Psychology Chapter 10: Sleep Disorders

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Questions and Answers

Which of the following best describes the activation-synthesis theory of dreams?

Dreams allow individuals to process emotional experiences.

Dreams help consolidate memories.

Dreams are a byproduct of the restoration of resources during sleep.

Dreams are the brain's attempt to make sense of random neural activity. (correct)

Sleep apnea is characterized by excessive daytime sleepiness and sudden sleep attacks.

False (B)

What is the technical term for sleepwalking?

somnambulism

An increase in the amount of REM sleep following sleep deprivation is known as REM ______.

rebound Signup and view all the answers

Match the sleep disorder with its description:

Insomnia = Difficulty falling or staying asleep Narcolepsy = Excessive daytime sleepiness and sudden sleep attacks REM Sleep Behavior Disorder = Acting out dreams during REM sleep Sleep Apnea = Brief interruptions in breathing during sleep Signup and view all the answers

Which measure of central tendency is the middle value in a dataset when arranged in order?

Median (A) Signup and view all the answers

A positive skewed distribution has a longer tail on the left side.

False (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the formula for calculating the mean?

Sum of all values divided by the number of values Signup and view all the answers

A _________ is a sampling method where every individual in the population has an equal chance of being selected.

Random Sampling Signup and view all the answers

What is the main purpose of a control group in an experiment?

To serve as a baseline for comparison (D) Signup and view all the answers

Self-serving bias means attributing personal failures to internal factors.

False (B) Signup and view all the answers

Define the term 'Bimodal Distribution'.

A distribution with two distinct peaks or modes Signup and view all the answers

___________ represents the phenomenon where extreme values tend to move closer to the average.

Regression Toward the Mean Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes the Fundamental Attribution Error?

Underestimating the role of personality in others' behaviors (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of the sympathetic nervous system?

To prepare the body for action (A) Signup and view all the answers

An optimistic explanatory style leads to a more negative outlook on life.

False (B) Signup and view all the answers

What does standard deviation measure?

The amount of variation or dispersion in a set of values Signup and view all the answers

The all-or-nothing principle means that neurons can partially fire action potentials.

False (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of glial cells in the nervous system?

To support and protect neurons Signup and view all the answers

Match the following terms with their correct definitions:

Prejudice = A preconceived negative attitude about a group Discrimination = Unjust treatment of individuals based on group membership Cognitive Load = Mental effort being used in working memory Stereotype = Generalized belief about a group of people Signup and view all the answers

The _________ Effect occurs when participants experience changes simply because they believe they are receiving treatment.

Placebo Signup and view all the answers

____ is the process by which traits that enhance survival and reproduction become more common in successive generations.

Natural Selection Signup and view all the answers

Match the following neurotransmitters with their functions:

Dopamine = Involved in reward and movement Serotonin = Regulates mood and sleep GABA = Main inhibitory neurotransmitter Acetylcholine = Involved in muscle action and memory Signup and view all the answers

In a double-blind study, who is unaware of the group assignments?

Both the participants and researchers (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following hormones is involved in regulating the sleep-wake cycle?

Melatonin (D) Signup and view all the answers

Heredity refers exclusively to environmental influences on traits.

False (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the reflex arc?

To provide an automatic response to a stimulus Signup and view all the answers

The ________ nervous system controls involuntary functions like heartbeat and digestion.

Autonomic Signup and view all the answers

Match the terms with their definitions:

Cognitive Appraisal = Evaluating a situation's significance Elicitors = Triggers for emotional responses Display Rules = Cultural norms governing emotional expression Genetic Predisposition = Increased likelihood of developing certain traits Signup and view all the answers

Which neurotransmitter is primarily associated with pain transmission?

Substance P (A) Signup and view all the answers

Twin studies are used to assess the influence of heredity and environment on traits.

True (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is an agonist in terms of psychoactive drugs?

