Psychology Classical Conditioning Quiz

A relatively permanent change in behavior due to experience. This change is stable, alters behavior, and results from exposure to something.

Simple learning in which reactions to repeated, unchanging, and harmless stimuli decrease. It's like your brain getting used to a stimulus.

An increased reaction to many stimuli following exposure to one strong stimulus. It's like your brain being on high alert.

A change in response to a stimulus due to experience, but without association between stimuli. It's like your brain adjusting its 'volume' to a stimulus.

A type of learning where an organism learns to associate two stimuli or a behavior and its consequences.

An automatic, involuntary reaction to a stimulus. Think of a quick, unthinking response.

An inborn pattern of behavior triggered by specific environmental stimuli. It's like a pre-programmed response.

A complex behavior that always unfolds in the same way. It's like a pre-set routine.

Learning by associating two events that occur close together in time.

The process by which a neutral stimulus becomes a conditioned stimulus because it is repeatedly paired with an unconditioned stimulus.

The principle that the conditioned stimulus must occur before the unconditioned stimulus and close together in time for learning to occur.

A stimulus (like a bell) that initially does not trigger a response but comes to do so after being paired with an unconditioned stimulus (like food).

A type of therapy that involves repeatedly exposing an individual to a feared stimulus in a safe environment, gradually reducing the fear response.

A learning process where an organism forms an association between a behavior and its consequences. If a behavior is followed by a positive outcome, it is more likely to be repeated.

A principle stating that behaviors followed by positive consequences are more likely to be repeated, while behaviors followed by negative consequences are less likely to be repeated.

The process of unlearning an association between a conditioned stimulus and a conditioned response. This is often used in addiction treatment to reduce cravings.

Adding a stimulus to increase the likelihood of a behavior.

Taking away an unpleasant stimulus to increase the likelihood of a behavior.

Adding a stimulus to decrease the likelihood of a behavior.

Taking away a stimulus to decrease the likelihood of a behavior.

A reinforcement schedule where the behavior is reinforced every time it occurs.

A reinforcement schedule where the behavior is reinforced only sometimes.

A reinforcement schedule based on the number of times a behavior occurs.

A reinforcement schedule based on the amount of time that has passed.

A part of the mind that is concerned with primitive drives and desires, seeking immediate gratification and operating on the pleasure principle.

The part of the mind that represents internalized moral standards, reflecting societal rules and values.

The part of the mind that mediates between the id's impulses and the superego's restrictions. It functions on the reality principle, finding realistic ways to satisfy desires.

The part of the mind that contains thoughts, feelings, and memories that are not readily accessible to conscious awareness. These can influence our behavior.

Protective behaviors employed by the ego to reduce anxiety caused by conflicts between the id, ego, and superego.

A broad personality trait that reflects how open a person is to new experiences, feelings, and ideas. People high in openness are curious, imaginative, and appreciate variety. Those low in openness are more practical, traditional, and prefer familiarity.

A personality trait that reflects how organized, disciplined, and goal-oriented a person is. Individuals high in conscientiousness are reliable, hardworking, and prioritize completing tasks on time. People low in conscientiousness tend to be more spontaneous, less organized, and may struggle with following through.

A personality trait that reflects how sociable, assertive, and energetic a person is. Individuals high in extroversion are talkative, enjoy being around others, and seek out exciting experiences. People low in extroversion are more introverted, preferring solitude and quieter activities.

A personality trait that reflects how compassionate, cooperative, and trusting a person is. Individuals high in agreeableness are helpful, empathetic, and tend to avoid conflict. People low in agreeableness may be more competitive, skeptical, and less concerned with social harmony.

A personality trait that reflects how prone a person is to experiencing negative emotions like anxiety, sadness, and anger. Individuals high in neuroticism are more sensitive to stress, worry easily, and tend to experience emotional ups and downs. People low in neuroticism are calmer, more emotionally stable, and tend to handle stress better.

