Khan Psychology p 151-160 Concepts and Theories Quiz

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Questions and Answers

What is the mechanism by which a person redirects their anger from a primary target to a safer alternative?

Suppression

Regression

Repression

Displacement (correct)

Which of the following best describes the concept of reaction formation?

Redirecting anger towards a safer target

Pushing negative thoughts to the unconscious mind

Expressing emotions through humor

Acting opposite to one's true feelings (correct)

How does sublimation transform negative energy?

By pushing thoughts into the unconscious

By ignoring the feelings completely

By redirecting it into socially acceptable behaviors (correct)

By expressing it through humor

Which principle emphasizes immediate pleasure and avoiding suffering, especially in a child?

Pleasure Principle Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'repression' refer to in psychological terms?

An unconscious process of pushing thoughts down Signup and view all the answers

In what way does altruism contribute to an individual's wellbeing?

By gaining personal satisfaction through helping others Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a characteristic of the reality principle?

A focus on long-term rewards and sacrifices Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary drive described by Freud that represents the urge for cooperation and love?

Eros Drive Signup and view all the answers

What does the behaviourist theory primarily focus on when examining personality?

Learned behavior patterns Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following concepts is associated with B.F. Skinner's approach to behaviourism?

Operant conditioning Signup and view all the answers

What role do thoughts and feelings play in behaviourist theory?

They are completely disregarded. Signup and view all the answers

How are personality traits described according to trait theory?

As stable predispositions toward certain behaviors Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary characteristic of cardinal traits according to Gordon Allport?

They direct most of a person's activities. Signup and view all the answers

Which term best describes the difference between surface traits and source traits?

Surface traits are evident behaviors, while source traits are underlying factors. Signup and view all the answers

Which acronym represents Eysenck's three major dimensions of personality?

PEN Signup and view all the answers

What type of data does the Myers-Briggs Personality Test utilize to categorize personality?

Four-letter acronyms characterizing traits Signup and view all the answers

Which type of trait is described as a person's attitudes or preferences?

Secondary traits Signup and view all the answers

Which aspect does cognitive theory link between the behaviourist and psychoanalytic approaches?

Thinking as a behavior Signup and view all the answers

What does the 5 Factor Model include as one of its traits?

Neuroticism Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'deterministic' mean in the context of behaviourist theory?

Behaviors are entirely dictated by the environment. Signup and view all the answers

Which psychologist proposed the 16 personality factor questionnaire?

Raymond Cattell Signup and view all the answers

In Eysenck's theory, which of the following is NOT one of the three major dimensions of personality?

Aggressiveness Signup and view all the answers

What characteristic distinguishes central traits from cardinal traits?

Central traits are less dominant than cardinal traits. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes openness in the Big 5 Personality Traits model?

Being practical versus imaginative Signup and view all the answers

What concept explains the difference between learning a behavior and performing it?

Learning-Performance Distinction Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT part of Bandura's Social Cognitive Theory?

Repression Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes the Pathological Defense Mechanism of Denial?

Pretending something hasn't happened Signup and view all the answers

Which defense mechanism involves projecting one's own feelings onto another person?

Projection Signup and view all the answers

Passive aggression is best described as which of the following?

Indirect resistance to demands Signup and view all the answers

What is the focus of the neurotic defense mechanism known as Rationalization?

Creating excuses to justify failures Signup and view all the answers

In the context of defense mechanisms, what does Intellectualization involve?

Separating thoughts from feelings Signup and view all the answers

Which category of defense mechanisms includes Projection and Passive Aggression?

Immature Signup and view all the answers

Which category includes disorders characterized by compulsions driven by obsessions?

Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders Signup and view all the answers

What type of disorder includes gambling as a primary concern?

Substance-Related and Addictive Disorders Signup and view all the answers

Which cluster of personality disorders is characterized by intense emotional and relationship problems?

Cluster B Signup and view all the answers

What defines somatic symptom and related disorders?

Symptoms causing distress without a medical cause Signup and view all the answers

Which disorder is characterized by behaviors that are disruptive or impulsive?

Disruptive, Impulse-Control, and Conduct Disorders Signup and view all the answers

What type of disorders are characterized by abnormalities in identity or memory?