A drug that enhances the effect of a neurotransmitter Signup and view all the answers

Inhibitory neurotransmitters work by __________ the postsynaptic neuron.

hyperpolarizing Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is considered a disorder affecting the neuromuscular transmission?

Myasthenia Gravis (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which drug is known to be a stimulant that blocks adenosine receptors?

Caffeine (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of the cerebellum?

Motor control and coordination (C) Signup and view all the answers

Alcohol is classified as a stimulant.

False (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is tolerance in the context of drug use?

The phenomenon where increasing amounts of a drug are needed to achieve the same effect due to reduced sensitivity. Signup and view all the answers

The ______ is responsible for regulating heart rate and breathing.

medulla Signup and view all the answers

Match the following drugs with their classifications:

Cocaine = Stimulant Heroin = Opioid LSD = Hallucinogen Alcohol = Depressant Signup and view all the answers

Which area of the brain is primarily involved in speech production?

Broca's Area (D) Signup and view all the answers

The hypothalamus is responsible for regulating hunger and thirst.

True (A) Signup and view all the answers

What defines the concept of addiction?

A condition characterized by compulsive drug use and a loss of control over consumption. Signup and view all the answers

REM Sleep is characterized by ______ and vivid dreams.

rapid eye movement Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the thalamus?

Relaying sensory information to the cerebral cortex (D) Signup and view all the answers

The corpus callosum connects the two hemispheres of the brain.

True (A) Signup and view all the answers

Identify one characteristic feature of NREM Stage 3 sleep.

Deep sleep, crucial for restorative functions. Signup and view all the answers

The ______ system is involved in emotions and memory.

limbic Signup and view all the answers

Match the brain structures with their associated functions:

Prefrontal Cortex = Complex thinking and decision-making Amygdala = Emotion regulation Hippocampus = Memory formation Occipital Lobes = Visual processing Signup and view all the answers

What term describes the belief that the world is fair and leads to victim-blaming?

Just-World Phenomenon (A) Signup and view all the answers

The Halo Effect refers to the tendency to assume that positive traits in one area extend to unrelated traits.

True (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which term refers to the drive to realize one’s full potential and strive for personal growth?

Self-Actualizing Tendency (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the tendency to favor members of one's own group?

In-Group Bias Signup and view all the answers

The phenomenon where individuals are less likely to help in an emergency when __________ are present is known as the Bystander Effect.

others Signup and view all the answers

Repression involves bringing distressing memories into conscious awareness.

False (B) Signup and view all the answers

What psychological theory emphasizes the interaction of personal, behavioral, and environmental factors?

Social-Cognitive Theory Signup and view all the answers

Match the following concepts with their descriptions:

Cognitive Dissonance = Mental discomfort from conflicting beliefs Confirmation Bias = Seeking information that supports existing beliefs Social Norms = Unwritten rules about appropriate behavior Altruism = Selfless behavior to benefit others Signup and view all the answers

The hormone that stimulates hunger is called ______.

ghrelin Signup and view all the answers

Which term describes the tendency to overestimate how much others share one's beliefs?

False Consensus Effect (D) Signup and view all the answers

Social Facilitation refers to individuals performing worse in the presence of others.

False (B) Signup and view all the answers

Match the following personality traits with their descriptions:

Openness = Imaginative and open to new ideas Conscientiousness = Organized and responsible Extraversion = Outgoing and energetic Agreeableness = Compassionate and cooperative Signup and view all the answers

What do we call the expectation that people will help those who are dependent on them?

Social Responsibility Norm Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes the Yerkes-Dodson Law?

Performance increases with arousal up to a certain point. (B) Signup and view all the answers

Sublimation is channeling unacceptable impulses into constructive activities.

True (A) Signup and view all the answers

Bystander effect can be influenced by __________ variables, which are external factors in an environment.

situational Signup and view all the answers

What part of the mind contains thoughts and memories that influence behavior but are not in conscious awareness?

