Psychology condense 8 p 49-56 Chapter: Personality and Learning Theories

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Questions and Answers

According to the content, which of the personality theories uses factor analysis as a basis for determining traits?

Cattell's 16 Personality Factors (correct)

Eysenck's Three-Factor Theory (correct)

Allport's Trait Theory

The Big Five Model (correct)

Which of the following is NOT one of the Big Five personality traits?

Conscientiousness

Psychoticism (correct)

Agreeableness

Openness

What is the primary focus of Albert Bandura's Social Cognitive Theory?

The influence of unconscious drives on behavior

The role of cognitive processes in behavior change (correct)

The importance of biological factors in personality

How the environment controls behavior

Which of the following is an example of observational learning?

Learning to ride a bike by watching a video tutorial (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the main idea behind the Bobo Doll Experiment?

Observational learning can lead to aggressive behavior (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of mirror neurons in relation to observational learning?

They allow us to imitate the actions of others (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following theories emphasizes the role of personality traits as a primary determinant of behavior?

Trait Theory (C) Signup and view all the answers

According to the content, which of the following factors can influence behavior, in addition to personal traits?

Social factors (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which brain area is involved in regulating stress hormones like cortisol?

Hypothalamus (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the pathway that is thought to be involved in the cognitive symptoms of schizophrenia?

Mesocorticolimbic pathway (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which neurotransmitter is primarily associated with the raphe nuclei?

Serotonin (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a potential factor contributing to the development of depression?

Abnormal activity in the temporal cortex (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which neurotransmitter is primarily released by the VTA?

Dopamine (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following brain areas is NOT directly involved in the pathways related to depression?

Hippocampus (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs) on the brain?

They increase the amount of monoamines in the synapse. (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a possible explanation for the development of Alzheimer's disease, according to the content?

Loss of cognitive functions (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is a key indicator that a person does not have a psychological disorder?

They are unconventional in behavior. (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is included in Neurodevelopmental Disorders?

Autism Spectrum Disorders (B) Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes Neurocognitive Disorders from other categories?

They involve loss of cognitive functions after the nervous system has developed. (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is a common characteristic of Anxiety Disorders?

Abnormal feelings of worry or fear. (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which disorder is associated with episodes of abnormally positive mood?

Bipolar and Related Disorders (A) Signup and view all the answers

What does Trauma/Stressor-Related Disorders encompass?

Symptoms following traumatic experiences (D) Signup and view all the answers

Substance-Related and Addictive Disorders are defined by which of the following?

Distress from using substances that impair mental function. (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements is true regarding Personality Disorders?

They involve long-term mental and behavioral features. (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which cluster of personality disorders is characterized by odd or eccentric behavior?

Cluster A (B) Signup and view all the answers

What type of disorder involves distress due to symptoms resembling physical illness but with a psychological origin?

Somatic Symptom and Related Disorders (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which disorder is characterized by compulsive behaviors driven by unwelcome thoughts?

Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders (B) Signup and view all the answers

What best describes the symptoms of schizophrenia related to cognitive abilities?

Attention and planning difficulties (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which type of disorder involves significant abnormalities in sexual performance?

Sexual Dysfunctions (C) Signup and view all the answers

In the context of schizophrenia, what does an increase in dopamine typically correlate with?

Worsening of symptoms (C) Signup and view all the answers

What defines paraphilic disorders?

Experiencing sexual arousal from unusual stimuli (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which statement accurately describes Dissociative Disorders?

They involve memory loss or multiple identities. (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the main difference between behaviourist and psychoanalytic theories of personality?

Behaviourist theory focuses on observable and measurable behaviors, while psychoanalytic theory focuses on mental and emotional behaviors. (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary concept that distinguishes Skinner's behaviourist theory from Pavlov's?

Skinner is associated with operant conditioning, while Pavlov is associated with classical conditioning. (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the core idea behind the concept of "operant conditioning"?

Behaviors are modified through the use of rewards and punishments. (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a key feature of the behaviourist theory?

It acknowledges the existence of unconscious processes. (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the main difference between source traits and surface traits?

Surface traits are observable, while source traits are underlying factors. (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT considered a category of traits according to Gordon Allport?

Primary traits (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which theory serves as a bridge between traditional behaviourism and other perspectives, such as the psychoanalytic theory?

Cognitive theory (C) Signup and view all the answers

According to the trait theory, what is the primary factor that shapes a person's personality?

Stable characteristic predispositions (D) Signup and view all the answers

What did the researchers discover about the children who were initially exposed to the aggressive behavior towards the Bobo doll?

