Psychology Chapter 4 Quiz

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Questions and Answers

Why do we need sleep?

Restoration (correct)

Growth (correct)

Adaptation (correct)

Memory (correct)

What is the cognitive theory of dreaming?

Dreams are dramatizations of general life concerns similar to daydreams.

What is the activation-synthesis theory?

Dreams are the brain's attempt to make sense of random brain activity that occurs during sleep.

What does manifest content refer to in dreams?

The surface content that disguises the true meaning. Signup and view all the answers

What is latent content in dreams?

The true meaning of dreams. Signup and view all the answers

What are night terrors?

Rapid heart rate, screams, sweat, and movement that occur during slow wave non-REM sleep. Signup and view all the answers

What is narcolepsy?

An urge to sleep, often causing individuals to fall asleep while talking. Signup and view all the answers

What is sleep apnea?

A condition where a person stops breathing and briefly awakens. Signup and view all the answers

What do beta waves indicate?

Concentration and alertness, characterized by a pattern that is not high peaks and not consistent. Signup and view all the answers

What are alpha waves?

Waves that indicate a drowsy state. Signup and view all the answers

What are the 5 levels of awareness?

Higher level: most alert; Lower level: daydreams; Altered States of Consciousness: drugs, trauma, fatigue, etc.; Sensory Deprivation: subconscious awareness; No awareness: knocked out. Signup and view all the answers

What are the two aspects of consciousness?

Awareness and arousal. Signup and view all the answers

What is the suprachiasmatic nucleus?

A small brain structure that uses retina input to regulate circadian rhythms. Signup and view all the answers

What occurs in Stage 1 of sleep?

Drowsiness, theta waves, light sleep lasting up to 10 minutes. Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes Stage 2 of sleep?

Not consciously aware, theta waves with sleep spindles, light sleep lasting up to 20 minutes. Signup and view all the answers

What occurs in Stages 3 and 4 of sleep?

Delta waves, the slowest and highest amplitude waves, lasting up to 40 minutes. Signup and view all the answers

What happens in Stage 5 of sleep?

REM sleep occurs, characterized by dreaming and eye movement. Signup and view all the answers

What is the sleep cycle composition?

60% light sleep, 20% delta (deep) sleep, 20% REM sleep. Signup and view all the answers

What are external stimuli?

Things we see and hear that affect our conscious experience. Signup and view all the answers

What are internally generated stimuli?

States that affect conscious experience during sleep; dreams are just the brain trying to make sense of random activity. Signup and view all the answers

What are psychoactive drugs?

Substances that alter consciousness by acting on the nervous system. Signup and view all the answers

What are the three most commonly used drugs?

Alcohol, nicotine, and caffeine. Signup and view all the answers

What is tolerance in relation to drugs?

The amount of drug required to produce an effect. Signup and view all the answers

What does dependence mean in drug use?

A physical or psychological need for a drug to ward off withdrawal. Signup and view all the answers

What is substance abuse?

Having no control over drug use. Signup and view all the answers

How does the brain become addicted?

Psychoactive drugs increase dopamine in the brain's reward pathways. Signup and view all the answers

What are the three main categories of drugs?

Depressants Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of alcohol on neurotransmitters?

Alcohol increases the concentration of neurotransmitter GABA. Signup and view all the answers

What does caffeine do to the brain?

Stimulates the brain by blocking neurotransmitters that slow nerve activity and cause sleep. Signup and view all the answers

What is marijuana known for?

The most widely used illicit drug in the US that disrupts neuron membranes. Signup and view all the answers

What is hypnotic susceptibility?

The ability to become hypnotized. Signup and view all the answers

What does the dissociation theory propose?

Hypnosis is an altered state of consciousness with divided awareness. Signup and view all the answers

What is the response set theory?

Hypnosis is a cognitive set to respond to suggestions rather than an altered state. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

The Importance of Sleep

Sleep facilitates restoration through increased cell production.
Provides adaptation, offering protection during nighttime vulnerability.
Supports growth as deep sleep coincides with the release of growth hormones.
Aids in memory consolidation, helping to retain and organize information.

Theories of Dreaming

Cognitive theory posits that dreams mirror general life concerns, akin to daydreaming.
Activation-synthesis theory explains dreams as the brain's efforts to interpret random brain activity during sleep.

Dream Content

Manifest content refers to the superficial aspect of dreams, concealing deeper meanings.
Latent content signifies the true, underlying meanings of dreams.

Sleep Disorders

Night terrors involve rapid heart rate, screams, sweating, and movement during slow-wave non-REM sleep, in contrast to nightmares.
Narcolepsy causes sudden urges to sleep, even in conversation.
Sleep apnea results in temporary breathing cessation, leading to brief awakenings.

Brain Waves and Sleep Stages

Beta waves indicate concentration and alertness, characterized by a fluctuating pattern.
Alpha waves represent a drowsy state with a consistent pattern.
Stage 1 features theta waves, light sleep lasting up to 10 minutes.
Stage 2 involves sleep spindles, indicating light sleep, lasting up to 20 minutes.
Stages 3 and 4 showcase delta waves, the slowest and highest amplitude, lasting up to 40 minutes.
Stage 5 is marked by REM sleep, where dreaming occurs, characterized by rapid eye movement and relaxed brain waves.

Sleep Cycle Dynamics

A typical sleep cycle comprises 60% light sleep, 20% deep sleep, and 20% REM sleep.

Consciousness and Awareness

Higher awareness indicates alertness, whereas lower levels include daydreaming and automatic processing with minimal attention.
Altered states of consciousness can arise from drugs, trauma, or meditation.
Suprachiasmatic nucleus regulates the circadian rhythm, indicating day and night through retinal input.

Aspects of Consciousness

Awareness encompasses the perception of one’s thoughts and experiences.
Arousal reflects engagement with the surrounding environment.

Psychoactive Drugs

Defined as substances that alter consciousness by affecting the nervous system.
Most common drugs include alcohol, nicotine, and caffeine.
Tolerance necessitates increased amounts of a drug for the same effect.
Dependence indicates a physical or psychological need to avoid withdrawal symptoms.
Substance abuse denotes a lack of control over drug use.

Mechanisms of Addiction

Psychoactive drugs elevate dopamine levels in the brain's reward pathways, with various drugs employing distinct mechanisms.

Categories of Psychoactive Drugs

Depressants (e.g., alcohol, barbiturates) slow mental and physical functions.
Stimulants (e.g., caffeine, nicotine) enhance central nervous system activity.
Hallucinogens (e.g., marijuana, LSD) alter perceptual experiences by modifying brain activity.

Specific Drugs and Effects

Alcohol amplifies the concentration of GABA, inhibiting neuronal firing.
Caffeine blocks neurotransmitters that induce sleep, making it the most commonly used psychoactive substance.
Marijuana, the most widely used illicit drug in the U.S., disrupts neuronal membranes and affects various neurotransmitters and hormones.

Hypnosis and Consciousness

Hypnotic susceptibility is the degree to which an individual can be hypnotized, influenced by the person's desire to undergo hypnosis.
The Stanford Hypnotic Susceptibility Scale measures responsiveness to hypnotic suggestions.
Dissociation theory suggests hypnosis creates an altered state of consciousness, where awareness splits between the hypnotized state and observer state.
Response set theory posits hypnosis as a cognitive response, where intent and expectation lead to compliance with hypnotic suggestions.

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Description

Test your knowledge on the essential concepts from Chapter 4 of Psychology. This quiz covers topics such as the functions of sleep, cognitive theories of dreaming, and the activation-synthesis theory. Enhance your understanding of how sleep and dreams impact our daily lives.