Unconscious Mind Signup and view all the answers

Match the following psychological concepts with their definitions:

Denial = Refusal to accept reality Displacement = Redirecting emotions to a less threatening target Projection = Attributing one's own feelings to someone else Ego Defense Mechanisms = Strategies to protect the ego from anxiety Signup and view all the answers

Intrinsic motivation is driven by ______ satisfaction rather than external rewards.

inherent Signup and view all the answers

What is the process of influencing someone’s attitudes, beliefs, or behaviors called?

Persuasion (B) Signup and view all the answers

Individualism emphasizes group goals and community over personal goals.

False (B) Signup and view all the answers

Match the types of motivational conflicts with their descriptions:

Approach-Approach Conflicts = Choosing between two desirable options Avoidance-Avoidance Conflicts = Choosing between two undesirable options Approach-Avoidance Conflicts = Facing a single option with both positive and negative aspects Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of Humanistic Psychology?

Emphasizing personal growth and self-actualization (C) Signup and view all the answers

What term is used for a compliance strategy where a small request is followed by a larger one?

Foot-in-the-Door Technique Signup and view all the answers

The tendency for group discussions to amplify initial leanings is known as __________.

Group Polarization Signup and view all the answers

Self-concept is an individual's perception of themselves, including traits and values.

True (A) Signup and view all the answers

Name the hormone that regulates energy balance by inhibiting hunger.

leptin Signup and view all the answers

What term describes the tendency for individuals to put in less effort when working in a group?

Social Loafing (A) Signup and view all the answers

The psychological assessments designed to uncover unconscious thoughts are called ______ Tests.

Projective Signup and view all the answers

The Elaboration Likelihood Model identifies three routes to persuasion.

False (B) Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Key Psychological Concepts

Cultural Norms: Shared rules governing acceptable behavior within a group or society.
Confirmation Bias: Seeking and interpreting information supporting existing beliefs while ignoring contradictory evidence.
Hindsight Bias: Believing an outcome was predictable after it occurred ("I-knew-it-all-along").
Overconfidence: Overestimating abilities, knowledge, or judgment accuracy.
Independent Variables: Factors manipulated in experiments to observe their impact.
Confounding Variables: External factors potentially influencing experimental results.
Dependent Variables: Factors measured in an experiment to assess the effect of independent variables.
Random Assignment: Randomly assigning participants to experimental or control groups in experiments.
Case Study: In-depth analysis of a person, group, or event.
Correlation: Measuring the relationship between two variables.
Positive Correlation: An increase in one variable associated with an increase in another.
Negative Correlation: An increase in one variable associated with a decrease in another.
Meta-Analysis: Combining numerous studies to draw a comprehensive conclusion.
Naturalistic Observation: Observing subjects in their natural environment without intervention.
Hypothesis: A testable prediction about a relationship between variables.
Falsifiable Hypothesis: A hypothesis capable of being disproven.
Operational Definitions: Precisely defining variables in a study.
Replication: Repeating a study to confirm findings.
Central Tendency: Statistical measures (mean, median, mode) representing typical values.
Variation: The spread or dispersion of data points around a central value.
Percentile Rank: Percentage of scores falling below a particular value.
Mean: The average of a set of numbers.
Median: The middle value in an ordered dataset.
Mode: The most frequent value(s) in a dataset.
Range: Difference between the highest and lowest values.
Normal Curve: A bell-shaped distribution with most data clustered around the mean.
Positive Skew: Distribution with a longer tail on the right, pulled to the right by extreme high values in the data.
Negative Skew: Distribution with a longer tail on the left, pulled to the left by extreme low values in the data.
Bimodal Distribution: Distribution with two distinct peaks.
Standard Deviation: Measurement of data dispersion, how values spread out from the mean.
Regression Toward the Mean: The tendency for extreme values to be followed by values closer to the average.
Sample: A subset of a larger group (population).
Population: The complete group being studied.
Representative Sample: A sample accurately reflecting the population's characteristics.
Random Sampling: Every member has an equal chance.
Convenience Sampling: Participants are chosen based on availability.
Generalizing: Drawing conclusions about a population based on a sample.
Experimental Group: The group receiving the treatment.
Control Group: The group not receiving the treatment.
Placebo: An inert treatment given to the control group.
Placebo Effect: The impact of belief in treatment, regardless of active ingredients.
Single-Blind Study: Participants unaware of the group assignment.
Double-Blind Study: Neither participants nor researchers know group assignment.
Experimenter Bias: Researcher's expectations influencing the study outcome.
Social Desirability Bias: Participants responding in a socially desirable manner, not truthfully.

