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Questions and Answers
What effect occurs when familiar conditioned or unconditioned stimuli cause learning to happen more slowly?
What effect occurs when familiar conditioned or unconditioned stimuli cause learning to happen more slowly?
Learning occurs faster when both the conditioned stimulus (CS) and unconditioned stimulus (US) are familiar.
Learning occurs faster when both the conditioned stimulus (CS) and unconditioned stimulus (US) are familiar.
True
What term describes the phenomenon when a preexposure to a CS without an associated US leads to reduced processing of a stimulus?
What term describes the phenomenon when a preexposure to a CS without an associated US leads to reduced processing of a stimulus?
Latent Inhibition
The __________ intensity of a stimulus is related to its biological and physiological effects.
The __________ intensity of a stimulus is related to its biological and physiological effects.
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Match the following terms with their definitions:
Match the following terms with their definitions:
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Which of the following describes the effect where unfamiliar USs lead to faster conditioning of the CS?
Which of the following describes the effect where unfamiliar USs lead to faster conditioning of the CS?
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In schizophrenia, there is an enhanced ability to suppress attention to irrelevant stimuli.
In schizophrenia, there is an enhanced ability to suppress attention to irrelevant stimuli.
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What is a common result of increased stimulus salience in conditioning?
What is a common result of increased stimulus salience in conditioning?
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What does CS-US relevance refer to?
What does CS-US relevance refer to?
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Higher-order conditioning can occur without any unconditioned stimulus present.
Higher-order conditioning can occur without any unconditioned stimulus present.
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What kind of fears are often learned through higher-order conditioning?
What kind of fears are often learned through higher-order conditioning?
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Garcia and Koelling's study demonstrated how rats learn about pain or __________.
Garcia and Koelling's study demonstrated how rats learn about pain or __________.
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Match the following types of classical conditioning with their descriptions:
Match the following types of classical conditioning with their descriptions:
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Which of the following scenarios best illustrates the concept of CS-US relevance?
Which of the following scenarios best illustrates the concept of CS-US relevance?
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Fear conditioning occurs most readily in situations that provide recurrent survival threats.
Fear conditioning occurs most readily in situations that provide recurrent survival threats.
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What is the observed outcome when two conditioned stimuli (CS1 & CS2) are presented simultaneously?
What is the observed outcome when two conditioned stimuli (CS1 & CS2) are presented simultaneously?
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What is an example of a scenario that illustrates taste aversion learning?
What is an example of a scenario that illustrates taste aversion learning?
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In sensory preconditioning, having an aversion to one stimulus will not affect the aversion to another stimulus that was previously associated.
In sensory preconditioning, having an aversion to one stimulus will not affect the aversion to another stimulus that was previously associated.
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What determines the nature of the conditioned response (CR)?
What determines the nature of the conditioned response (CR)?
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In the stimulus substitution model, the CS activates neural circuits previously activated only by the __________.
In the stimulus substitution model, the CS activates neural circuits previously activated only by the __________.
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Match the following factors with their influence on the conditioned response:
Match the following factors with their influence on the conditioned response:
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What effect does the CS have according to Timberlake and Grant's study?
What effect does the CS have according to Timberlake and Grant's study?
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Conditioned responses are completely independent of the unconditioned stimuli.
Conditioned responses are completely independent of the unconditioned stimuli.
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What is the role of evaluative conditioning in advertising?
What is the role of evaluative conditioning in advertising?
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What is a key factor influencing conditioned responses (CR)?
What is a key factor influencing conditioned responses (CR)?
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A shorter CS-US interval leads to responses that prepare for the unconditioned stimulus over a longer time horizon.
A shorter CS-US interval leads to responses that prepare for the unconditioned stimulus over a longer time horizon.
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What type of behavior does a 1-minute CS-US interval elicit in sexual conditioning with birds?
What type of behavior does a 1-minute CS-US interval elicit in sexual conditioning with birds?
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US devaluation refers to the reduction in the attractiveness of an unconditioned stimulus, usually achieved by __________ or satiation.
US devaluation refers to the reduction in the attractiveness of an unconditioned stimulus, usually achieved by __________ or satiation.
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Match the following terms related to conditioning with their definitions:
Match the following terms related to conditioning with their definitions:
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According to Behavior Systems Theory, what activates the relevant behavioral systems?
According to Behavior Systems Theory, what activates the relevant behavioral systems?
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The stimulus substitution model is fully capable of explaining all aspects of conditioned responses.
The stimulus substitution model is fully capable of explaining all aspects of conditioned responses.
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What happens to the conditioned response when the value of the unconditioned stimulus is decreased?
What happens to the conditioned response when the value of the unconditioned stimulus is decreased?
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What does the presence of CS1 block in the learning process of CS2?
What does the presence of CS1 block in the learning process of CS2?
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In the Rescorla–Wagner Model, unexpected stimuli lead to inhibitory conditioning.
In the Rescorla–Wagner Model, unexpected stimuli lead to inhibitory conditioning.
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What is the main factor that determines the effectiveness of a US in producing learning?
What is the main factor that determines the effectiveness of a US in producing learning?
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In the formula ΔV = k(λ – V), λ represents the _______.
In the formula ΔV = k(λ – V), λ represents the _______.
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Match the following terms with their definitions:
Match the following terms with their definitions:
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What typically happens when a US is signaled by a previously conditioned stimulus?
What typically happens when a US is signaled by a previously conditioned stimulus?
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According to the blocking effect, the US should be present during the second phase of conditioning.
According to the blocking effect, the US should be present during the second phase of conditioning.
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What happens to the surprise factor as the number of trials increase in conditioning?
What happens to the surprise factor as the number of trials increase in conditioning?
