Podcast
Questions and Answers
What forces are in conflict according to Freud's theory of personality development?
What forces are in conflict according to Freud's theory of personality development?
Which of the following behaviors might indicate person with a dominant id?
Which of the following behaviors might indicate person with a dominant id?
What term describes the defense mechanism where an individual attributes their own unacceptable feelings to others?
What term describes the defense mechanism where an individual attributes their own unacceptable feelings to others?
What is likely the major conflict during the anal stage of psychosexual development?
What is likely the major conflict during the anal stage of psychosexual development?
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Which of the following is an aspect of high self-efficacy?
Which of the following is an aspect of high self-efficacy?
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What does the ‘O’ in the Big Five personality traits stand for?
What does the ‘O’ in the Big Five personality traits stand for?
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Which of the following best describes the HEXACO model of personality?
Which of the following best describes the HEXACO model of personality?
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What kind of personality assessments do the Rorschach Inkblot test and Thematic Apperception Test belong to?
What kind of personality assessments do the Rorschach Inkblot test and Thematic Apperception Test belong to?
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What is the primary focus of a task-oriented approach to job analysis?
What is the primary focus of a task-oriented approach to job analysis?
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Which type of job interview is considered most predictive of a candidate's successful job performance?
Which type of job interview is considered most predictive of a candidate's successful job performance?
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What does the elaboration likelihood model suggest is the central route to persuasion?
What does the elaboration likelihood model suggest is the central route to persuasion?
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What does 'social loafing' refer to in group settings?
What does 'social loafing' refer to in group settings?
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Which statement best describes the fundamental attribution error?
Which statement best describes the fundamental attribution error?
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What is a key difference between prejudice and discrimination?
What is a key difference between prejudice and discrimination?
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What is the primary consequence of the bystander effect?
What is the primary consequence of the bystander effect?
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What is the main point illustrated by the Stanford Prison Experiment?
What is the main point illustrated by the Stanford Prison Experiment?
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Study Notes
Personality
- Personality refers to enduring traits and patterns that influence how individuals consistently think, feel, and behave.
- Freud theorized that personality develops from a conflict between the id (primitive impulses), the ego (mediator between id and superego), and the superego (moral compass).
- The id operates on the pleasure principle, seeking immediate gratification.
- An imbalance between the id, superego, and ego can lead to psychological problems.
- Displacement involves redirecting negative emotions towards a less threatening target. (Ex: Yelling at your roommate after a frustrating day at work).
- Projection attributes one's own unacceptable thoughts or feelings to others. (Ex: Accusing a partner of cheating because you are having those thoughts).
- Reaction formation involves behaving in a way opposite to one's true feelings. (Ex: Being overly friendly to someone you dislike).
- Sublimation channels unacceptable impulses into socially acceptable behaviors. (Ex: A person who loves violence becoming a professional boxer).
- Oral stage (0-18 months): Focus on oral gratification, with potential for fixation leading to smoking, overeating, or excessive talking in adulthood.
- Anal stage (18-36 months): Focus on potty training, with potential for fixation leading to anal-retentiveness (perfectionism, orderliness) or anal-expulsive (messiness, rebelliousness) in adulthood.
- Phallic stage (3-6 years): Focus on genital awareness and the Oedipus complex (boys' attraction to mothers and rivalry with fathers), with potential for fixation leading to sexual issues or narcissistic behavior in adulthood.
- The latency stage (6-puberty) involves a period of sexual dormancy, while the genital stage (puberty onwards) marks the development of mature sexual interests.
- Alfred Adler emphasized the importance of social influences and the drive for superiority in personality development.
- Erik Erikson proposed a lifespan theory of psychosocial development with eight stages, each presenting a unique challenge for healthy personality development.
- Self-efficacy reflects an individual's belief in their ability to succeed. High self-efficacy is associated with confidence, resilience, and persistence.
- Locus of control refers to the extent to which individuals believe they have control over their outcomes. An internal locus of control suggests a belief in personal responsibility, while an external locus of control suggests a belief in external forces.
- The Minnesota Study of Twins Reared Apart demonstrated that genetics play a significant role in shaping personality traits.
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The Big Five Personality Traits (OCEAN):
- Openness to Experience: High: curious, imaginative, open to new ideas. Low: conventional, practical, prefers routines.
- Conscientiousness: High: organized, disciplined, reliable, goal-oriented. Low: careless, impulsive, unreliable.
- Extraversion: High: outgoing, sociable, assertive. Low: introverted, reserved, prefers solitude.