A theory suggesting that most individual differences in personality can be explained by five broad traits: Openness, Conscientiousness, Extroversion, Agreeableness, and Neuroticism.

The idea that people naturally fall on a spectrum when it comes to each of the Big Five personality traits.

A common criticism of the Big Five Model arguing that it is overly simplistic and may not capture all the complex aspects of personality.

A conditioned stimulus predicts that the unconditioned stimulus will NOT occur.

The reappearance of conditioned responses after periods of rest.

A familiar conditioned stimulus results in slower learning, while an unfamiliar conditioned stimulus leads to quicker learning.

The tendency to respond to neutral stimuli that are similar to the original conditioned stimulus.

The learned ability to distinguish between stimuli.

The ability to understand complex ideas, adapt to the environment, learn from experiences, engage in reasoning, and overcome obstacles. It's a complex concept with various theories and no universal definition.

A measure of an individual's overall intelligence, reflecting a positive correlation between different intellectual abilities.

The ability to think logically and solve problems without relying on prior knowledge. It peaks in young adulthood.

The ability to think logically and solve problems using specific knowledge learned over time. It remains stable throughout adulthood.

The ability to reason about emotions and use them to enhance reasoning. This skill contributes to stronger friendships, relationships, and overall happiness.

The scientific study of how genetics and environment influence behavior.

The proportion of variation in a trait within a population that is attributable to genetic differences.

The study of changes in gene expression that are caused by factors other than changes in DNA sequences, such as environmental influences.

Identical twins share 100% of their DNA, while fraternal twins share approximately 50%. Scientists use twin studies to study nature vs. nurture.

Comparing adopted children to their biological and adoptive parents helps researchers understand the influence of genetics and environment on traits.

The likelihood that a trait observed in one person will also be shared by another. It's often used to compare identical and fraternal twins.

A period of rapid physical, cognitive, and social development from birth to approximately 18 years of age.

The period between childhood and adulthood, typically characterized by physical maturation, identity exploration, and increased autonomy.

This involves understanding how individuals change, grow, and adapt throughout their lifespan, from young adulthood to old age.

A strong emotional bond between an infant and their primary caregiver, usually a parent.

A parenting style characterized by high parental support, where parents are responsive to their child's needs, and high behavioral regulation, where parents set clear limits and expectations.

A parenting style characterized by low parental support, where parents are less responsive to their child's needs, and high behavioral regulation, where parents emphasize obedience and control.

A parenting style characterized by high parental support, where parents are warm and loving, but low behavioral regulation, where parents set few limits or expectations.

A parenting style characterized by low parental support, where parents are uninvolved or neglectful, and low behavioral regulation, where parents set few limits or expectations.

The period of physical changes leading to sexual maturity, marked by hormonal changes and development of secondary sex characteristics.

The period of development from the onset of puberty until young adulthood, characterized by rapid physical changes.

The outer layer of the brain, responsible for higher-level functions like reasoning, planning, and decision making.

The process of forming connections between nerve cells in the brain, which improves efficiency and speed of communication.

The gray matter in the brain, consisting of nerve cell bodies, peaks around 11 to 12 years old, then thins throughout the teen years.
Abnormal thinning can contribute to schizophrenia.

Agreement with a request from a person with no perceived authority.

We feel obligated to give something back to people who have given something to us. A powerful tool for social influence.

A large, unreasonable demand is followed by a smaller one. Effective in gaining compliance through reciprocation.

A small request is followed up by a larger request. Effective in gaining compliance through consistency.

Making further requests of a person who has already committed to a course of action.

Compliance with the request of an authority figure. Stanley Milgram's Obedience Study tested how people would respond to authority.

The presence of other people changes individual performance.

The reduced motivation and effort shown by individuals working in a group as opposed to working alone.

Immersion of the individual within a group, which makes the individual relatively anonymous. Individuals may act differently when they feel less accountable.