Dissociative Disorders Signup and view all the answers

Which disorder involves severe abnormalities related to eating, such as insufficient food intake?

Feeding and Eating Disorders Signup and view all the answers

What defines elimination disorders?

Inappropriate urination or defecation Signup and view all the answers

What is a necessary condition for diagnosing Gender Dysphoria?

There must be distress or disability caused by identifying as a different gender than societal representation. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about Schizophrenia is accurate?

It can be diagnosed through a clinical interview based on patient history and behavior. Signup and view all the answers

What role does dopamine play in the treatment of Schizophrenia?

Antipsychotic medicines aim to reduce dopamine levels. Signup and view all the answers

What is indicated by the term 'prodrome' in the context of Schizophrenia?

The pre-symptomatic phase characterized by a decline in behavior and functioning. Signup and view all the answers

Which disorder is characterized by distress caused by sexual arousal to unusual stimuli?

Paraphilic Disorders Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a common implication of being diagnosed with Schizophrenia?

Higher risk of homelessness and legal issues. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following would NOT be classified as 'Other Disorders' as mentioned in the context?

Schizophrenia Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary method of diagnosing Schizophrenia?

Observation of behavioral changes during acute episodes. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Behaviourist Theory

Personality is learned behaviour based on environment; it is deterministic.
Focuses on observable and measurable behaviours, not mental/emotional processes.
Opposite of psychoanalytic theory.
Skinner associated with operant conditioning (rewards/punishments).
Pavlov associated with classical conditioning (e.g., Pavlov's dog experiment).
Consistent behaviour patterns due to specific response tendencies.
Personality continually evolves throughout life.

Cognitive Theory

Bridges behaviourism and psychoanalytic theories.
Treats thinking as a behaviour.

Trait Theory

Personality trait is a stable predisposition toward certain behaviours.
Straightforward way to describe personality and describe patterns of behaviour.
Surface traits are evident from behaviour; source traits are underlying, more abstract.

Key Personality Theorists

Gordon Allport: Developed a list of 4500 descriptive words for traits, categorized as cardinal, central, and secondary.
Raymond Cattell: Proposed 16 essential personality traits (16 PF questionnaire).
Hans Eysenck: Argued that all individuals possess these traits to differing degrees; 3 major dimensions: extraversion/introversion, neuroticism/stability, psychoticism.
5 Factor Model (Big 5): Includes openness, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, neuroticism.

Observational Learning

Learning by observing others; also known as social learning or vicarious learning.
Mirror neurons support this, showing how brain activity reflects actions seen in another.
Albert Bandura's Social Cognitive theory; interaction between people and their environment.
Cognition and environmental factors also important.
Bobo Doll Experiment illustrated this.

Defense Mechanisms

Protect against anxiety, discomfort from unconscious processes.
Four categories: Pathological, immature, neurotic, and mature.
- Pathological: Denial (pretending something didn't happen).
- Immature: Projection (blaming others), passive aggression.
- Neurotic: Intellectualization (separating emotions from ideas), rationalization (false logic), regression (acting like a child).
- Mature: Sublimation (transforming negative emotions), suppression (pushing down thoughts), humor.

Mental Disorders

Distress/disability from abnormalities of mind.
DSM-5 (Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders) and ICD-10 (International Statistical Classification of Diseases) classification systems.
Categories: Neurocognitive, sleep-wake, anxiety, depressive, bipolar, personality, psychotic, dissociative, feeding/eating disorders, and elimination disorders.
Several factors involved in diagnosis, including symptoms and time course, individual history, risk factors, and epidemiology.
Schizophrenia: Diagnosed via interview, involves delusions (false beliefs) and hallucinations (sensory perceptions without stimuli). Positive symptoms (delusions/hallucinations); negative symptoms (decreased motivation/emotional expression).

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Description

Test your understanding of key psychological concepts and theories, including defense mechanisms like sublimation and repression, as well as significant figures in psychology such as Freud and Skinner. This quiz covers various aspects of personality theory and the mechanisms of behavior. Perfect for psychology students looking to reinforce their knowledge!