Attribution and Motivation

Attributions: Explanations for behavior.
Dispositional Attributions: Explanations focusing on personality traits.
Situational Attributions: Explanations focusing on external factors.
Explanatory Style: Habitual style of explaining events.
Optimistic Explanatory Style: Attributing negative events to temporary, external factors.
Pessimistic Explanatory Style: Attributing negative events to internal, stable factors.
Actor/Observer Bias: Explaining own behavior situationally, others' dispositionally.
Fundamental Attribution Error: Overestimating dispositional factors, underestimating situational factors.
Self-Serving Bias: Attributing successes internally, failures externally.
Internal Locus of Control: Belief that actions determine outcomes.
External Locus of Control: Belief that external factors control outcomes.
Mere Exposure Effect: Repeated exposure increasing preference.
Self-Fulfilling Prophecy: Expectations influencing events to become reality.
Social Comparison: Evaluating oneself by comparing to others.
Upward Social Comparison: Comparing to perceived better individuals.
Downward Social Comparison: Comparing to perceived worse-off individuals.
Relative Deprivation: Feeling dissatisfaction from comparing to those better off.
Stereotype: Generalized beliefs about groups.
Cognitive Load: Level of mental effort in working memory.
Prejudice: Preconceived negative attitude toward a group.
Discrimination: Biased treatment based on group membership.
Implicit Attitudes: Unconscious beliefs and feelings toward a group.
Just-World Phenomenon: Belief that the world is fair, leading to victim blaming.
Out-Group Homogeneity Bias: Perceived similarity among out-group members.
In-Group Bias: Favoring in-group members.
Ethnocentrism: Believing one's culture is superior.
Belief Perseverance: Clinging to beliefs despite contradictory evidence.
Confirmation Bias: Seeking confirming evidence.
Cognitive Dissonance: Mental discomfort from conflicting beliefs.
Social Norms: Unwritten rules for behavior within a group.
Social Influence Theory: Studying individual influence by conformity, compliance, obedience.
Normative Social Influence: Influence to gain approval or avoid disapproval.
Informational Social Influence: Influence to act correctly based on others.
Persuasion: Influencing attitudes, beliefs, or behaviors through communication.
Elaboration Likelihood Model (ELM): Explanation of attitude change through central and peripheral routes.
Central Route: Careful consideration of arguments' content and quality.
Peripheral Route: Influence from superficial cues like attractiveness.
Halo Effect: Assuming positive qualities extend to unrelated areas.
Foot-in-the-Door Technique: Small request followed by larger request for compliance.
Door-in-the-Face Technique: Large request followed by smaller request.
Conformity: Adjusting to group norms.
Obedience: Following orders from authority.
Individualism: Prioritizing individual goals and independence.
Collectivism: Prioritizing group goals and interdependence.
Multiculturalism: Coexistence of numerous cultures.
Group Polarization: Discussion amplifying initial group tendencies.
Groupthink: Desire for harmony overriding decision-making quality.
Diffusion of Responsibility: Reduced accountability in the presence of others.
Social Loafing: Reduced effort in group settings compared to individual efforts.
Deindividuation: Disinhibition and lack of self-awareness in group settings.
Social Facilitation: Improved performance on simple tasks in the presence of others.
False Consensus Effect: Overestimating consensus on beliefs and behaviors.
Superordinate Goals: Goals requiring group cooperation.
Social Traps: Situations of self-interest harming the collective.
Altruism: Selfless behavior benefiting others.
Prosocial Behavior: Actions intended to help others.
Social Debt: Feeling obligation to reciprocate help.
Social Reciprocity Norm: Expected help for help.
Social Responsibility Norm: Expected help for those in need.
Bystander Effect: Reduced helping in emergencies with others present.
Situational Variables: External factors influencing behavior.
Attentional Variables: Factors influencing attention.

