Learning and Motivation: Classical Conditioning
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Learning and Motivation: Classical Conditioning

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Questions and Answers

What is required to elicit a habit according to the content?

  • Immediate gratification
  • Enjoyment of the behavior
  • Context-dependent repetition (correct)
  • Awareness of the goal

    • Why do specific drive theories face issues according to the mentioned advantages?

  • They promote innate behaviors.
  • They offer an unnecessary complexity for biological needs. (correct)
  • They lack theoretical support.
  • They rely on actual drive satisfaction.

    • Which statement accurately reflects a problem with drive theories?

  • All reinforcement requires a goal-driven approach.
  • Qualitative differences between reinforcers are well understood.
  • Stimuli can reinforce behavior even without clear drives. (correct)
  • Drive reduction is the only method of reinforcement.

    • What aspect of qualitative differences between reinforcers is overlooked by drive theories?

    <p>The preference for specific types of reinforcement.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the gradual development of a habitual response affect cognitive accessibility?

    <p>It reduces the accessibility of alternative actions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of classical conditioning in relation to the value of money?

    <p>It enhances the reinforcement provided by money.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which concept does Thorndike's theory emphasize regarding stimulus-response connections?

    <p>Satisfying outcomes reinforce the connection between stimuli and responses.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do discriminative stimuli help us to recognize?

    <p>Differences between various stimuli.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In Skinner’s Tripartite contingency, what does the 'A' stand for?

    <p>Antecedent that controls behavior.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the concept of generalization apply to behavior?

    <p>It showcases behavior transfer to a similar stimulus.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What aspect of performance-related factors refers to how behaviors are dictated?

    <p>By previous experiences in similar situations.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the 'Consequence' refer to in Skinner's Tripartite contingency?

    <p>The outcome of the behavior that affects future occurrences.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which learning concept dictates behavior based on previous learning through classical or instrumental conditioning?

    <p>Learning-related factors.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is classical conditioning primarily characterized by?

    <p>Automatic responses paired with specific stimuli</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In Ivan Pavlov's experiment, what was the unconditioned stimulus (US)?

    <p>The food presented to the dogs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the difference between an unconditioned response (UR) and a conditioned response (CR)?

    <p>URs are instinctual, while CRs are acquired through learning</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes a conditioned stimulus (CS)?

    <p>A neutral stimulus that becomes associated with an unconditioned stimulus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to a neutral stimulus when it is repeatedly paired with an unconditioned stimulus?

    <p>It becomes a conditioned stimulus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In classical conditioning, which term is used for the reaction that naturally occurs when an unconditioned stimulus is presented?

    <p>Unconditioned response</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the term 'psychic reflex' refer to in the context of Pavlov's work?

    <p>An automatic reaction to a previously neutral stimulus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    From the content provided, which example correctly illustrates the concept of an unconditioned response?

    <p>Feeling grumpy upon waking up early</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is defined as a temporary state of discomfort and loss of efficiency?

    <p>Fatigue</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which scenario illustrates habituation?

    <p>A rat jumps less with each loud noise it hears</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes sensitization from habituation?

    <p>Sensitization results in increased responses to repeated stimuli</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What occurs during extinction?

    <p>A learned behavior disappears due to lack of reinforcement</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements is true regarding habituation?

    <p>It can be confused with fatigue</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an example of sensitization?

    <p>A rat develops a stronger reaction to a tone after experiencing background noise</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an incorrect statement about habituation?

    <p>It reflects an inability to perform a learned response</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What function do habituation and sensitization serve?

    <p>They help organisms organize and focus behavior in complex environments</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes panic disorder?

    <p>Panic attacks that are recurrent and occur unpredictably.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a common behavior associated with panic disorder?

    <p>Engaging in physical exercise to manage anxiety.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of cognitions are commonly experienced during panic attacks?

    <p>Catastrophic cognitions such as fears of dying or losing control.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which groups are more likely to develop panic disorder?

    <p>Young adults and adolescents, more commonly females.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common misconception that can delay treatment for panic disorder?

    <p>Believing the symptoms result from heart or lung problems.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a symptom of comorbidity commonly associated with panic disorder?

    <p>Occurs with depression or agoraphobia.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does cognitive-behavioral therapy for panic disorder typically involve?

    <p>Exposure and interoceptive exposure techniques.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What defines specific phobia?

    <p>Disabling fear of situations that pose minimal danger.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Learning and Motivation

    • Classical conditioning is a type of unconscious learning that pairs an automatic conditioned response with a specific stimulus.

    • Pavlov's experiment with dogs and salivation demonstrated how an unconditioned stimulus (food) paired with a neutral stimulus (bell) could create a conditioned response (salivation to the bell alone).

    • In classical conditioning, an unconditioned stimulus (US) evokes an unconditioned response (UR), which is an automatic response to the US.

    • A conditioned stimulus (CS), initially neutral, is paired with the US and eventually elicits a conditioned response (CR), which is often similar to the UR.

    Stimulus Control

    • Classical and instrumental conditioning are examples of stimulus control.

    • Stimulus control refers to the influence of environmental cues on behaviour, which is based on past learning and experiences in similar situations.

    • Discrimination and generalisation are important factors in stimulus control.

    Skinner's Tripartite Contingency

    • Skinner's Tripartite Contingency illustrates how behaviour is influenced by the environment and the consequences of behaviour.
      • Antecedent (A): the stimulus controlling behaviour
      • Behaviour (B): the response being reinforced
      • Consequence (C): the outcome of the behaviour

    Fatigue

    • Fatigue is a temporary state of discomfort and inefficency resulting from emotional strain, physical exertion, boredom, or lack of rest.

    • Fatigue can cause a temporary inability to perform a learned response but does not indicate a lack of learning.

    Habituation and Sensitisation

    • Habituation is a decrease in responding due to repeated stimulation.
    • Sensitisation is an increase in responding due to repeated stimulation.

    Habit

    • Habits can be learned through "context-dependent repetition."
    • Performing a behaviour without conscious consideration of the reinforcer's value indicates a habit.

    Drive Theories

    • General drive theories explain reinforcement as drive reduction.
    • General drive theories do not require inferring specific drives for each biological need.
    • Drive stimulation can be reinforcing.

    Panic Disorder

    • Panic disorder is characterized by recurrent, unexpected panic attacks, typically triggered unconsciously with unknown stimuli.
    • Panic attacks are associated with catastrophic cognitions such as fear of dying, losing control, or going mad.
    • Avoidance and escape behaviours are common in panic disorder.
    • Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) is a common treatment for panic disorder.
    • Interoceptive exposure is a technique used in CBT to help patients cope with physical sensations associated with panic.

    Specific Phobia

    • Specific phobia is an extreme and disabling fear of specific objects or situations that pose little objective danger.

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    Related Documents

    Psychology 1002 Notes (University of Sydney) PDF

    Description

    Explore the principles of classical conditioning and stimulus control in this quiz. Learn how Pavlov's experiments shaped our understanding of learning through environmental cues and behavioral responses. Test your knowledge on key concepts like conditioned and unconditioned stimuli.

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