The strengthening of an original attitude following discussion with like-minded individuals.

Behaviors that are followed by something pleasant are more likely to be repeated.

The reduction of a learned response (CR) when the conditioned stimulus (CS) is repeatedly presented without the unconditioned stimulus (UCS).

The reappearance of a conditioned response (CR) after periods of rest, even after extinction.

A type of intelligence test that measures an individual's cognitive abilities by comparing their score to the average score of their peers.

The belief that you can improve your abilities through effort and learning.

The idea that intelligence is influenced by a combination of genetic predisposition and environmental factors.

A condition characterized by significantly below-average intellectual functioning (IQ score below 70) and difficulty with adaptive behaviors like communication and self-care.

The distribution of intelligence scores within a population, where most individuals fall within a normal range, and a smaller proportion scores extremely high or low.

A simplified set of traits associated with a group, often based on assumptions rather than individual characteristics.

A pre-judgment or attitude, usually negative, towards a person solely based on their group membership.

Unfair behavior towards someone due to their group membership, rooted in stereotypes and prejudice.

The fear of confirming a negative stereotype associated with one's group, which can hinder performance.

A measure assessing unconscious attitudes using reaction times to associate concepts with positive or negative terms.

Rules for behavior in social settings, guiding how people act.

Adopting the perceived social norms of a group in terms of behavior and appearance.

People vary in their ability levels across different domains of intelligence. Think of strengths in music, visual art, etc.

An individual's characteristic style of behaving, thinking, and feeling.

A treatment approach based on Freud's psychodynamic theory, focusing on uncovering unconscious conflicts.

A word describing how 'psychic' energy moves among the compartments of the personality: Id, ego, and superego.

Two broad types of measures used to assess personality: Personality inventories and projective techniques.

A type of personality measure that asks individuals to indicate their agreement with a series of statements.

A type of personality measure that presents ambiguous stimuli, such as inkblots, and asks individuals to interpret them.

This trait reflects how open a person is to new experiences, feelings, and ideas. People high in openness are curious, imaginative, and appreciate variety. Those low in openness are more practical, traditional, and prefer familiarity.

This trait reflects how organized, disciplined, and goal-oriented a person is. Individuals high in conscientiousness are reliable, hardworking, and prioritize completing tasks on time. People low in conscientiousness tend to be more spontaneous, less organized, and may struggle with following through.

This trait reflects how sociable, assertive, and energetic a person is. Individuals high in extroversion are talkative, enjoy being around others, and seek out exciting experiences. People low in extroversion are more introverted, preferring solitude and quieter activities.

This trait reflects how compassionate, cooperative, and trusting a person is. Individuals high in agreeableness are helpful, empathetic, and tend to avoid conflict. People low in agreeableness may be more competitive, skeptical, and less concerned with social harmony.

The body's defense system against infection, illness, and invading organisms like bacteria and viruses. It relies on white blood cells, known as lymphocytes, to fight off these invaders.

Chronic stress can weaken the immune system, making you more susceptible to infections like colds and flu as well as herpes outbreaks. It can also speed up the progression of HIV to AIDS.

Chronic stress can impair the ability of blood vessels to expand, increasing the risk of heart disease and attacks.

Stress can disrupt sleep patterns because of the hormone cortisol. This can lead to sleep deprivation, which in turn can affect your mood and contribute to weight gain.

This type of coping focuses on finding solutions to specific problems. It involves making plans, exploring options, and taking action.

This coping approach aims to manage the negative emotions associated with a stressful situation. It involves talking about problems, seeking therapy, or taking breaks.

Maintaining and protecting social relationships is the goal of this coping strategy. It requires empathy, support, and compromise.

Aerobic exercise, a healthy diet, adequate sleep, mindfulness practices, and social support can all help to manage stress.

The perception of control, or the feeling that you can influence a situation, can reduce the negative impact of stress.