Psychology Chapter: Conditioning and Olfaction

Learning through association between a stimulus and a response.

Learning through consequences of behavior.

Increasing behavior by adding a desirable stimulus.

Different patterns of delivering rewards to maintain behavior.

Gradually guiding behavior towards a desired outcome.

A specialized tissue lining the nasal cavity containing olfactory sensory cells, responsible for detecting odor molecules.

A bony structure with tiny holes that separates the olfactory epithelium from the olfactory bulb, allowing olfactory sensory cell projections to reach the brain.

A brain structure that receives olfactory information from the olfactory epithelium and sends it to other parts of the brain.

A cluster of nerve endings in the olfactory bulb where olfactory sensory cells that are sensitive to the same molecule converge.

Neurons in the olfactory bulb that receive input from glomeruli and relay olfactory information to higher brain regions for processing.

Odor molecules bind to G-protein coupled receptors (GPCR) on olfactory sensory cells, triggering a signaling cascade that ultimately leads to action potential generation.

Smell and taste are intertwined senses, as molecules from food reach both the olfactory epithelium and taste receptors, contributing to our perception of flavor.

Each olfactory sensory cell expresses only one type of receptor, making it sensitive to a specific odor molecule.

This feeling of still being on water even after getting off a boat is a common sensation. It's a result of your body still adapting to the change in environment and can be associated with motion sickness.

Hypnic jerks are brief muscle twitches or spasms that occur as you fall asleep. They are often described as a feeling of falling or a sudden jolt.

N2 sleep is a deeper stage of sleep characterized by increased theta waves, sleep spindles, and K-complexes. It's harder to awaken someone from this stage.

Sleep spindles are brief bursts of rapid brain activity during N2 sleep. They are thought to help inhibit certain perceptions and maintain a tranquil state during sleep.

K-complexes are large, slow brain waves that occur during N2 sleep. They suppress cortical arousal and keep you asleep. They also contribute to sleep-based memory consolidation.

N3 sleep is the deepest stage of sleep, characterized by very slow delta waves. It's nearly impossible to awaken someone from this stage. Sleepwalking and sleep talking often happen during N3.

REM sleep is a stage where your eyes move rapidly beneath your eyelids, but most other muscles are paralyzed. It's characterized by brain activity similar to waking, and is the stage where most vivid dreaming occurs. It's crucial for memory consolidation, especially episodic memories.

REM sleep is called paradoxical because the brain is active and awake, but the body is paralyzed, creating a paradox of being awake but unable to act.

Drugs that alter consciousness by affecting perceptions and moods.

They slow down neural processing by acting on GABA receptors, which inhibits excitation and leads to a decrease in heart rate, reaction time, and processing speed.

Alcohol.

It disrupts the REM sleep cycle, which is essential for memory formation and new synapse development.

They bind to endorphin receptors, mimicking the effects of endorphins, leading to pain relief, euphoria, and relaxation.

Morphine, codeine, oxycodone, hydrocodone, and heroin.

Overdose can lead to respiratory failure and death.

It can act as a stimulant, depressant, or hallucinogen depending on the amount consumed and the individual's sensitivity.

Drugs that affect brain function and alter a person's mood, perception, and behavior.

Drugs that slow down the central nervous system (CNS), leading to decreased activity and relaxation.

Drugs that speed up the CNS, leading to increased alertness, energy, and focus.

Drugs that alter perception and sensory experiences, creating hallucinations and distorted reality.

The most common depressant, known for reducing inhibitions and affecting coordination.

Depressants used for sleep or anxiety, but with serious side effects and potential for overdose.

The most prescribed depressants, used for sleep, anxiety, and seizures.

A key target of many depressants, it helps inhibit nerve activity and promote relaxation.

LSD interferes with the neurotransmitter serotonin, which plays a role in mood regulation, among other functions.

THC is the main active chemical in marijuana, responsible for its psychoactive effects like heightened sensory perception.

Marijuana can disrupt memory formation and short-term recall due to its effects on the brain.

Homeostasis refers to the body's ability to maintain a stable internal environment. When you take drugs, your body works to restore homeostasis, leading to tolerance and dependence.

Habituation occurs when your body becomes accustomed to a regular drug use pattern. This can lead to needing higher doses for the desired effects.

A drug 'crash' occurs when your body falls below its normal homeostatic state due to the absence of the drug after regular use.

Tolerance is when your body becomes less sensitive to a drug over time. This can lead to needing higher doses to achieve the same effect.

Taking the same level of drugs in a new location can increase the risk of overdose. This is because your body is less prepared to handle the drug outside its usual environment.