interactions, stage theories, and lifespan development.
- Clinical & Counseling psychology: addresses psychological disorders through diagnosis and treatment.
- Industrial & Organizational psychology: studies workplace psychology.
- Health psychology: investigates stress and well-being.
- Forensic psychology: applies psychology to the legal system.
Scientific Methods
- Evaluating information critically is important.
- Theories explain phenomena; hypotheses are testable predictions.
- Descriptive statistics, correlation, and experimentation are key methods.
- Descriptive methods:
- Naturalistic observation: recording behavior in natural setting.
- Case studies: in-depth analysis of individuals or groups.
- Surveys: large-scale measurements.
- Correlation: describes relationship between variables (direction and strength).
- Experimentation: manipulating variables to determine cause-and-effect relationships.
- Descriptive methods:
Neuroscience
- Neurons transmit electrochemical signals; synapses are the gaps between neurons; neurotransmitters send messages.
- Types of Neurotransmitters & Hormones:
- Acetylcholine: involved in muscle action, learning, and memory (Alzheimer's).
- GABA: primary inhibitory neurotransmitter (anxiety, epilepsy).
- Serotonin: plays a role in mood (depression, SSRIs).
- Dopamine: involved in movement and reward (Parkinson's, schizophrenia, addictions).
- Oxytocin: hormone associated with bonding, love, and social behavior.
- The Brain:
- Brain imaging techniques reveal brain activity; lesions and stimulation methods study brain functions.
- Limbic system (amygdala, hippocampus, hypothalamus): involved in emotion and motivation.
- Cerebral cortex (frontal, temporal, parietal, occipital lobes): differentiates humans and contains sensory and motor areas.
- Hemispheric specialization: left (language) and right (non-verbal) hemispheres.
- Neural plasticity: brain's ability to change.
- Split brain research.
Consciousness
- Consciousness involves awareness of sensations, thoughts, and feelings.
- Selective attention
- Change blindness
- Divided attention (multitasking)
- Sleep:
- Circadian rhythms (sleep-wake cycles): regulated by hormones (adenosine, melatonin, epinephrine).
- Sleep stages (NREM, REM): impacting brain activity and memory.
- Sleep disorders (parasomnia, narcolepsy).
- Functions and theories of sleep (restoration, memory processing).
- Dreams:
- Lucid dreaming
- Activation-synthesis theory.
Sensation and Perception
- Sensation vs. Perception.
- Transduction
- Gestalt principles organize perceptive experiences (figure-ground, Gestalt).
- Perceptual Constancy (size, shape).
- Depth Perception (retinal disparity, linear perspective).
- Perceptual illusions (Muller-Lyer, Ponzo).
- Synesthesia: blending of senses.
Learning
- Learning: relatively permanent change in behavior due to experience.
- Non-associative learning
- Habituation
- Associative learning
- Classical conditioning (Pavlov's experiment, acquisition, generalization, extinction, spontaneous recovery)
- Applications (phobias, taste aversion).
- Operant conditioning (Skinner box, reinforcement, punishment)
- Applications (behavior modification).
- Observational learning (Bandura's Bobo doll study).
- Classical conditioning (Pavlov's experiment, acquisition, generalization, extinction, spontaneous recovery)
- Non-associative learning
- Learning styles are debated/unproven.
Memory
- Memory processes (sensory, short-term, long-term).
- Information-processing model (encoding, storage, retrieval).
- Strategies to enhance memory: Levels of processing effective, encoding & elaborative rehearsal, self reference effect, organization etc..
- Impact of spacing
- Memory distortions (misinformation effect, eyewitness testimony).
- Amnesia types (anterograde, retrograde).
Emotions
- Emotions involve physiological changes, expressive behaviors, and cognitive interpretations.
- Theories of emotion (James-Lange, Cannon-Bard, two-factor theory).
- Opponent-process theory
- Nonverbal communication:
- Facial expressions
- Body language
- The role of culture in emotional expression
- Cognitive factors in emotions (counterfactual thinking, misattribution).
- Gender differences in emotional expression.
Social Psychology
- Social psychology studies how individuals interact in social contexts.
- Attribution theory (fundamental attribution error, self-serving bias).
- Social thinking (first impressions, self-fulfilling prophecies, stereotypes, prejudice, discrimination, ingroup bias).
- Attitudes and attitude change.
- Cognitive dissonance theory.
- Social influence (conformity, obedience, group influence, social facilitation, social loafing, deindividuation).
- Social behavior: aggression, altruism, bystander effect, close relationships (attraction).
Personality
- Personality traits: enduring patterns of thoughts, feelings, and behaviors.
- Structure of personality:
- Personality types (Big Five, MBTI, Enneagram): pros and cons.
- Personality traits model (Big Five, HEXACO).
- Stability and change.
Developmental Psychology
- Nature vs. Nurture interaction (twin studies, adoption studies).
- Newborn reflexes.
- Perceptual abilities
- Cognitive development (Piaget's stages).
- Language development (nurture vs. nature, critical period).
- Social development (attachment, adolescence, adulthood).
Psychopathology
- Psychopathology: patterns of dysfunction related to distress and impairment.
- Categories of disorders
- Anxiety disorders
- Mood disorders
- Dissociative disorders
- Schizophrenia
- Somatoform disorders
- Dimensional vs. categorical models.
Additional Notes
- Terms like pop psychology and critical thinking also play a role in the subject
- The use of scientific methods and a biopsychosocial perspective are noted throughout the subject.
Studying That Suits You
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Description
Test your knowledge on key concepts in psychology, including split brain surgery, selective attention, and the effects of sleep on behavior. This quiz also explores important psychological theories and conditions, providing an insightful review of the field. Perfect for students and enthusiasts alike!
