Psychology Chapter: Conditioning and Olfaction

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Questions and Answers

What type of conditioning involves the association of a neutral stimulus with an unconditioned stimulus to elicit a conditioned response?

Operant Conditioning

Observational Learning

Cognitive Conditioning

Classical Conditioning (correct)

Which of the following concepts is not a component of classical conditioning?

Positive Reinforcement (correct)

Unconditioned Stimulus

Conditioned Stimulus

Unconditioned Response

In operant conditioning, which process involves reinforcing successive approximations toward a desired behavior?

Shaping (correct)

Generalization

Extinction

Spontaneous Recovery

What is the focus of strain theory in understanding deviance?

The pressure individuals feel to achieve socially accepted goals Signup and view all the answers

Which scheduling technique in operant conditioning reinforces a behavior after a set number of responses?

Fixed Ratio Schedule Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the olfactory epithelium?

To detect and process smell through receptors Signup and view all the answers

What triggers the action potential (AP) in olfactory sensory cells?

A molecule binding to a GPCR receptor Signup and view all the answers

What structure separates the olfactory epithelium from the brain?

Cribriform plate Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the mitral/tufted cell in olfactory processing?

To send projections to the brain from the glomerulus Signup and view all the answers

How does a molecule's binding to its receptor lead to odor detection?

By triggering a cascade of biochemical events Signup and view all the answers

What is a glomerulus in the context of olfactory processing?

A cluster of olfactory receptors firing for a specific molecule Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the role of G-proteins in olfaction?

They activate ion channels following receptor binding Signup and view all the answers

Why can a person not taste food well if their sense of smell is impaired?

Smell is integral to flavor perception, combining with taste Signup and view all the answers

What occurs primarily during REM sleep?

Dreaming Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of sleep spindles during sleep?

Inhibit certain perceptions Signup and view all the answers

Which stage of sleep is characterized by delta waves?

N3 Signup and view all the answers

Which type of memory is primarily consolidated during REM sleep?

Episodic memory Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the brain activity during REM sleep?

It is active and resembles waking state Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of waking someone during REM sleep?

They are more likely to recall their dream Signup and view all the answers

Which stage of sleep features hypnic jerks?

N1 Signup and view all the answers

What is the order of sleep stages in one complete cycle?

N1 -> N2 -> N3 -> N2 -> REM Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary effect of depressants on the central nervous system?

Decrease body functions and neural activity Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic effect of alcohol as a depressant?

Increased cognitive control Signup and view all the answers

What kind of drugs are barbiturates primarily used for?

Induce sleep or reduce anxiety Signup and view all the answers

Benzodiazepines are primarily prescribed for which of the following conditions?

Inducing sleep or treating anxiety Signup and view all the answers

What is a common negative side effect associated with the use of barbiturates?

Reduced memory and concentration Signup and view all the answers

What effect do stimulants have on the body?

Excite the central nervous system and increase alertness Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a common characteristic of benzodiazepines?

They promote sleep and are anti-anxiety Signup and view all the answers

What are the three categories of depressants?

Alcohol, barbiturates, and benzodiazepines Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary way in which opiates exert their effects on the body?

By mimicking endorphins at opioid receptors Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a common symptom experienced due to the use of depressants?

Slow neural processing Signup and view all the answers

What side effect is particularly associated with alcohol use?

Disruption of the REM sleep cycle Signup and view all the answers

How long can cannabis metabolites remain in the bloodstream of users?

Up to three months Signup and view all the answers

Which psychoactive drug class is primarily prescribed for anxiety treatment?

Benzodiazepines Signup and view all the answers

What major risk does the combination of benzodiazepines and alcohol pose?

Potentially fatal respiratory failure Signup and view all the answers

What is a common recreational reason why individuals may use opiates?

To achieve euphoria Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following effects is NOT typically associated with depressants?

Increased cognitive processing Signup and view all the answers

What are some potential immediate effects of certain drugs according to the provided information?

High blood pressure Signup and view all the answers

What is the main psychoactive component in marijuana that affects sensory perception?

THC Signup and view all the answers

How does LSD primarily affect the brain in terms of sensory experience?

It enhances visual experiences. Signup and view all the answers

How can hallucinogens be beneficial for PTSD treatment?