A significant number of kids displayed aggressive behavior towards the Bobo doll, but this was not necessarily due to the initial exposure, but rather to their pre-existing tendencies. (B) Signup and view all the answers

In the study, what was the purpose of offering stickers and juice to the children?

To assess the children's motivation to perform the observed behavior despite potential consequences. (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a factor involved in learning a new behavior according to the "Attention, Memory, Imitation, Motivation" model?

Perseverance (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements accurately reflects the connection between mental disorders and brain function?

Mental disorders can disrupt higher brain functions including cognition, mood, and behavior. (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the key difference between the biopsychosocial model and the biomedical model of mental disorders?

The biomedical model considers only biological factors in the etiology of mental disorders, whereas the biopsychosocial model considers psychological and social factors as well. (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the DSM-5?

To classify and diagnose different mental disorders based on standardized criteria. (B) Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of the US population will meet the criteria for at least one mental disorder in a given year?

25% (B) Signup and view all the answers

What does the text imply about the categorization of mental disorders?

The categorization of mental disorders is difficult due to the overlap in features associated with different types. (C) Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Behaviourist Theory

Personality is the result of learned behaviour patterns determined by the environment.
Individuals start as blank slates, shaped entirely by environmental influences.
Focuses on observable, measurable behaviours, rather than mental processes.
Psychoanalytic theory is the opposite, focusing on mental behaviour.

Skinner

Developed operant conditioning.
Uses rewards and punishments to increase or decrease behaviours.

Pavlov

Developed classical conditioning.
Neutral stimulus paired with an unconditioned stimulus to trigger an involuntary response.
Example: ringing a bell with food to make a dog salivate.

Trait Theory

Personality traits are stable predispositions towards particular behaviours.
Straightforward way to describe personality.
Surface traits are observable behaviours; source traits are underlying, more abstract factors.
Traits are relatively stable characteristics causing consistent behaviour patterns.

Gordon Allport

Believes everyone has different traits.
Identified 3 categories of traits:
- Cardinal traits: dominate a person's life.
- Central traits: frequently seen in a person's behaviour.
- Secondary traits: less frequent and less influential than central traits.

Other Trait Theorists

Raymond Cattell: proposed 16 personality factors (16PF).
Hans Eysenck: identified 3 dimensions of personality (extroversion, neuroticism, psychoticism).
Big 5 (Five-Factor Model): a widely used framework identifying 5 major categories of personality traits: Openness, Conscientiousness, Extraversion, Agreeableness, Neuroticism (OCEAN).

Learning by observing and imitating others.
Bobo Doll experiment demonstrated this type of learning and the importance of environmental factors, social influences & cognitive processes.
Mirror neurons support this theory, through observation of actions from others.

Psychological Disorders

Includes numerous types with overlapping features.
Not due to external factors like medication or drugs.
Often causes distress or disability.
DSM-5 and ICD-10 are classification systems.

Types of Mental Disorders (20 major categories in DSM-5)

Neurodevelopmental disorders: abnormalities in development (intellectual disability, autism, ADHD).
Neurocognitive disorders: losses in cognitive function (delirium, dementia).
Sleep-wake disorders: problems with sleep (insomnia, sleep apnea).
Anxiety disorders: excessive worry and fear (generalized anxiety, panic disorder, phobias).
Depressive disorders: persistent negative mood (major depressive, persistent depressive).
Bipolar disorder: alternating between periods of depression and mania.
Schizophrenia spectrum and other psychotic disorders: severe disturbances in thinking and perception (hallucinations, delusions).
Trauma/stressor-related disorders: reactions to stressful events (PTSD).
Personality disorders: enduring patterns of behaviour causing distress or impairment.

Biological Bases

Various biological factors play a role in both mental health and disorders (genes, brain abnormalities, etc).

Alzheimer's Disease

Characterised by memory loss, brain tissue atrophy, and 3 main abnormalities under microscope: plaques, tangles & loss of neurons.
Genetic factors and high blood pressure may increase risk for Alzheimer's.
Early diagnosis is important for disease management

Parkinson's Disease

Characterized by motor abnormalities (tremors, rigidity, slow movement) and reduced dopamine levels in the brain's substantia nigra. Genes and agricultural factors can influence susceptibility to the disease.

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Description

Test your knowledge on personality theories and learning processes in psychology with this quiz. Questions cover key concepts from the Big Five traits to Bandura's Social Cognitive Theory and the significance of neurobiology in behavior. Evaluate your understanding of how these theories interconnect and apply to human behavior.