Personality, Psychodynamic, and Humanistic Theories

Psychodynamic Theory: Focus on unconscious drives, often rooted in childhood.
Unconscious Processes: Mental activities outside of awareness.
Ego Defense Mechanisms: Unconscious strategies to manage anxiety.
Denial: Refusing to accept reality.
Displacement: Redirecting emotions to less threatening targets..
Projection: Attributing own feelings to others.
Rationalization: Justifying behavior with plausible explanations.
Reaction Formation: Acting opposite to true feelings.
Regression: Reverting to earlier behaviors in stressful situations.
Repression: Pushing distressing memories into the unconscious.
Sublimation: Channeling unacceptable impulses into acceptable activities.
Projective Tests: Using ambiguous stimuli for uncovering unconscious feelings.
Preconscious Mind: Contains information accessible, but not currently in awareness.
Unconscious Mind: Contains thoughts, memories, and urges outside of awareness.
Humanistic Psychology: Focus on personal growth, free will, and goodness.
Unconditional Regard: Acceptance without judgment.
Self-Actualizing Tendency: Drive to achieve full potential.
Social-Cognitive Theory: Interaction of personal, behavioral, and environmental factors influencing behavior.
Reciprocal Determinism: Mutual influence of behavior, personal factors, and environment.
Self-Concept: Individual's perception of themselves.
Self-Efficacy: Belief in ability to achieve goals.
Self-Esteem: Evaluation of one's own worth.
Trait Theories: Identifying and measuring individual personality traits.
Big Five Theory: Model describing five major personality traits: Openness, Conscientiousness, Extraversion, Agreeableness, and Neuroticism (Emotional Stability).
Agreeableness: Compassionate, cooperative, and trusting.
Openness to Experience: Imaginative, curious, and open to new ideas.
Extraversion: Outgoing, energetic, and sociable.
Conscientiousness: Organized, responsible, and dependable.
Emotional Stability (Neuroticism): Calm, balanced, and less prone to negative emotions.
Personality Inventories: Questionnaires for assessing personality traits.

Motivation

Motivation: Internal and external processes driving goal-directed behavior.
Drive-Reduction Theory: Motivation arises from biological drives to reduce internal tension.
Homeostasis: Body's tendency to maintain internal stability.
Arousal Theory: Motivation to maintain optimal arousal level.
Optimal Level of Arousal: Level of activation promoting optimal performance.
Yerkes-Dodson Law: Performance increases with arousal up to a point.
Self-Determination Theory: Importance of intrinsic motivation, competence, autonomy, and relatedness.
Intrinsic Motivation: Engaging in activities for their inherent satisfaction.
Incentive Theory: External rewards influencing motivation.
Extrinsic Motivation: Motivation driven by external rewards.
Instincts: Innate, fixed patterns of behavior.
Lewin’s Motivational Conflicts Theory: Conflicts influencing decision-making.
Approach-Approach Conflicts: Choosing between two desirable options.
Approach-Avoidance Conflicts: Facing a single option with both positive and negative aspects.
Avoidance-Avoidance Conflicts: Choosing between two undesirable options.
Sensation-Seeking Theory: Varying needs for novel and intense experiences.
Thrill Seeking: Pursuing thrilling activities.
Adventure Seeking: Seeking novel experiences.
Disinhibition: Preference for social/physical activities relieving inhibitions.
Boredom Susceptibility: Aversion to repetitive or unchanging stimuli.

