Psychology condense 8 p 49-56 Chapter: Personality and Learning Theories

A theory of personality that suggests personality is the result of learned behavior patterns based on a person's environment. It emphasizes the role of environmental factors in shaping behavior.

This concept, proposed by B.F. Skinner, suggests that behaviors are learned through consequences. Behaviors followed by rewards are more likely to be repeated, while those followed by punishment are less likely to be repeated.

A theory that emphasizes the role of mental processes in shaping behavior and personality. It suggests that people's thoughts, feelings, and beliefs influence how they interact with the world. It can be understood as a bridge between classic behaviorism and other theories like psychoanalytic theory.

A relatively stable characteristic of a person that causes them to consistently behave in certain ways. Traits are often thought of as building blocks of personality.

Traits that are observable and evident in a person's behavior. Examples include being outgoing, shy, or organized.

Traits that are underlying factors that influence a person's personality. These traits are less obvious and more abstract, and they are often considered to be the source of surface traits.

A type of trait that has a dominant influence on a person's behavior, shaping their actions and choices significantly. This trait is often the most prominent characteristic in someone's personality.

Traits that are less dominant than Cardinal Traits but are still influential in a person's behavior. They are often considered to be more common and are typically related to areas like honesty, sociability, or shyness.

A statistical method that groups related traits together to identify broader personality dimensions. It analyzes correlations between different characteristics to reveal underlying factors.

A theory stating that people learn from observing and mimicking others, particularly through the process of modeling.

A model of personality that proposes 5 primary dimensions: Openness, Conscientiousness, Extroversion, Agreeableness, and Neuroticism.

The tendency to experience and express emotions easily, often reacting strongly to stressful situations.

The degree to which someone is willing to try new things, embrace change, and consider different perspectives.

The measure of an individual's tendency to be organized, responsible, and disciplined in their actions.

A psychological experiment where a group of children observed an adult behaving aggressively towards an inflatable doll, leading to the children mimicking the same aggressive behavior.

A theory emphasizing the interaction between personal factors, behavioral patterns, and environmental influences in shaping an individual's development and behavior.

A phenomenon where individuals learn a behavior but may not always perform it, indicating the importance of motivation and other factors in determining whether learned behavior is actually exhibited.

A model that explains behavior based on the interplay between biological, psychological, and social factors. It challenges solely biological explanations for mental disorders.

A diagnostic system developed by the World Health Organization (WHO) to classify diseases and health conditions, including mental disorders.

The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th edition, developed by the American Psychiatric Association (APA) to classify and diagnose mental disorders. It provides standardized criteria for mental health professionals.

A process involving four key steps: attention, memory, imitation, and motivation. It allows for the acquisition of new behaviors through the observation and subsequent replication of others' actions.

The extent to which a person is driven or inspired to engage in a particular behavior, playing a crucial role in whether learned behavior is actually performed.

The ability to remember and recall previously learned information. It is essential for acquiring and retaining knowledge.

Mental illnesses cause significant distress or disability in a person's life, impacting their ability to function normally. This is a key point because it distinguishes true psychological disorders from typical human variation.

A psychological disorder is a clinically significant behavioral or psychological syndrome marked by distress, disability, or increased risk of suffering, death, pain, disability, or an important loss of freedom.

The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th Edition (DSM-5), is a widely used classification system for diagnostic criteria for mental disorders. It includes 20 top-level categories for mental illnesses.

Neurodevelopmental disorders involve impairments in brain development, affecting cognitive, emotional, and social abilities. These disorders are often present from early childhood and can have lifelong impacts.

Neurocognitive disorders involve acquired impairments in cognitive functions like memory, attention, and language. Examples include dementia and delirium.

Traumatic experiences can lead to significant psychological distress and disability, affecting a person's thoughts, feelings, and behaviors. Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a common example.

Substance use disorders involve the use of drugs or alcohol to the point of causing significant distress or disability, often affecting work, relationships, or physical health.

Personality disorders involve inflexible and enduring personality patterns that cause significant distress or impairment in social or occupational functioning, often leading to interpersonal difficulties.

A category of mental disorders characterized by odd or eccentric behaviors, including difficulty with social interaction and understanding social cues.

A category of mental disorders marked by intense emotional reactions, relationship problems, and impulsive behaviors.

A category of mental disorders characterized by anxious, avoidant, or obsessive behaviors, often involving fear of social situations or feeling inadequate.

A mental disorder characterized by an inability to control inappropriate behaviors, often leading to disruptive or impulsive actions.

A mental disorder characterized by unwelcome, recurring thoughts (obsessions) that lead to repetitive behaviors (compulsions) to alleviate anxiety.

A mental disorder characterized by physical symptoms that are not caused by a medical illness but are related to psychological distress.

A category of mental disorders characterized by abnormal perceptions of reality, including hallucinations (false perceptions) and delusions (false beliefs).

A mental disorder that is characterized by a decrease in size of the frontal and temporal lobes of the brain.

A region of the brain that includes the ventral tegmental area (VTA) in the midbrain and projects to the cortex, specifically the frontal and temporal lobes, as well as limbic structures involved in emotions and motivations.

A theory stating that some mental disorders, like schizophrenia, may be caused by abnormal activity within the mesocorticolimbic pathway.

A group of brain structures, deep within the brain, that play a crucial role in processing emotions, motivations, and rewards.

Symptoms of schizophrenia that are associated with a lack of motivation, pleasure, and social engagement.

A theory suggesting that abnormal activity in the temporal cortex may contribute to the development of positive symptoms in schizophrenia.

A disorder characterized by feelings of hopelessness, loss of interest in activities, and changes in sleep, appetite, and energy levels.

A key brain region involved in controlling stress hormones like cortisol, which has connections to both the limbic structures and the frontal lobe.

A theory suggesting that disturbances in the balance of neurotransmitters, like serotonin, norepinephrine, and dopamine, may play a role in depression.