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Questions and Answers
Which method of temporal conditioning involves presenting the conditioned stimulus (CS) just after the unconditioned stimulus (US)?
Which method of temporal conditioning involves presenting the conditioned stimulus (CS) just after the unconditioned stimulus (US)?
What is the role of inhibitory conditioned stimuli in classical conditioning?
What is the role of inhibitory conditioned stimuli in classical conditioning?
Which statement best describes extinction in classical conditioning?
Which statement best describes extinction in classical conditioning?
Which factor is NOT a determinant of classical conditioning?
Which factor is NOT a determinant of classical conditioning?
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Which type of conditioning can produce a stronger conditioned response with fewer trials?
Which type of conditioning can produce a stronger conditioned response with fewer trials?
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What does a conditioned stimulus (CS) become when it is associated with the absence of an unconditioned stimulus (US)?
What does a conditioned stimulus (CS) become when it is associated with the absence of an unconditioned stimulus (US)?
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Which phenomenon describes the inhibition of a conditioned response due to the presence of a novel cue during conditioning?
Which phenomenon describes the inhibition of a conditioned response due to the presence of a novel cue during conditioning?
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Which of the following best describes conditioned inhibition?
Which of the following best describes conditioned inhibition?
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What is required for conditioned inhibition to be significant?
What is required for conditioned inhibition to be significant?
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In Pavlov's standard inhibitory training procedure, what does the metronome represent?
In Pavlov's standard inhibitory training procedure, what does the metronome represent?
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What does 'disinhibition' specifically refer to in the context of conditioned responses?
What does 'disinhibition' specifically refer to in the context of conditioned responses?
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What is the general rule regarding inhibitory conditioning?
What is the general rule regarding inhibitory conditioning?
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Which of the following refers to learning that is inhibited due to prior exposure to a conditioned stimulus?
Which of the following refers to learning that is inhibited due to prior exposure to a conditioned stimulus?
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What is the primary factor that determines the rate of extinction of a conditioned response?
What is the primary factor that determines the rate of extinction of a conditioned response?
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Which of the following best describes conditioned inhibition?
Which of the following best describes conditioned inhibition?
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What phenomenon occurs when a previously conditioned response is inhibited by the presence of a novel stimulus during conditioning?
What phenomenon occurs when a previously conditioned response is inhibited by the presence of a novel stimulus during conditioning?
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In Pavlov's experiment, why did the dog fail to demonstrate a conditioned response in the lecture hall?
In Pavlov's experiment, why did the dog fail to demonstrate a conditioned response in the lecture hall?
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Which inhibition phenomenon refers to the withholding of a conditioned response until a specific time?
Which inhibition phenomenon refers to the withholding of a conditioned response until a specific time?
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Which of the following best represents a characteristic of latent inhibition?
Which of the following best represents a characteristic of latent inhibition?
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What role does total duration of exposure to the CS play in extinction of conditioned responses?
What role does total duration of exposure to the CS play in extinction of conditioned responses?
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Which of the following is true about 'disinhibition' in the context of classical conditioning?
Which of the following is true about 'disinhibition' in the context of classical conditioning?
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Study Notes
Determinants of Classical Conditioning
- The intensity of the unconditioned stimuli (US) influences both appetitive and aversive conditioning.
- More intense conditioned stimuli (CS) are more effective in accelerating the acquisition of a conditioned response (CR). This means fewer trials are needed to establish the CR.
- More intense US are especially powerful, with extremely intense aversive US potentially leading to Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD).
- Stimuli can be excitatory or inhibitory.
- Excitatory stimuli predict the occurrence of a stimulus, while inhibitory stimuli predict its absence.
- An example of an inhibitory stimulus is a bell that signals the absence of food.
- The presence of a novel stimulus, such as an audience, can inhibit a conditioned response.
Time Relationships between Stimuli
- Stimuli can be presented simultaneously, delayed, in trace conditioning, or backward conditioning.
- Simultaneous Conditioning: CS and US are presented at the same time.
- Delayed Conditioning: Also known as forward conditioning, the CS precedes the US, with an overlap in presentation.
- Trace Conditioning: CS is presented, then removed before the US is presented. There is a gap between the two stimuli.
- Backward Conditioning: The US precedes the CS.
Acquisition, Extinction, and Spontaneous Recovery
- Acquisition: The process of learning a CR through repeated pairings of the CS and US.
- Extinction: The gradual weakening of the CR when the CS is presented without the US.
- Spontaneous Recovery: The reappearance of a weakened CR after a period of extinction.
- Rapid Reacquisition: The faster rate of relearning a CR after extinction.
Rate of Extinction: Total Duration Matters
- The total duration of exposure to the CS, rather than the number of trials, determines the rate of extinction.
- This is an important consideration for exposure therapy, where prolonged exposure to the CS without the US can help reduce the CR.
Inhibition Phenomena
- Latent Inhibition: Pre-exposure to the CS without the US inhibits later learning. This is discussed in a previous lecture.
- External Inhibition: The presence of a novel cue during conditioning inhibits the CR.
- Conditioned Inhibition: A CS predicts the absence of the US.
- Inhibition of Delay: The CR is withheld until an appropriate time.
- Disinhibition: The removal of inhibition by the presentation of a novel stimulus.
Pavlov's "Eureka" Moment
- External inhibition was discovered accidentally by Pavlov while conducting a lecture.
- The dog did not demonstrate the CR outside of its usual lab setting.
- The change in context, moving from the lab to the lecture hall, inhibited the CR.
- This discovery highlights the importance of context in classical conditioning.
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Description
Explore the key determinants of classical conditioning in psychology, focusing on the influence of unconditioned and conditioned stimuli. Learn about the effects of stimulus intensity, various time relationships between stimuli, and the roles of excitatory and inhibitory stimuli in conditioning. This quiz will deepen your understanding of the mechanisms behind learned behaviors.