Biological and Environmental

Ghrelin: Hormone stimulating hunger.
Leptin: Hormone regulating energy balance.
Hypothalamus: Brain region regulating hunger, thirst, and homeostasis.
Pituitary Gland: Master endocrine gland.

Emotion

Affect: Broad term encompassing emotions, moods, and feelings.
Internal & External Factors: Influences from within and without impacting emotions.
Physiological vs. Cognitive Experiences: Physical and mental aspects of emotion.
Cognitive Label: Interpreting physiological arousal as an emotion.
Facial-Feedback Hypothesis: Facial expressions influencing emotions.
Cognitive Appraisal: Evaluating a situation's significance.
Display Rules: Cultural norms guiding emotion expression.
Elicitors: Triggers provoking emotional responses.

Heredity and Environment (Nature vs. Nurture)

Heredity: Traits passed from parents to offspring.
Nature: Influence of genetic factors on traits and behaviors.
Nurture: Influence of environmental factors on traits and behaviors.
Genetic Predisposition: Increased likelihood of traits or conditions.
Evolutionary Perspective: Natural selection shaping behavior.
Natural Selection: Favoring traits enhancing survival and reproduction.
Eugenics: Controversial practice for improving genetic quality.
Twin Studies: Comparing identical and fraternal twins.
Family Studies: Analyzing similarities within families.
Adoption Studies: Comparing adopted and biological relatives.

Nervous System, The Neuron, and Neural Firing

Central Nervous System (CNS): Brain and spinal cord, processing and sending information.
Peripheral Nervous System (PNS): Nerves outside the CNS, connecting to the body.
Autonomic Nervous System (ANS): Involuntary functions (heartbeat, digestion).
Sympathetic Nervous System: Prepares the body for action.
Parasympathetic Nervous System: Promotes relaxation.
Somatic Nervous System: Voluntary muscle movements.
Neurons: Specialized cells transmitting neural impulses.
Glial Cells: Supporting and protecting neurons.
Reflex Arc: Automatic response to stimulus.
Sensory Neurons: Carry sensory information to the CNS.
Motor Neurons: Carry commands from the CNS to muscles.
Interneurons: Connect sensory and motor neurons.
Neural Transmission: Process of neuron communication via impulses and neurotransmitters.
Action Potential: Rapid electrical impulse along a neuron.
All-or-Nothing Principle: Neuron either fires fully or not at all.
Depolarization: Increase in membrane potential allowing action potential.
Refractory Period: Time neuron cannot fire again.
Resting Potential: Neuron's charge when not firing.
Reuptake: Neurotransmitter reabsorption by the releasing neuron.
Threshold: Stimulation level triggering an action potential.

Brain

Brain Stem: Regulating vital functions (heart rate, breathing).
Medulla: Autonomic functions (breathing, heartbeat).
Reticular Activating System: Regulates wakefulness and alertness.
Reward Center: Pleasure and motivation areas (nucleus accumbens).
Cerebellum: Motor control, balance, and coordination.
Cerebral Cortex: Outer layer of the brain, complex thought, memory, and perception.
Limbic System: Involved in emotions, motivation, memory.
Thalamus: Relays sensory information.
Hypothalamus: Regulates homeostasis and endocrine system.
Pituitary Gland: Master endocrine gland.
Hippocampus: Memory formation and spatial navigation.
Amygdala: Emotion, fear, and aggression.
Corpus Callosum: Connects brain hemispheres.
Occipital Lobes: Visual processing.
Temporal Lobes: Auditory processing, memory.
Parietal Lobes: Sensory processing (touch, temperature, spatial awareness).
Association Areas: Higher-level mental functions (thinking, memory).
Somatosensory Cortex: Processes touch sensations.
Frontal Lobes: Decision-making, problem-solving, motor function.
Linguistic Processing: Language comprehension and production.
Higher-Order Thinking: Complex cognitive processes.
Executive Functioning: Goal-setting, planning, and impulse control.
Prefrontal Cortex: Goal-setting and higher-order thinking.
Motor Cortex: Voluntary muscle movements.
Split Brain Research: Studies on individuals with severed corpus callosum.
Hemispheric Specialization: Specialized functions in each brain hemisphere.
Broca's Area: Speech production.
Wernicke's Area: Language comprehension.
Aphasia (Broca's and Wernicke's): Language disorders.
Contralateral Hemispheric Organization: Each hemisphere controls opposite body side.
Plasticity: Brain's ability to reorganize and create new connections.
EEG (Electroencephalogram): Measures electrical activity.
fMRI (Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging): Measures brain activity.
Lesioning: Intentionally damaging brain tissue.