- Agreeableness: High: cooperative, empathetic, trusting, helpful. Low: competitive, skeptical, uncooperative.
- Neuroticism: High: anxious, emotional, prone to negative emotions. Low: calm, stable, emotionally resilient.
- The HEXACO model of personality expands on the Big Five by adding Honesty-Humility (H) and Emotionality (X).
- Projective tests like the Rorschach Inkblot test and Thematic Apperception Test assess personality by analyzing responses to ambiguous stimuli.
Industrial-Organizational Psychology
- Industrial-Organizational (I/O) psychology focuses on applying psychological principles to the workplace.
- Organizational psychology studies work behavior within organizations, including leadership, teamwork, and motivation.
- Industrial psychology focuses on employee selection, training, and performance evaluation.
- Occupational health psychology concerns employee well-being, stress management, and work-life balance.
- The Hawthorne studies revealed the impact of social factors on employee productivity, leading to the Hawthorne effect: changes in behavior due to awareness of being observed.
- Job analysis involves systematically gathering information about a job's tasks, duties, and requirements.
- Task-oriented job analysis focuses on identifying specific tasks and behaviors required for successful job performance.
- Knowledge, Skills, and Abilities (KSAs) are the specific attributes needed to perform a job effectively.
- O*NET is a comprehensive database of occupational information, providing valuable resources for job analysis.
- Structured job interviews use standardized questions and scoring methods to ensure fairness and reliability in employee selection.
- Behavioral job interviews are highly predictive of job performance as they focus on past experiences and behaviors.
- Mentoring involves providing guidance and support to individuals, fostering professional development.
- Job satisfaction measures overall contentment with one's work.
- Job stress results from factors that create psychological strain and impact well-being.
- Theory X management assumes employees are inherently lazy and need close supervision.
- Theory Y management views employees as motivated and capable, supporting autonomy and growth.
- Strengths-based management focuses on utilizing and developing employees' strengths to enhance performance and well-being.
- Transformational leadership inspires and motivates followers, creating positive change and fostering a sense of purpose.
- Research suggests that gender diversity in teams can lead to improved creativity, problem-solving, and productivity.
Social Psychology
- Social psychology examines how individuals think, feel, and behave in social situations.
- Situationism emphasizes the influence of the environment on behavior.
- The quizmaster study demonstrated that observers often underestimate the impact of situational factors on behavior, attributing it to dispositional factors.
- The fundamental attribution error is the tendency to overemphasize personal traits and underestimate situational influences when explaining someone else's behavior.
- The actor-observer bias refers to the tendency to attribute our own behavior to situational factors while attributing others' behavior to dispositional factors.
- The just-world hypothesis is the belief that people get what they deserve, which can lead to blaming victims of misfortune.
- Social roles are sets of expected behaviors associated with different social positions.
- Social norms are unwritten rules or expectations for behavior within a group or society.
- The Stanford Prison Experiment highlighted the powerful influence of social roles and situational factors on behavior.
- Cognitive dissonance occurs when people's thoughts, beliefs, or behaviors contradict each other, leading to uncomfortable tension.
- Central route persuasion involves thoughtful consideration of arguments and evidence.
- Foot-in-the-door technique involves starting with a small request and gradually escalating to a larger one.
- The Asch effect demonstrates the power of conformity, even when people know the correct answer.
- Normative social influence is driven by the desire to gain approval and avoid rejection from others.
- The Milgram shock study illustrated the extent to which individuals obey authority figures, even when their actions are immoral.
- Groupthink occurs when group members prioritize harmony over critical thinking, leading to poor decision-making.
- Group polarization refers to the tendency for group discussions to reinforce preexisting opinions, leading to more extreme views.
- Social loafing is the tendency to exert less effort when working in a group compared to working alone.
- Deindividuation refers to the loss of self-awareness and personal responsibility in a group setting.
- Prejudice refers to preconceived negative attitudes or beliefs towards a group.
- Discrimination involves acting on prejudice, leading to unfair treatment of a group.
- The bystander effect describes the reduced likelihood of helping a person in need when there are other bystanders present.
- Diffusion of responsibility occurs when responsibility for helping is spread among multiple people, leading to a decrease in individual responsibility.
- Empathy involves understanding and sharing the emotions of another person.
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Description
Explore the fascinating world of personality with this quiz, which delves into key theories such as Freud's model of id, ego, and superego. Understand the defense mechanisms like displacement, projection, and reaction formation that shape our behaviors. Test your knowledge on how these concepts influence our thoughts and actions in daily life.