They allow access to painful memories without strong emotions. Signup and view all the answers

What is the body's natural response when drugs like amphetamines are introduced?

It attempts to restore homeostasis. Signup and view all the answers

What phenomenon might occur if a regular drug user encounters environmental cues but does not take the drug?

A crash below homeostasis Signup and view all the answers

What might happen to a regular user if they take the same drug level in an unfamiliar location?

They could risk overdose due to conditioned cues. Signup and view all the answers

What effect does reducing serotonin levels have on a person's mood?

It can cause a depressed mood. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

MCAT 2015 Behavioral Sciences Review

AAMC
Khan Academy
MCAT2015
Behavioral Sciences Review

Visual Cues
Sensory Adaptation
Weber's Law
Absolute Threshold of Sensation
Somatosensation
The Vestibular System
Signal Detection Theory – Part 1
Signal Detection Theory – Part 2
Bottom-Up vs. Top-Down Processing
Gestalt Principles
Structure of the Eye
Visual Sensory Information
Photoreceptors (Rods and Cones)
Photoreceptor Distribution in Retina
Visual Field Processing
Feature Detection and Parallel Processing
Auditory Structure – Part 1
Auditory Structure – Part 2
Auditory Processing
xSomatosensation
Sensory Adaptation and Amplification
Somatosensory Homunculus
Proprioception and Kinaesthesia
Pain and Temperature
Pheromones
Olfaction - Structure and Function
Gustation - Structure and Function
States of Consciousness
Sleep Stages and Circadian Rhythms
Dreaming
Dream Theories – Freud and Activation Synthesis Hypothesis
Sleep Disorders
Breathing-Related Sleep Disorders
Hypnosis and Meditation
Overview of Psychoactive Drugs
Psychoactive Drugs: Depressants and Opiates
Psychoactive Drugs: Stimulants
Psychoactive Drugs: Hallucinogens
Drug Dependence and Homeostasis
Routes of Drug Entry
Reward Pathway in the Brain
Tolerance and Withdrawal
Substance Use Disorders
Treatment and Triggers for Drug Dependence
Divided Attention, Selective Attention, In-attentional Blindness, and Change Blindness
Information Processing Model (Sensory, Working, and Long-Term Memory)
Encoding Strategies
Retrieval Cues
Aging and Cognitive Abilities
Alzheimer's Disease and Korsakoff syndrome
Semantic Networks and Spreading Activation
Problem Solving
Decision Making
Intelligence
Theories of Intelligence
Language and the Brain: Aphasia and Split-Brain Patients
Language Components
Theories of Language Development (Nativist, Learning, Interactionist)
Emotions: Limbic System
Emotions: Cerebral Hemispheres and Prefrontal Cortex
Three Components of Emotion and the Universal Emotions
What is Stress?
Responding to Stress
Stress Management
Physical Effects of Stress
Behavioural Effects of Stress
Coping with Stress
Maladaptive Coping Mechanisms
Behavior
Biological Basis of Behavior
Social Psychology
Conformity and Groupthink
Conformity and Obedience
Social Anomie
Social Influence
Normative and Non-Normative Behavior
Perspectives on Deviance (Differential Association, Labeling Theory, and Strain Theory)
Aspects of Collective Behavior (Fads, Mass Hysteria, and Riots)
Theories of Personality
Psychoanalytic Theory
Humanistic Theory
Biological Theory
Behaviourist Theory
Trait Theory
Observational Learning – Bobo doll
Social Cognitive Theory
Defense Mechanisms
Mental Disorders
Anxiety Disorders (GAD, Panic Disorder, Phobias, OCD)
Depressive Disorders, Mood Disorders
Bipolar and Bipolar Disorder
Schizophrenia Spectrum Disorders
Substance-related and Addictive Disorders
Personality Disorders
Sleep-Wake Disorders
Neurocognitive Disorders
Trauma and Stressor-Related Disorders
Dissociative Disorders
Somatic Symptom Disorders
Elimination Disorders

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Description

This quiz covers key concepts in psychology, focusing on classical and operant conditioning, deviance theories, and the mechanisms of olfaction. Test your understanding of how stimuli and responses work in behavioral psychology and the biological aspects of smell. Perfect for psychology students looking to reinforce their knowledge.