Sleep

Consciousness: Awareness of surroundings, thoughts, and experiences.
Circadian Rhythm: Body’s natural 24-hour cycle.
Jet Lag: Disrupted circadian rhythm from rapid travel.
Shift Work: Work schedules disrupting the sleep cycle.
NREM Stage 1: Lightest stage of sleep.
Hypnagogic Sensations: Sensory experiences when falling asleep.
NREM Stage 2: Deeper sleep with slower brain waves.
NREM Stage 3: Deep sleep, restorative stage.
REM Sleep: Sleep with rapid eye movements.
REM Rebound: Increased REM sleep after sleep deprivation.
Activation-Synthesis (Dreams): Brain's attempts to make sense of neural activity.
Consolidation Theory (Dreams): Dreams aiding memory processing.
Memory Consolidation: Stabilizing and storing memories.
Restoration of Resources: Sleep for energy and bodily function restoration.
Insomnia: Difficulty falling or staying asleep.
Narcolepsy: Excessive daytime sleepiness and sudden sleep attacks.
REM Sleep Behavior Disorder: Acting out dreams during REM sleep.
Sleep Apnea: Brief interruptions in breathing during sleep.
Somnambulism (sleepwalking):

Psychoactive Drugs

Psychoactive Drugs: Substances altering perception, mood, or consciousness.
Agonists: Drugs enhancing neurotransmitter effects.
Antagonists: Drugs blocking neurotransmitter effects.
Reuptake Inhibitors: Drugs preventing neurotransmitter reabsorption.
Stimulants: Increasing neural activity (e.g., caffeine, cocaine).
Caffeine: Blocking adenosine receptors.
Cocaine: Increasing dopamine, norepinephrine, and serotonin.
Depressants: Decreasing neural activity (e.g., alcohol, benzodiazepines).
Alcohol: Slowing neural processing, impairing judgment.
Hallucinogens: Distorting sensory perception (e.g., LSD, mushrooms).
Marijuana Psychoactive drug altering sensory perception.
Opioids: Pain relief and euphoria (e.g., heroin, morphine).
Heroin: Intense euphoria and addictive opioid.
Tolerance: Increasing drug dosage for same effect.
Addiction: Compulsive drug use, loss of control.
Withdrawal: Physical and psychological symptoms from stopping drug use.

Hormones

Hormones: Chemical messengers regulating body functions.
Adrenaline: Hormone for "fight or flight" response.
Leptin: Regulates energy balance.
Ghrelin: Stimulates hunger.
Melatonin: Regulates the sleep-wake cycle.
Oxytocin: Involved in bonding and social interactions.

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Test your knowledge on sleep disorders and theories related to sleep. This quiz covers the activation-synthesis theory of dreams, sleepwalking, and the effects of sleep deprivation on REM sleep. Challenge yourself with matching sleep disorders to their descriptions.

Psychology Chapter 10: Sleep Disorders

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Questions and Answers

Which of the following best describes the activation-synthesis theory of dreams?

Sleep apnea is characterized by excessive daytime sleepiness and sudden sleep attacks.

What is the technical term for sleepwalking?

An increase in the amount of REM sleep following sleep deprivation is known as REM ______.

Match the sleep disorder with its description:

Which measure of central tendency is the middle value in a dataset when arranged in order?