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Study Notes
Initial Responses to the Stimuli
- Comparing responses elicited by stimuli before conditioning is crucial for identifying potential CSs and USs.
- The same stimulus can be a US in one experiment and a CS in another.
Novelty of Conditioned and Unconditioned Stimuli
- Learning occurs more slowly if either the CS or the US is familiar.
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Latent-Inhibition or CS-Preexposure Effect:
- Repeated exposure to the CS without the US leads to habituation.
- The CS becomes familiar and less significant, disrupting later pairing with the US.
- This effect is called latent inhibition, suggesting it limits processing of inconsequential stimuli.
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US-Preexposure Effect:
- Conditioning of the CS proceeds faster for an unfamiliar US compared to a familiar US.
CS and US Intensity and Salience
- The intensity of a stimulus influences its salience, which is its significance or noticeability.
- Salience can be increased by:
- Making the stimulus more attention-grabbing.
- Making it relevant to biological needs.
- Making it similar to likely environmental encounters.
CS–US Relevance, or Belongingness
- Conditioning is influenced by the extent to which the CS is relevant to or "belongs" with the US.
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Garcia & Koelling (1966): Rats learn to associate:
- Taste CS with illness US (natural).
- Audio-visual CS with shock US (natural).
- CS-US relevance can be genetically determined, with faster learning of natural associations.
- Mineka and Öhman (2002): Fear conditioning is most effective in situations with recurring survival threats in mammalian evolution.
Learning Without an US
- Two forms of Classical Conditioning without a US:
- Higher-order conditioning (HOC).
- Sensory preconditioning.
A: Higher-Order Conditioning (HOC)
- Occurs in two phases:
- First phase: Conditioning of a CS1 (e.g., lady) to a US (e.g., injury).
- Second phase: Pairing a new CS2 (e.g., crowded theater) with the CS1 (now a conditioned stimulus), leading to a new CS2-US association without direct exposure to the US.
- HOC example: Fear of crowds leads to fear of theaters, which then becomes aversive without direct injury.
- Timing between CS1 and CS2 is crucial:
- Simultaneous presentation: leads to conditioned inhibition.
- Sequential presentation: leads to excitatory (HOC).
B: Sensory Preconditioning
- A two-phase process similar to HOC involving a previously established association between two neutral stimuli (e.g., vanilla and cinnamon).
- First phase: An association is formed between two neutral stimuli (CS1 and CS2).
- Second phase: One stimulus (CS1) is paired with the US, leading to aversion to both stimuli (CS1 and CS2).
- Example: If vanilla and cinnamon are associated, aversion learned towards cinnamon transfers to vanilla, even though vanilla was not directly paired with the US.
What Determines the Nature of the Conditioned Response?
- Several factors influence the type of conditioned response:
- Nature of the US.
- Nature of the CS.
- CS-US interval.
1 - The US as a Determining Factor for the CR
- The nature of the US influences the CR, with the form of the CR resembling the form of the UR.
- Jenkins and Moore (1973): Different USs (food vs. water) elicit different CRs.
- Stimulus Substitution Model: Pavlov proposed that the CS activates neural circuits previously activated by the US, eliciting similar responses. This model is not fully accurate for all situations.
2 - The CS as a Determining Factor for the CR
- The nature of the CS can also influence the CR.
- Timberlake and Grant (1975): A CS (presence of another rat) paired with food elicited social affiliative responses instead of expected gnawing and biting behavior.
3 - The CS-US Interval as a Determining Factor for the CR
- The interval between the CS and the US influences the CR, leading to different behavioral responses based on the timing.
- Akins (2000): Short CS-US intervals (1 min) lead to sign tracking behavior, whereas longer intervals (20 min) encourage more locomotor behavior.
Behavior Systems Theory
- Explains how the CR is influenced by multiple factors (US, CS, interval), going beyond the stimulus substitution model.
- Presentation of a US activates the behavior systems relevant to that US.
Is it S-R vs S-S Learning?
- S-R learning: An association is learned between the stimulus and a response, directly elicited by the stimulus.
- S-S learning: An association is learned between two stimuli, with exposure to one activating a representation of the other.
- US Devaluation: Reduces the attractiveness of the US, leading to a decrease in the CR if the learning is S-S (the CS activates a representation of the US).
Blocking effect
- An existing association between CS1 and US prevents conditioning of a second CS (CS2) with the same US.
- Phase 1: Light (CS1) is paired with food (US).
- Phase 2: Light (CS1) is presented simultaneously with tone (CS2), followed by food (US).
- Test: Tone (CS2) is presented alone, showing weak or no conditioning effect if CS1-US association was previously established (blocking).
HOC vs. Blocking
- HOC: No US present during the second phase, only CS1 and CS2.
- Blocking: The US is present in both phases, but the existing CS1-US association prevents conditioning of CS2.
Surprise and US Effectiveness
- A surprising US (one that differs from expectations) is more effective in producing learning.
- Rescorla and Wagner: Developed a mathematical model of conditioning based on the concept of surprise.
Rescorla-Wagner Model
- A formal mathematical model that explains conditioning based on surprise.
-
ΔV = k(λ – V):
- ΔV: Change in value of association.
- k: Constant.
- λ: US.
- V: Value of the US.
- Surprise factor: (λ – V)
- First trials: US is surprising (λ > V).
- As trials increase, the US becomes less surprising (λ = V).
- Increased surprise to unexpected US enhances conditioning.
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Description
Explore the key concepts of classical conditioning, including the roles of conditioned and unconditioned stimuli. Understand how familiarity and intensity influence learning, as well as the effects of latent inhibition and preexposure. Test your knowledge on the dynamics of stimulus response and attention in conditioning.