A positive skewed distribution has a longer tail on the left side.

What is the formula for calculating the mean?

A _________ is a sampling method where every individual in the population has an equal chance of being selected.

What is the main purpose of a control group in an experiment?

Self-serving bias means attributing personal failures to internal factors.

Define the term 'Bimodal Distribution'.

___________ represents the phenomenon where extreme values tend to move closer to the average.

Which of the following describes the Fundamental Attribution Error?

What is the main function of the sympathetic nervous system?

An optimistic explanatory style leads to a more negative outlook on life.

What does standard deviation measure?

The all-or-nothing principle means that neurons can partially fire action potentials.

What is the role of glial cells in the nervous system?

Match the following terms with their correct definitions:

The _________ Effect occurs when participants experience changes simply because they believe they are receiving treatment.

____ is the process by which traits that enhance survival and reproduction become more common in successive generations.

Match the following neurotransmitters with their functions:

In a double-blind study, who is unaware of the group assignments?

Which of the following hormones is involved in regulating the sleep-wake cycle?

Heredity refers exclusively to environmental influences on traits.

What is the function of the reflex arc?

The ________ nervous system controls involuntary functions like heartbeat and digestion.

Match the terms with their definitions:

Which neurotransmitter is primarily associated with pain transmission?

Twin studies are used to assess the influence of heredity and environment on traits.

What is an agonist in terms of psychoactive drugs?

Inhibitory neurotransmitters work by __________ the postsynaptic neuron.

Which of the following is considered a disorder affecting the neuromuscular transmission?

Which drug is known to be a stimulant that blocks adenosine receptors?

What is the primary role of the cerebellum?

Alcohol is classified as a stimulant.

What is tolerance in the context of drug use?

The ______ is responsible for regulating heart rate and breathing.

Match the following drugs with their classifications:

Which area of the brain is primarily involved in speech production?

The hypothalamus is responsible for regulating hunger and thirst.

What defines the concept of addiction?

REM Sleep is characterized by ______ and vivid dreams.

What is the primary function of the thalamus?

The corpus callosum connects the two hemispheres of the brain.

Identify one characteristic feature of NREM Stage 3 sleep.

The ______ system is involved in emotions and memory.

Match the brain structures with their associated functions:

What term describes the belief that the world is fair and leads to victim-blaming?

The Halo Effect refers to the tendency to assume that positive traits in one area extend to unrelated traits.

Which term refers to the drive to realize one’s full potential and strive for personal growth?

What is the term for the tendency to favor members of one's own group?

The phenomenon where individuals are less likely to help in an emergency when __________ are present is known as the Bystander Effect.

Repression involves bringing distressing memories into conscious awareness.

What psychological theory emphasizes the interaction of personal, behavioral, and environmental factors?

Match the following concepts with their descriptions:

The hormone that stimulates hunger is called ______.

Which term describes the tendency to overestimate how much others share one's beliefs?

Social Facilitation refers to individuals performing worse in the presence of others.

Match the following personality traits with their descriptions:

What do we call the expectation that people will help those who are dependent on them?

Which of the following describes the Yerkes-Dodson Law?

Sublimation is channeling unacceptable impulses into constructive activities.

Bystander effect can be influenced by __________ variables, which are external factors in an environment.

What part of the mind contains thoughts and memories that influence behavior but are not in conscious awareness?

Match the following psychological concepts with their definitions:

Intrinsic motivation is driven by ______ satisfaction rather than external rewards.

What is the process of influencing someone’s attitudes, beliefs, or behaviors called?

Individualism emphasizes group goals and community over personal goals.

Match the types of motivational conflicts with their descriptions:

What is the primary focus of Humanistic Psychology?

What term is used for a compliance strategy where a small request is followed by a larger one?

The tendency for group discussions to amplify initial leanings is known as __________.

Self-concept is an individual's perception of themselves, including traits and values.

Name the hormone that regulates energy balance by inhibiting hunger.